Sultan of Selangor (سلطان سلاڠور) is the title of the constitutional ruler of Selangor, Malaysia who is the head of state and head of the Islamic religion in Selangor.[1] The current monarch, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah ascended the throne on the death of his father, on 22 November 2001.
History
1743–1766: Pre-formation
The Sultans of Selangor are descended from a Bugis dynasty that claim descent from the rulers of Luwu in the southern part of Celebes (today known as Sulawesi). Nobles from this bloodline were involved in the dispute over the Johor-Riau Sultanate in the early 18th century, eventually placing their full support in the cause of Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor of the Bendahara dynasty against the claimant to the Malaccan lineage, Raja Kechil.[2] For this reason, the Bendahara rulers of Johor-Riau established close relations with the Bugis nobles, providing them with titles and control over many areas within the empire, including Selangor.
Daeng Chelak, one of the five Bugis warriors, married Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah's sister, Tengku Mandak.[3] He was made the second Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau from 1728 until 1745.[4][5] He appointed his son, Raja Lumu to become Yamtuan Selangor on 1743.[2] In the same year, Raja Lumu was recognised by the 14th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Muhammad Shah ibni Sultan Mansur Shah III as the Raja Selangor, after helping the Sultan ascended Perak's throne. He continued to hold the title until 1766.[2]
1766–1875: Beginnings of the Selangor Sultanate
Raja Lumu did not succeed his father after the latter's death in 1745. Instead, his first cousin, Daeng Kemboja was appointed as the third Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau.[2][6] In February 1756, Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor, who assumed Selangor is still a part of his territory, offered the Dutch to mine tin ore in Selangor after helping his nephew, Raja Mahmud winning a civil war against his step-brother, Raja Alam.[3] His action was opposed by Daeng Kemboja, Raja Tua of Klang and Raja Lumu.[3] Raja Lumu then sought to strengthen his influence and removed Selangor from Johor empire by seeking recognition from the 16th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Sultan Muhammad Shah.[2] He was installed by Sultan Mahmud Shah as the first Sultan of Selangor in November 1766, taking the regnal name, Sultan Salehuddin Shah.[7][8][9][10]
After the death of Sultan Salehuddin Shah on 1778, he was succeeded by his son, Raja Ibrahim Marhum Saleh, who then used the title Sultan Ibrahim Shah.[11] In 1784, he was defeated in the attack on Kuala Selangor by the Dutch, forcing him to leave Kota Malawati. He subsequently managed to occupy it back in less than a year with the help of Pahang Sultanate.[12] Sultan Ibrahim Shah allied himself with Perak Sultanate afterwards but the alliance fall apart in a debt dispute.[11]
Following his death on 18 October 1826, he was succeeded by his son, Raja Muhammad who took on the title Sultan Muhammad Shah.[13] He was unable to control his chiefs during his reign which resulted in the separation of Selangor into five individual territories; Bernam, Kuala Selangor, Kelang, Langat and Lukut.[14] His reign also saw the opening of tin mines in Ampang District, which brought business to the people and the state.[11]
After 31 years of reign, Sultan Muhammad died in late 1857 without appointing an heir. As a result, there was a huge dispute regarding who will succeed him as the Sultan of Selangor. His nephew, Raja Abdul Samad Raja Abdullah was finally chosen to be the next Sultan and he took on the title Sultan Abdul Samad.[15] He gave the power of authority of Klang to Raja Abdullah and Langat to Tunku Kudin of Kedah, both of whom were his sons-in-law, in 1866 and 1868 respectively.[11]
1875–1957: Colonial Era
During Sultan Abdul Samad's reign, the Klang War broke out between Raja Abdullah and the previous ruler of Klang, Raja Mahdi. The involvement of British Empire in the war marks as their first involvement in Selangor's politics. The first British resident in Selangor, James Guthrie Davidson was also appointed during his reign.[16] Sultan Abdul Samad died at the age of 93 in February 1898 and was buried at Makam Sultan Abdul Samad in Jugra.[17]
Mahkota Puri Palace
Raja Muda Sulaiman ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa, the grandson of Sultan Abdul Samad rose to the throne, taking the title Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah on 1898 as the fifth Sultan of Selangor. His reign saw the increase in construction of houses, shops, roads, and railways especially in Kuala Lumpur and Klang.[11]
Sultan Alaeddin (sitting, second from left) during the second Durbar in 1903.
He oversaw the construction of Mahkota Puri Palace in 1905 and proceeded to live there for 35 years until his death.[18]
His first son, Tengku Musa Eddin was named the heir apparent in 1920 but he was dismissed in 1934 following the allegation from the then British resident, Theodore Samuel Adams as a gambler.[3] Sultan Sulaiman pleaded the case to Secretary of State for the British Colonies but to no avail. Tengku Alam Shah, his third son was subsequently named the heir apparent in 1936.[19]
Sultan Sulaiman was succeeded by Tengku Alam Shah in 1938, using the title Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah.[11] In January 1942, following the Japanese occupation of Malaya, he was told to surrender his throne to his elder half-brother, Tengku Musa Eddin, whom the Japanese proclaimed as the new Sultan of Selangor, taking the title Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah. Sultan Hisamuddin refused Japanese orders for him to work with them and stopped receiving the allowance awarded to him. Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah was installed as the seventh Sultan of Selangor by the then Governor of Selangor, Lieutenant-General Shotaro Katayama in November 1943. He only ruled for three years, during the Japanese occupation. When the British returned after the war, he was dethroned and exiled to the Cocos Keeling Islands.[3][20]
Sultan Hisamuddin resumed his reign in September 1945. In the same year, he signed the Malayan Union treaty, albeit under protest, along with the rest of the rulers of Malaya at the time.[21] He later rejected the establishment of Malayan Union and openly supported the Malay nationalists who opposed the plan.[19] In 1950, he demolished Mahkota Puri Palace and built Istana Alam Shah, which is still used as the official residence of the Sultan of Selangor to this day.[18]
1957–present: After Independence
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque, also known as the blue mosque, the second largest mosque in South East Asia
Stamps depicting the face of the Sultan of Selangor throughout the years
In the Laws of the Constitution of Selangor 1959, the Sultan (otherwise referred to as His Highness) is the Head of state and Head of Islam Religion of the state of Selangor.[30]Oath of allegiance are made to the Sultan. Duli Yang Maha Mulia is the state anthem, and the Sultan appears on postage stamps. He has the power of executive authority of the state.[31] His Highness has the responsibility to safeguard the special position of the Malays and the legitimate interest of other communities.[32]
Whenever necessary, the Sultan is responsible for appointing the State Executive Council, of which he has to appoint a Menteri Besar, whom acts as the head of government, and 4 to 10 members of the Legislative Assembly.[33] The Menteri Besar takes office by citing an oath in front of the Sultan in a ceremony.[34] The Sultan also holds a weekly audience with the Menteri Besar before State Council meetings for him to inform the agenda that will be discussed in the meetings.[35]
Royal prerogative
Some of the government's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative. His Highness shall act in accordance with the advice of state executive council but he may act in his discretion in the performance of the following: appointment of Menteri Besar, the withholding of consent to request the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly, making a request for a meeting of the Conference of Rulers (concern solely about the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Highnesses or religious acts, observance or ceremonies), any function as the head of the Islam religion or relating to the custom of the Malays, appointment of an heir (or heirs), consort, regent or the Council of Regency, the appointment of persons to Malay customary ranks, titles, honours, dignities, and the designations of the functions appertaining thereto, and the regulation of royal courts and palaces.[36] The Sultan also can grant a pardon to any offense committed in the state.[37]
Only the Sultan has the power to confer titles and dignities, and institute the Orders and Badges of Honour and Dignity to whom he sees fit after consulting the Selangor Council of Royal Court. He also has the power to degrade any person of any title and order that has been conferred by him or his precedence.[38][39]
The Sultan of Selangor has a permanent seat in the conference of rulers as he is one of the nine Malay sultans. During the meeting, none of the Malay Rulers takes precedence over the others and all are considered equal. The member of the conference has the power to elect one of the Malay Rulers as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the head of state of Malaysia) and Deputy of Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years. Sultan of Selangor is eligible to stand as a candidate for such occasions.[40]Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah and Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah were Malaysia's second and eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong respectively.[41][42]
Succession
The Selangor Sultan's Headgear (Solek Balung Raja) is the yellow songket destar, an official headdress for the present Sultan of Selangor. It is worn during the State's Royal Custom and ritual ceremonies such as Coronation Ceremony, Royal Birthday and so on. The destar`s design is adapted from Tengkolok Balung Ayam from Perak after a royal wedding between the two states.
Raja Ibrahim Marhum Salleh bin Raja Lumuc. 1736Son of Sallehuddin of Selangor and Engku Puan binti Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah of Riau
(1) Tunku Chik of Kedah at least 1 child (2) Raja Andak binti Daeng Kemboja of Riau div.1776 at least 4 children(3)Unknown wife from Kedah(4) Che' Puan Besar Long Jalijah binti Dato' Husain at least 1 child (5) Encik Salama at least 1 child(6) Encik Shaima at least 1 child(7) Tun Salama binti Tun Abdul Majid of Johor and Pahang 1784 (8)Unknown wife 1784 (9) Tengku Ampuan Tengah binti Raja Haji of Riau 1796 at least 1 child
Raja Muhammad bin Raja Ibrahim Marhum Salleh1772Son of Ibrahim Shah of Selangor and Che' Puan Besar Long Halijah
(1) Tengku Ampuan Basik at least 2 children (2) Raja Asiah binti Sultan Ali Alauddin Shah of Riau after April 1827 at least 4 children (3)Unknown wife
6 January 1857 Age around 85 years old
Eldest surviving son of Ibrahim Shah of Selangor
Abdul Samad of Selangor Sultan Sir Abdul Samad Shah 6 January 1857 – 6 February 1898 (41 years, 32 days)
Raja Abdul Samad bin Raja Abdullah1804 Son of Raja Abdullah bin Ibrahim of Selangor and Che' Lipah
(1) Tengku Ampuan Atfah 1844 – div.1873 7 children (2)Unknown wife c. 8 November 1874 5 children (3) Che Fatimah binti Abdul Ghani 1887
6 February 1898 Age around 93 years old
Nephew and son-in-law of Muhammad of Selangor Grandson of Ibrahim of Selangor
Sulaiman of Selangor Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah 17 February 1898 – 31 March 1938 (40 years, 42 days)
Raja Sulaiman bin Raja Musa11 September 1863Son of Raja Muda Musa bin Abdul Samad of Selangor and Raja Buntal Raimah binti Raja Barkat
(1) Tengku Ampuan Paduka Seri Negara Tunku Maharum binti Tengku Dziauddin @ Kudin of Kedah 1891 – d.1908 5 children (2) Cik Hasnah @ Aminah binti Pilong c. 1895 4 children (3) Hajah Sofia binti Haji Abdul Ghani 1899 (4) Cik Rogayah binti Muhammad Amin c. 1908 – d.1909 1 child (5) Cik Chik binti Abdullah c. 1908 7 children (6) Tengku Ampuan Zubaidah binti Sultan Abdul Jalil of Perak May 1910 – d.17 October 1918 6 children (7) Cik Anjung Negara Maimunah binti Abdullah c. 1910 5 children (8) Cik Puri Negara Bidayah binti Ahmad c. 1912 5 children (9) Tengku Ampuan Paduka Seri Negara Raja Fatimah binti Sultan Idris of Perak September 1921 5 children (10) Raja Bulat @ Mariam binti Raja Ahmad c. 1925 4 children (11) Cik Johari binti Abdullah c. 1933 2 children
31 March 1938 Age 74 years old
Grandson of Abdul Samad of Selangor
Hisamuddin of Selangor Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah 4 April 1939 – 15 January 1942 (2 years, 287 days) 14 September 1945 – 1 September 1960 (14 years, 354 days)
Tengku Alam Shah ibni Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah13 May 1898Son of Sulaiman of Selangor and Cik Hasnah binti Pilong
Tengku Musaeddin bin Tengku Sulaiman Shah9 December 1893Son of Sulaiman of Selangor and Tengku Ampuan Maharum
(1) Tengku Permaisuri Sharifah Mastura binti Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin 1912 (2) Tengku Jeriah binti Tengku Arifin (3) Che Puan Anjang binti Abdullah
8 November 1955 Age 61 years old
Eldest son of Sulaiman of SelangorHalf-brother of Hisamuddin of SelangorInstalled as Sultan during the Japanese occupation of Malaya, after Sultan Hisamuddin was forced to abdicate by the Japanese
Salahuddin of Selangor Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah 3 September 1960 – 21 November 2001 (41 years, 80 days)
Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah bin Tengku Alam Shah8 March 1926Son of Hisamuddin of Selangor and Tengku Ampuan Jemaah
(1) Raja Nur Saidatul Ihsan binti Tengku Badar Shah 1943 – div. 9 children (2) Cik Mahiran binti Muhammad Rais 1954 – div. 1 child (3) Tengku Ampuan Rahimah 11 March 1956 – d. 27 June 1993 2 children (4) Sharifah Salmah binti Syed Ahmad al-Kaf 16 November 1961 – div. 5 February 1962 (5)Permaisuri Siti Aishah 3 May 1990
21 November 2001 Age 75 years old
Eldest son of Hisamuddin of Selangor
Sharafuddin of Selangor Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah 22 November 2001 – present (22 years, 79 days)
Tengku Idris Shah bin Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah24 December 1945Son of Salahuddin of Selangor and Raja Nur Saidatul Ehsan binti Tengku Badar Shah
(1) Raja Zarina binti Raja Zainal 1968 – div. 1987 2 children(2) Nur Lisa Idris binti Abdullah 1988 – div. 1997 1 child(3)Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin 2016 – present
Does not appear
Eldest son of Salahuddin of Selangor
Timeline
Official residences
The palace of the Sultan of Selangor in Klang
The sovereign's official residence in Klang is Istana Alam Shah. It is the palace where the Sultan carried out his official duties and the site that held formal events involving him such as the coronation ceremony.[45] Another official residence is Istana Darul Ehsan, located in Putrajaya. It was built as a sign of appreciation to Sultan of Selangor from the Federal government for ceding Putrajaya to become a federal territory and become the federal administrative centre of Malaysia.[46] The sovereign's official residence in Shah Alam is Istana Bukit Kayangan. Istana Mestika is the official residence of the Raja Muda of Selangor.
Historically, Kota Melawati in Kuala Selangor had been the residence of the three earliest Sultan since Selangor Sultanate started there.[47] Today, the fort had become a tourist attraction besides housing one of the royal mausoleums and the location of the new moon sighting.[48]Sultan Abdul Samad lived at Istana Jugra in Jugra, Kuala Langat since his administration center was located there.[49] It was built in 1876 and was where Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah's coronation took place.[50] Mahkota Puri Palace (now the site of Istana Alam Shah) was built by the British in 1889 for Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah so his administration center is closed to the British colonial administration center in Kuala Lumpur, thus become his official residence.[51]
Styles and titles
The title used by the ruling prince is Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan Selangor Darul Ehsan Serta Segala Daerah Takluknya or Sultan and Ruler of the State of Selangor Darul Ehsan and all its dependencies, with the style of His Royal Highness.
For example, the present sovereign full style and title is "Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Alhaj ibni Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Alhaj, Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan Selangor Darul Ehsan Serta Segala Daerah Takluknya" or in English; "His Royal Highness Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj, The Sultan and Sovereign Ruler of Selangor Abode of Sincerity and its Sovereign Dependencies".[52]
The heir apparent will use the title Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Raja Muda Selangor Darul Ehsan with the styled of His Royal Highness.[53][54]
^Mohd. Yusoff Hashim (2001). Dari Luwu' ke Darul Ehsan: Kesultanan Selangor. Surya Sdn Bhd.
^Ooi Keat Gin (2015). Warisan Wilayah Utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Penerbit USM. ISBN978-983-861-695-9.
^Gullick, J.M. (1998). A history of Selangor : (1766-1939) (Rev. ed.). [Singapore]: MBRAS. ISBN9679948102.
^Suratman, Zakiah Hanum ; diedit oleh Norman (2004). Asal-usul negeri-negeri di Malaysia (2nd. ed.). Singapore: Times Editions-Marshall Cavendish. ISBN9812326081.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Chee, Alice (2011). The encyclopedia of Malaysia. Singapore [etc.]: Archipelago Press. ISBN9789813018549.
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