Sully
Sully Main House
Sully Historic Site is located in Northern Virginia
Sully Historic Site
Sully Historic Site is located in Virginia
Sully Historic Site
Sully Historic Site is located in the United States
Sully Historic Site
Location3650 Historic Sully Way Chantilly, VA 20151 [2]
Coordinates38°54′29″N 77°25′56″W / 38.90806°N 77.43222°W / 38.90806; -77.43222
Area65 acres (26 ha)
Built1794 (1794)
WebsiteSully Historic Site
NRHP reference No.70000793[1]
VLR No.029-0037[3]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPDecember 18, 1970
Designated VLROctober 6, 1970

Sully Historic Site, is both a Virginia landmark and nationally registered historic place in Chantilly, Virginia.[4]

The earliest recorded claim to the land was made by the Doeg. Later the Lee family of Virginia owned the land from 1725 to 1839. Richard Bland Lee[5] did not build the main house until 1794.[6] Following the purchase by William Swartwort in 1838, Sully was used as a home, a working farm, or both by a series of private owners. Then in 1958, Sully was acquired by the federal government as a part of the area to be used for the construction of Dulles Airport.[7] Today the Fairfax County Park Authority operates the site with a specific focus on the Lee family.[8]

History

Pre-Lee period

The land that would become part of Sully was likely controlled by several groups before the Doeg claimed the area. English settlers encountered Algonquian language speaking members of the Doeg in modern-day Northern Virginia.[9] The Doeg are most well known for their raid in July 1675 that became a part of Bacon's Rebellion.[10] English colonists settling in modern Northern Virginia came into conflict with the Doeg from 1661 to 1664.[11] When diplomatic attempts failed, the governor sent the Rappahannock County militia in June 1666.[11] The specifics of that military action are unclear, but later land grants to English settlers are not disputed, suggesting the English gained control of the area. The English presumptively took control after a violent conflict with the Doeg in 1666.[12] Little is recorded about the disposition of this land from the time when the English gained control of it until the land is patented by the Lee family of Virginia.[12]

Lee period

Originally acquired in 1725 by Richard Bland Lee's grandfather, Henry Lee I, Sully was inherited by Richard's father Henry Lee II of "Leesylvania".[13] At his death in 1787, the land was divided between Richard and his younger brother Theodorick Lee.[14] Being the older of the two, Richard was given the more alluvial northern half, having resided there as manager of the property since approximately 1781.[15] During this period the predominant crop grown was tobacco.[15]

Richard Bland Lee

Richard severely curtailed tobacco production in favor of more sustainable crops, including wheat, corn, rye, and barley.[16] This reduced the soil depletion inherent to tobacco production, and allowed for the practice of crop rotation.[16] He also planted fruit orchards, including peach and apple trees, which he used to produce spirits.[17] In 1801 Richard constructed a dairy, which ran primarily under the supervision of his wife Elizabeth Collins Lee.[18]

After his election to the United States Congress in 1789, and for most of the next five years, Richard turned day-to-day management of his estate over to his brother Theodorick, who supervised spring planting and fall harvest.[19] Theodorick also managed the collection of rent from tenant farmers and the construction of the large house Richard had planned for the estate, on which construction had begun in 1794.[20] Before he left for Congress in 1789, Richard had chosen the name "Sully" for his estate.[21]

By 1811, having been drawn into heavy debt trying to aid his brothers, Henry Lee III and Charles Lee, extricate themselves from severe financial difficulties, Richard Bland Lee decided he could no longer sustain ownership of Sully.[22] Accordingly, he decided to sell the plantation to raise cash to pay some of the debt. He sold Sully for $18,000 to his second cousin, Francis Lightfoot Lee II, son of Richard Henry Lee.[23]

Francis Lightfoot Lee II

1801
1933
2011

For several years after his purchase of Sully, Francis Lightfoot Lee II,[33] called F. L. by his family, was able to realize an annual profit of $1,500 to $2,500.[34] At least part of that success was due to the "judicious system of husbandry" employed by F. L.'s wife Jane Fitzgerald Lee.[35] Then in 1816, due to complications during the delivery of their fifth child Frances Ann Lee, Jane Fitzgerald Lee died. Four years later in 1820, F. L. had either a nervous breakdown or stroke. Unable to care for himself, he was committed to the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia in 1825.[36]

Following the breakdown, Sully was placed under the administrative care of F. L.'s nephew Richard Henry Lee II.[36] Richard Henry Lee II's management was marked by negligence and apparent apathy towards the dishonesty of managers who were embezzling money from the estate:

… mismanagement, having allowed an estate clear of debt, well stocked, well arranged under a good system as it had been for years' according to 'the universal belief and opinion of all friends, connections and neighbors' to be 'wasted and the debts lost.' ... Colonel W.C.B. Butler replaced Richard Henry Lee[37] as the 'Committee' for the Estate on January 1, 1827, but Butler also proved unsatisfactory. On June 23, 1830 the county court ordered his removal and, 'for the safekeeping and good management' of the estate ...[38]

Control of Sully was next placed in the hands of Colonel George Washington Hunter in 1830.[38] Gamble claims, "in no hands ... would Sully fare as well as when it had been assiduously maintained by a single, devoted, industrious proprietor."[38]

After their father's move to the Pennsylvania Hospital during the summer of 1825, F. L.'s children (with the exception of Samuel Philips Lee who had entered the Navy), were under the care of William Brent, Jr. and Winifred Brent.[39] The Brents were relatives who had moved to Sully to care for the Lee children and to start at Sully, a "select seminary" for boys and girls.[39]

During subsequent years, as the Lee children grew older they began to leave Sully. Samuel Phillps Lee had entered the Navy, and John Lee went to West Point.[40] Arthur Lee moved west to the Ohio country, while his oldest daughter Jane Elizabeth Lee married Henry Tazewell Harrison in a sunrise ceremony at Sully on February 6, 1834. With his brothers-in-law absent from the estate, Harrison took over representing their interests with the appointed administrator, Colonel Hunter, whom he replaced on July 18, 1836.[40] Finally, in 1838, after a bizarre period, in which the estate had ostensibly been sold to a buyer who was arrested in England prior to completing the purchase, Sully was sold to merchant William Swartwort.[41]

Post-Lee period

Starting in 1838 Sully was used as a home, working farm, or both by Swartwort, then Haight, Haight, Barlow, Shear, Shear, Miller, Poston, Thurston, then Nolting.[42] The federal government acquired the property in 1958 to construct Dulles Airport.[43] A campaign to save the site began almost immediately afterwards. Those involved included previous owners of the property, Lee descendants, and a neighbor, Eddie Wagstaff, who later endowed the Sully Foundation that still provides support for the site.[44] This campaign ended in 1959 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation making Sully a national historic site.[45]

The Fairfax County Park Authority agreed to operate the site as a county historical park, and has since acquired an additional 60 acres (240,000 m2; 2,600,000 sq ft; 24 ha) to bring the total size of Sully Historic Site to approximately 120 acres (490,000 m2; 5,200,000 sq ft; 49 ha).[46] The site's historic period of significance encompasses the ownership of Richard Bland Lee and Francis Lighfoot Lee (1787–1838). Interpretation at the site reflects the ownership of its founder Richard Bland Lee, which explains the park authority decision to have Sully "completely furnished with antiquities from the Federal period."[47]

Chain of ownership

HABS Drawings

1960 Historic American Buildings Survey Drawings

Outbuildings

Kitchen / Laundry

Looking North-West. Kitchen and Laundry building on the West end of the Main House at Sully. Kitchen is connected by a covered walkway.
Kitchen / Laundry building at the West end of the Main House.

The kitchen / laundry building is divided in two by a large double fireplace. One fireplace faces the kitchen on the side nearest the main house, the other fireplace faces the laundry. Both fireplaces are served by the large chimney that comes through the center of the roof.[58]

The kitchen building was built at the same time as the main house.

1960 Historic American Buildings Survey drawings of the Kitchen

Stone Dairy

Looking North-West. The Stone Dairy building at Sully. Noted for its unusual galleted masonry.
Stone Dairy. South of the Kitchen / Laundry.

Built by Richard Bland Lee around 1801 - 1802. The thick stone walls would have helped keep milk cool.[59]

This building is notable for the unusual "galleted" or "garneted" masonry.[60] The small stones pressed into the mortar joints is seldom seen in North America.

1960 Historic American Buildings Survey drawings of the Dairy, identified as a "Patent House".

Schoolhouse

Looking South-West. The log schoolhouse was originally from Antioch Farm in Haymarket, Virginia. Moved to Sully in 1963

This log schoolhouse was originally from Antioch Farm, in Haymarket, Virginia. It was moved to Sully Historic Site in 1963, for preservation.

Slave Cabin

Reproduction enslaved workers' cabin, built in 2000 based on historical records and archeological data

This replica of an enslaved worker's cabin was built in 2001.[61] Location and construction details were based on historical records and archeological data.

Notes

  1. ^ McDonald, Dietrich & Barnhart 2013.
  2. ^ .8 miles (1.3 km) north of the intersection of VA 28 and US 50
  3. ^ Langan 2015.
  4. ^ McDonald, Dietrich & Barnhart 2013 (national historic place); Prats 2006 (Virginia landmark); Langan 2015 (Virginia landmark)
  5. ^ Northern Virginia's first Representative to Congress, brother of Henry 'Light Horse Harry' Lee III and Charles Lee, and uncle to Robert E. Lee
  6. ^ Owens 2010, p. 3 (congressional representative); Sloan 2001, p. 227 (brother of); Owens 2010, p. 3 (uncle to); Salmon & Peters 1994 (main house); Gamble 1973, p. 219 (possessed by)
  7. ^ Loth 1999, p. 161.
  8. ^ a b Kane 2005.
  9. ^ McCary 2009.
  10. ^ Heinemann 2007.
  11. ^ a b Rountree 1996.
  12. ^ a b Oberg 2003, p. 190.
  13. ^ George Mason University Department of History 1985; Templeman 1973.
  14. ^ Templeman 1973.
  15. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 21.
  16. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 78.
  17. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 49.
  18. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 190.
  19. ^ Eckenrode 1910; Marcus & Perry 1992.
  20. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 21 (tenant rent); Gleason 1989, p. 74 (construction)
  21. ^ Mauro 2004, p. 28.
  22. ^ Hitchcock, Williams & Smith 1883.
  23. ^ Lopez 2014, p. 47 (sold Sully); George Mason University Department of History 1979 (son of)
  24. ^ Alexander 1912, p. 179.
  25. ^ Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with Its History labels him "Francis Lightfoot 5" on page 179[24]
  26. ^ a b President and Fellows of Harvard College 2016, p. 1.
  27. ^ artium baccalaureus [26]
  28. ^ artium magister [26]
  29. ^ George Mason University Department of History 1979 (She writes: "I spent the next winter in Alexandria (1807), and we had a fine time, as my uncle, F. L. Lee [Francis Lightfoot Lee II], was married that winter to Miss Fitzgerald.); Gamble 1973, p. 55 (Phillips Academy); Alexander 1912, p. 145 (Harvard for bachelor of arts and master of arts); Bruce & Stanard 1972 (Harvard for master of arts)
  30. ^ Bruce & Stanard 1972.
  31. ^ United Service 1892, p. 629.
  32. ^ Cornish & Laas 1986, p. 7.
  33. ^ Francis Lightfoot Lee II,[25] called F. L. by his family, attended Phillips Academy then Harvard and graduated with a bachelor of arts degree[27] in 1802, then completed a master of arts degree[28] in 1806.[29] After the death of his first wife, Elizabeth Fitzgerald in 1808, he married Jane Fitzgerald, half-sister to Elizabeth Fitzgerald in 1810.[30] Jane and F. L. together raised five children, including future US Navy Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee.[31] Cornish and Laas argue that F. L. suffered from depression.[32]
  34. ^ George Mason University Department of History 1979 (She writes: "I spent the next winter in Alexandria (1807), and we had a fine time, as my uncle, F. L. Lee [Francis Lightfoot Lee II], was married that winter to Miss Fitzgerald.); Netherton 1978 (annual profit)
  35. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 59.
  36. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 61.
  37. ^ meaning Richard Henry Lee II
  38. ^ a b c Gamble 1973, p. 62.
  39. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 63.
  40. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 64.
  41. ^ Cornish & Laas 1986, p. 42.
  42. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 219; McMahon 2014; Kincannon 2015b, p. 1; Gamble 1973, p. 220; Gamble 1973, p. 131; Gamble 1973, p. 132.
  43. ^ Loth 1999, p. 161; Kincannon 2015b.
  44. ^ Loth 1999, p. 161; Peck 2005, p. 94.
  45. ^ Peck 2005, p. 85; Loth 1999, p. 161.
  46. ^ Kane 2005; Page 2007.
  47. ^ Kane 2005; Shosteck 2004, p. 39.
  48. ^ a b c d e Kincannon 2015b, p. 1; Gamble 1973, p. 219.
  49. ^ a b Gamble 1973, p. 219.
  50. ^ Kincannon 2015b, p. 1; McMahon 2014; Gamble 1973, p. 117.
  51. ^ a b c Kincannon 2015a, p. 1.
  52. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 220.
  53. ^ from 1946 to 1950
  54. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 131.
  55. ^ from 1961 to 1962
  56. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 132.
  57. ^ Peck 2005, p. 85; Kincannon 2015b, p. 1.
  58. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 183.
  59. ^ Gamble 1973, p. 189.
  60. ^ Arnott 2021.
  61. ^ Fairfax County Park Authority 2001.

References

  1. Alexander, Frederick Warren (1912). Stratford Hall and the Lees Connected with Its History: Biographical, Genealogical and Historical, Comp. Oak Grove, VA, US: F. W. Alexander.
  2. Brent, Chester Horton (1946). Descendants of Col. Giles Brent, Capt George Brent and Robert Brent, Gentlemen. Priv. print. by the Tuttle Pub. Co.
  3. Bruce, Philip Alexander; Stanard, William Glover (1972). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 80. The Society.
  4. Cornish, Dudley Taylor; Laas, Virginia Jeans (1986). Lincoln's Lee: the life of Samuel Phillips Lee, United States Navy, 1812-1897. University Press of Kansas.
  5. Eckenrode, H. J. (1910). Separation of Church and State in Virginia: A Study in the Development of the Revolution. Richmond: Virginia State Library.
  6. Gamble, Robert S. (1973). Sully: The Biography of a House. Sully Foundation.
  7. George Mason University Department of History (1979). Northern Virginia Heritage. Vol. 1–6. Vienna, VA, US: Better Impressions, Incorporated.
  8. George Mason University Department of History (1985). Northern Virginia Heritage. Vol. 7–10. Vienna, VA, US: Better Impressions, Incorporated.
  9. Gleason, David K. (1989). Virginia Plantation Homes. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1570-1.
  10. Hitchcock, Ernest; Williams, Stephen Keyes; Smith, Edwin Burritt (1883). Reports of Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States: 1-351 U.S; 1790- October term, 1955. Lawyers' Co-operative Publishing Company.
  11. Heinemann, R. L. (2007). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007. University of Virginia Press.
  12. Kane, Michael A. (2005-07-27). Sully Historic Site Master Plan (Report). Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Park Authority.
  13. Kincannon, Kirk W. (2015b). Sully Historic Overlay District. Fairfax, VA, US: Fairfax County Park Authority.
  14. Kincannon, Kirk W. (2015a). Sully Historic Site: History (Report). Fairfax, VA, US: Fairfax County Park Authority.
  15. Langan, Julie (2015-10-02). "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  16. Lopez, Mary Stachyra (2014-06-16). Centreville and Chantilly. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-2023-4.
  17. Loth, Calder (1999). The Virginia Landmarks Register. Virginia Dept of Historic Resources. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1862-4.
  18. Marcus, M; Perry, J. R. (1992). The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800: Organizing the Federal Judiciary : Legislation and Commentaries. New York: Columbia University Press.
  19. Mauro, Charles V. (2004-01-01). Herndon: A Town and Its History. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-026-6.
  20. McCary (2009). Indians in Seventeenth-Century Virginia. Clearfield.
  21. McDonald, Christie; Dietrich, Chris; Barnhart, Timothy (2013-11-02), National Register Information System, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service
  22. McMahon, Michelle (2014). Sully Historic Site. Washington, D.C.: Civil War Trust.
  23. Netherton, Nan (1978-01-01). Fairfax County, Virginia: A History. Fairfax County Board of Supervisors. ISBN 978-0-9601630-1-4.
  24. Oberg, Michael Leroy (2003-12-01). Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8883-4.
  25. Owens, Trevor (2010-01-01). Fairfax County. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6631-3.
  26. Page, Terry J. (2007-06-07). Replacement Access for Sully Historic Site and the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority's Southern Parcel. Federal Aviation Administration.
  27. Page, T. N. (1912). Robert E. Lee, Man and Soldier. Scribner.
  28. Prats, J. J. (March 31, 2006). "Sully Plantation". The Historical Marker Database.
  29. President and Fellows of Harvard College (2016). "Degree Abbreviations". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  30. Peck, Margaret C. (2005). Washington Dulles International Airport. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1847-3.
  31. Rountree, H. C. (1996). Pocahontas's People: the Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press.
  32. Salmon, J; Peters, M (1994). A Guidebook to Virginia's Historical Markers. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
  33. Shosteck, Robert (2004-10-31). Weekend Getaways Around Washington, D.C.: Including Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4556-1396-0.# Sloan, Herbert E. (2001). Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2093-1.
  34. Templeman, E (1973). Virginia Homes of the Lees. Annandale, VA: Charles Baptie Studios.
  35. United Service (1892). United Service: A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersly.
  36. Arnott, Colin (2021-05-10). "Galleting".
  37. Fairfax County Park Authority (2001). "The Sully Slave Quarter: From the Ground Up".
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