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((Short description|Critically Endangered species of small Asian rhinoceros))
((Redirect|Hairy rhinoceros|the extinct megafauna|woolly rhinoceros))
((pp-move|small=yes))
((Featured article))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2020))
((Speciesbox
| name = Sumatran rhinoceros
| fossil_range = ((Fossilrange|Early Pleistocene|Recent))
| image = Sumatran Rhinoceros at Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary Lampung Indonesia 2013.JPG
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Sumatran rhinoceros at Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Lampung, Indonesia
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>((cite iucn |title=''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Ellis, S. |author2=Talukdar, B. |date=2020 |page=e.T6553A18493355 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6553A18493355.en |access-date=19 November 2021))</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Dicerorhinus
| species = sumatrensis<ref name=MSW3>((MSW3 Perissodactyla |id=14100054 |page=635 |heading=Species ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis''))</ref>
| authority = ([[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer]], 1814)<ref name=Taxhistory/>
| range_map = Sumatran Rhino range.svg
| range_map_caption = ((leftlegend|red|Sumatran rhinoceros range. Note that this map was created in 2007, based on outdated sources published in 1997 and 2003. The Sumatran rhinoceros has been extinct in Malaysia since 2019.))
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = *''[[Bornean rhinoceros|D. s. harrissoni]]'' <small>Groves, 1965</small>
*''[[Western Sumatran rhinoceros|D. s. sumatrensis]]'' <small>Fischer, 1814</small>
*''[[Northern Sumatran rhinoceros|D. s. lasiotis]]'' <small>[[William Buckland|Buckland]], 1872</small>
))

The '''Sumatran rhinoceros''' ('''''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'''''), also known as the '''Sumatran rhino''', '''hairy rhinoceros''' or '''Asian two-horned rhinoceros''', is a rare member of the family [[Rhinocerotidae]] and one of five extant species of [[rhinoceros]]; it is the only [[Extant taxon|extant]] species of the [[genus]] ''[[Dicerorhinus]]''. It is the smallest rhinoceros, although it is still a large mammal; it stands ((cvt|112|-|145|cm)) high at the shoulder, with a head-and-body length of ((cvt|2.36|-|3.18|m)) and a tail of ((cvt|35|-|70|cm)). The weight is reported to range from ((cvt|500|-|1000|kg|-1)), averaging ((cvt|700|-|800|kg|-1)). Like both African species, it has two horns; the larger is the nasal horn, typically ((cvt|15|-|25|cm)), while the other horn is typically a stub. A coat of reddish-brown hair covers most of the Sumatran rhino's body.

The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited [[rainforests]], [[swamp]]s and [[cloud forest]]s in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and southwestern China, particularly in [[Sichuan]].<ref>((cite book |author=Chapman, J. |year=1999 |title=The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China |location=London |publisher=Christie's Books |pages=27 |chapter= |chapter-url= |isbn=0-903432-57-9))</ref><ref>[[Schafer, Edward H.]] (1963) ''The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics''. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. p. 83</ref> It is now [[critically endangered]], with only five substantial populations in the wild: four in [[Sumatra]] and one in [[Borneo]], with an estimated total population of fewer than 80 mature individuals.<ref name=savetherhino>((cite web|title=Rhino population figures |url=https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/rhino_population_figures |publisher=SaveTheRhino.org |year=2015 |access-date=16 May 2015))</ref><ref name=Pusparini2015>((cite journal |author1=Pusparini, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sievert, P.R. |author3=Fuller, T.K. |author4=Randhir, T.O. |author5=Andayani, N. |year=2015 |title=Rhinos in the parks: An island-wide survey of the last wild population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |page=e0139982 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0136643 |pmid=26376453 |pmc=4574046 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1036643P |doi-access=free))</ref> The species was extirpated in Malaysia in 2019, and one of the Sumatran populations may already be extinct. In 2015, researchers announced that the [[Bornean rhinoceros]] had become extinct in the northern part of Borneo in [[Sabah]], Malaysia.<ref>((cite journal |author1=Havmøller, R.G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Payne, J. |author3=Ramono, W. |author4=Ellis, S. |author5=Yoganand, K. |author6=Long, B. |author7=Dinerstein, E. |author8=Williams, A.C. |author9=Putra, R.H. |author10=Gawi, J. |author11=Talukdar, B.K. |author12=Burgess, N. |year=2015 |title=Will current conservation responses save the Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis''? |journal=Oryx |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=355–359 |doi=10.1017/S0030605315000472 |doi-access=free))</ref> A tiny population was discovered in [[East Kalimantan]] in early 2016.<ref name="news.mongabay.com">((cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/03/a-new-sanctuary-for-the-sumatran-rhino-in-borneo/|title=15 Bornean rhinos discovered in Kalimantan?|date=14 March 2016|publisher=Mongabay|access-date=3 July 2016))</ref>

The Sumatran rhino is a mostly solitary animal except for courtship and offspring-rearing. It is the most vocal rhino species and also communicates through marking [[soil]] with its feet, twisting [[sapling]]s into patterns, and leaving excrement. The species is much better studied than the similarly reclusive [[Javan rhinoceros]], in part because of a program that brought 40 Sumatran rhinos into captivity with the goal of preserving the species. There was little or no information about procedures that would assist in ''ex situ'' breeding. Though a number of rhinos died once at the various destinations and no offspring were produced for nearly 20 years, the rhinos were all doomed in their soon-to-be-logged forest.<ref>Nardelli, F. 2014 The last chance for the Sumatran rhinoceros?. Pachyderm 55: 43–53 http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1411778068</ref> In March 2016, a Sumatran rhinoceros (of the Bornean rhinoceros subspecies) was spotted in [[Indonesian Borneo]].<ref>((cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/03/23/rare-sumatran-rhino-sighted-in-indonesian-borneo.html?intcmp=hplnws | title=Rare Sumatran rhino sighted in Indonesian Borneo | work=[[Fox News]] | date=23 March 2016 | access-date=24 April 2016))</ref>

The Indonesian ministry of Environment, began an official counting of the Sumatran rhino in February 2019, planned to be completed in three years.<ref name="2019 counting">((cite news |title=To rescue Sumatran rhinos, Indonesia starts by counting them first |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/04/to-rescue-sumatran-rhinos-indonesia-starts-by-counting-them-first/ |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=Mongabay Environmental News |date=15 April 2019))</ref>
Malaysia's last known bull and cow Sumatran rhinos died in May and November 2019, respectively. The species is now considered to be locally extinct in that country, and only survives in Indonesia. There are fewer than 80 left in existence.<ref>((cite news |last1= Williams|first1=David|last2= Ko|first2=Stella|date=24 November 2019 |title=The last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia has died and there are less than 80 left in the world|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/24/world/malaysia-sumatra-rhino-death-sci-trnd/index.html|work=[[CNN]] |access-date=27 November 2019))</ref>

== Taxonomy and naming ==
[[File:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Bell 1793.jpg|thumb|left|First drawing of the first specimen known to Western science, by William Bell, 1793]]
The first documented Sumatran rhinoceros was shot ((cvt|16|km)) outside [[Fort Marlborough]], near the west coast of Sumatra, in 1793. Drawings of the animal, and a written description, were sent to the [[naturalist]] [[Joseph Banks]], then president of the [[Royal Society of London]], who published a paper on the specimen that year.<ref name="Bell">((cite journal| url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans09059619 |title=Description of the Double Horned Rhinoceros of Sumatra |author1=Banks, J. |author2=Bell, W. |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |date=1793 |volume=83 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1793.0003 |doi-access=free))</ref> In 1814, the species was given a scientific name by [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim]].<ref name="Asian sightings">((cite book |last=Rookmaaker |first=K. |editor=Fulconis, R. |date=2005 |chapter=First sightings of Asian rhinos |page=52 |title=Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6 |location=London |publisher=[[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]]))</ref><ref name=Morales>((cite journal |last1=Morales |first1=J.C. |last2=Andau |first2=P.M. |last3=Supriatna |first3=J. |last4=Zainal-Zahari |first4=Z. |last5=Melnick |first5=D.J. |title=Mitochondrial DNA Variability and Conservation Genetics of the Sumatran Rhinoceros |date=April 1997 |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=539–543 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96171.x |bibcode=1997ConBi..11..539M |s2cid=55337818 ))</ref>

The specific epithet ''sumatrensis'' signifies "of Sumatra", the Indonesian island where the rhinos were first discovered.<ref name="van Strien">((cite book |last=van Strien |first=N. |editor=Fulconis, R. |title=Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6 |date=2005 |chapter=Sumatran rhinoceros |location=London |publisher=[[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]] |pages=70–74))</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]] originally classified all rhinos in the genus, ''Rhinoceros''; therefore, the species was originally identified as ''Rhinoceros sumatrensis'' or ''sumatranus''.<ref>((citation |date=1876 |contribution=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Burmah|Burmah]] |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, ''9th ed''. |volume=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume IV|Vol. IV]] |page=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Burmah|p. 552]] |title-link=:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition )).</ref> [[Joshua Brookes]] considered the Sumatran rhinoceros with its two horns a distinct genus from the one-horned ''Rhinoceros'', and gave it the name ''Didermocerus'' in 1828. [[Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger]] proposed the name ''[[Dicerorhinus]]'' in 1841. In 1868, [[John Edward Gray]] proposed the name ''Ceratorhinus''. Normally, the oldest name would be used, but a 1977 ruling by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] established the proper genus name as ''Dicerorhinus''.<ref name=Taxhistory/><ref>((cite journal |author1=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |year=1977 |title=Opinion 1080. ''Didermocerus'' Brookes, 1828 (Mammalia) suppressed under the plenary powers |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=34 |issue= |pages=21–24 |url=))</ref> ''Dicerorhinus'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] terms ''((lang|grc-Latn|di))'' (((lang|grc|δι)), meaning "two"), ''((lang|grc-Latn|cero))'' (((lang|grc|κέρας)), meaning "horn"), and ''((lang|grc-Latn|rhinos))'' (((lang|grc|ρινος)), meaning "[[nose]]").<ref>((cite book|last=Liddell|first=H.G. |author-link=Henry Liddell|author2=Scott, Robert|author-link2=Robert Scott (philologist)|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon|edition=Abridged|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-910207-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd))</ref>

The three [[subspecies]] are:

'''''D. s. sumatrensis''''', known as the '''[[western Sumatran rhinoceros]]''', which has only 75 to 85 rhinos remaining, mostly in the national parks of [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park|Bukit Barisan Selatan]] and [[Kerinci Seblat National Park|Kerinci Seblat]], [[Gunung Leuser National Park|Gunung Leuser]] in Sumatra, but also in [[Way Kambas National Park]] in small numbers.<ref name=iucn/> They have recently gone extinct in [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. The main threats against this subspecies are habitat loss and [[poaching]]. A slight [[genetics|genetic]] difference is noted between the western Sumatran and Bornean rhinos.<ref name=iucn/> The rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia were once known as ''D. s. niger'', but were later recognized to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''D. s. sumatrensis''.<ref name=Taxhistory>((cite journal |last=Rookmaaker |first=L. C. |date=1984 |title=The taxonomic history of the recent forms of Sumatran Rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |jstor=41492969 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=12–25 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165238637))</ref> Three bulls and five cows currently live in captivity at the [[International Rhino Foundation#Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary|Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary]] at Way Kambas, the youngest bull having been bred and born there in 2012.<ref>International_Rhino_Foundation#Sumatran_Rhino_Sanctuary</ref> Another calf, a female, was born at the sanctuary in May 2016.<ref name=annamiticus>((cite web|url=http://annamiticus.com/2016/05/12/girl-critically-endangered-sumatran-rhino-born-sanctuary-indonesia/|title=It's a Girl! Critically Endangered Sumatran Rhino Born at Sanctuary in Indonesia|last=Cota Larson|first=Rhishja|date=12 May 2016|website=annamiticus.com|access-date=3 July 2016))</ref> The sanctuary's two bulls were born at the [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2015-09-critically-endangered-sumatran-rhino-pregnant.html|title=Critically endangered Sumatran rhino pregnant: conservationists|last=Sheridan|first=Kerry|website=phys.org|date=22 September 2015|access-date=3 July 2016))</ref> A third calf female was born in March 2022.

'''''D. s. harrissoni''''', known as the '''[[Bornean rhinoceros]]''' or '''eastern Sumatran rhinoceros''', which was once common throughout Borneo; now only about 15 individuals are estimated to survive.<ref name="news.mongabay.com"/> The known population lives in [[East Kalimantan]], with them having recently gone extinct in [[Sabah]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/04/officials-sumatran-rhino-is-extinct-in-the-wild-in-sabah/ |title=Officials: Sumatran rhino is extinct in the wild in Sabah |date=23 April 2015 |publisher=Mongabay |last=Hance |first=Jeremy |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151207151851/http://news.mongabay.com/2015/04/officials-sumatran-rhino-is-extinct-in-the-wild-in-sabah/ |archive-date=7 December 2015 ))</ref> Reports of animals surviving in [[Sarawak]] are unconfirmed.<ref name=iucn/> This subspecies is named after [[Tom Harrisson]], who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s.<ref>((cite journal |last=Groves |first=C. P. |title=Description of a new subspecies of Rhinoceros, from Borneo, ''Didermocerus sumatrensis harrissoni'' |date=1965 |journal=Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=128–131 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165236867))</ref> The Bornean subspecies is markedly smaller in body size than the other two subspecies.<ref name=Taxhistory/> The captive population consisted of one bull and two cows at the Borneo Rhinoceros Sanctuary in Sabah; the bull died in 2019 and the cows died in 2017 and 2019 respectively.<ref>((citation |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2015/04/officials-sumatran-rhino-is-extinct-in-the-wild-in-sabah/ |title=Officials: Sumatran rhino is extinct in the wild in Sabah |date=23 April 2015 |author=Jeremy Hance |publisher=Mongabay))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/asia/malaysias-last-male-sumatran-rhino-dies-intl-scli/index.html|title=Malaysia's last male Sumatran rhino dies|first=Amy |last=Woodyatt|website=CNN|date=27 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019))</ref> 

'''''D. s. lasiotis''''', known as the '''[[northern Sumatran rhinoceros]]''' or '''Chittagong rhinoceros''', which once roamed India and Bangladesh, has been declared [[extinct]] in these countries. Unconfirmed reports suggest a small population may still survive in Myanmar, but the political situation in that country has prevented verification.<ref name=iucn/> The name ''lasiotis'' is derived from the Greek for "hairy-ears". Later studies showed that their ear hair was not longer than other Sumatran rhinos, but ''D. s. lasiotis'' remained a subspecies because it was significantly larger than the other subspecies.<ref name=Taxhistory/>

=== Evolution ===
((Main|Rhinoceros#Evolution))
[[File:Sumatran Rhino skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of the Sumatran rhinoceros]]
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other [[perissodactyl]]s in the [[Early Eocene]]. [[Mitochondrial DNA]] comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of [[Equidae]] around 50 million years ago.<ref name = Tougard>((cite journal | author = Tougard, C. |author2=T. Delefosse |author3=C. Hoenni |author4=C. Montgelard | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' and 12s rRNA genes | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–44 | doi = 10.1006/mpev.2000.0903 | pmid = 11286489|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16553/files/PAL_E3210.pdf ))</ref><ref name=DNA>((cite journal | title = The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, ''Rhinoceros unicornis'', and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea) | author = Xu, Xiufeng |author2=Axel Janke |author3=Ulfur Arnason | date=1996 |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages =1167–1173 | pmid = 8896369 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681 |doi-access=free))</ref> The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in [[Eurasia]], and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the [[Miocene]].<ref name=Lacombat>((cite book |author=Lacombat, F. |editor=Fulconis, R. |title=Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6 |date=2005 |chapter=The evolution of the rhinoceros |pages=46–49 |location=London |publisher=[[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]]))</ref>

Although the relationships of modern rhinoceros species to each other were long controversial, modern genetic evidence has placed the Sumatran rhinoceros as more closely related to the Asian one-horned rhinoceroses (the [[Indian rhinoceros]] and [[Javan rhinoceros]]) belonging to the genus ''[[Rhinoceros (genus)|Rhinoceros]]'' than to living African rhinoceros species, with the split between ''Rhinoceros'' and ''Dicerorhinus'' estimated to have occurred around 14.8 million years ago, shortly after the split between the ancestors of ''Dicerorhinus'' and ''Rhinoceros'' and African rhinoceroses, which is placed around 15.6 million years ago.<ref name=":0" />

Based on morphological and genetic evidence, the Sumatran rhinoceros is believed to be closely related to the extinct [[woolly rhinoceros]] (''Coelodonta antiquitatis'') and ''[[Stephanorhinus]]'', with the split between their last common ancestors estimated to be around 9.5 million years ago.<ref name=":1">((Cite journal |last=Pandolfi |first=Luca |date=April 2023 |title=Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=291–294 |doi=10.1002/jqs.3496 |issn=0267-8179|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023JQS....38..291P |hdl=11563/163194 |hdl-access=free ))</ref><ref name=":0" /> The woolly rhinoceros, so named for the coat of hair it shares with the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; by the [[Upper Pleistocene]], it ranged across the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. The woolly rhinoceros survived until its extinction near the end of the [[last ice age]], around 14,000 years ago.<ref name="StuartLister">((cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Lister |first2=Adrian M. |year=2012 |title=Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros ''Coelodonta antiquitatis'' in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/135/1351170424.pdf |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=51 |pages=1–17 |bibcode=2012QSRv...51....1S |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007 |issn=0277-3791))</ref> ''Stephanorhinus'' species are well known in Europe from the Late Pliocene through the Pleistocene, and China from the Pleistocene, with two species, ''[[Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis]]'' and the ''[[Stephanorhinus hemitoechus]]'' surviving into the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]], until at least 40,000 years ago and possibly later.<ref name=":1" />

Although historically many fossil species were assigned to ''Dicerorhinus<ref name="tong">((cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Hao-wen |date=2012 |title=Evolution of the non-Coelodonta dicerorhine lineage in China |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=555–562 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2012.06.002|bibcode=2012CRPal..11..555T ))</ref>'' today only two fossil species are confidently placed in the genus. These include ''Dicerorhinus fusuiensis'' from the [[Early Pleistocene]] of South China, and ''Dicerorhinus gwebinensis'' from the [[Pliocene]]-Early Pleistocene of Myanmar.<ref name=":1" /> Fossils of the modern Sumatran rhinceros are known from the Early Pleistocene onwards.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Shaokun |last2=Pang |first2=Libo |last3=Yan |first3=Yaling |last4=Wei |first4=Guangbiao |last5=Yue |first5=Zongying |date=August 2021 |title=First Discovery of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from Yanjinggou Provides Insights into the Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae of South China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.14719 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=1065–1072 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.14719 |bibcode=2021AcGlS..95.1065C |s2cid=236407190 |issn=1000-9515))</ref>

Pairwise sequential [[Markov chain Monte Carlo|Markovian]] [[Coalescent theory|coalescent]] (PSMC) analysis of a complete nuclear genome of a Sumatran specimen suggested strong fluctuations in population size, with a general trend of decline over the course of the Middle to Late Pleistocene with an estimated peak effective population size of 57,800 individuals 950,000 years ago, declining to around 500–1,300 individuals at the start of the Holocene, with a slight rebound during the [[Eemian Interglacial]]. This was likely due to climate change causing limiting suitable habitat for the Rhinoceros, causing severe population fluctuations as well as [[population fragmentation]] due to the flooding of [[Sundaland]]. Human induced habitat change and hunting may have played a role in the Late Pleistocene.<ref>((Cite journal |author1=Mays, H.L. |author2=Hung, C.-M. |author3=Shaner, P.-J. |author4=Denvir, J. |author5=Justice, M. |author6=Yang, S.-F. |author7=Roth, T.L. |author8=Oehler, D.A. |author9=Fan, J. |author10=Rekulapally, S. |author11=Primerano, D.A. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Genomic analysis of demographic history and ecological niche modeling in the endangered Sumatran Rhinoceros ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=70–76.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.021 |pmc=5894340 |pmid=29249659|bibcode=2018CBio...28E..70M ))</ref> The study was later criticised for not including DNA from extinct mainland populations, which would have provided a holistic account.<ref>((Cite journal |author1=Lander, B. |author2=Brunson, K. |date=2018 |title=The Sumatran rhinoceros was extirpated from mainland East Asia by hunting and habitat loss |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=R252–R253|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.012 |pmid=29558637 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018CBio...28.R252L ))</ref> A Bayesian skyline plot of complete Mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals from across the range of the species suggested that the population had been relatively stable with an effective population size of 40,000 individuals over the last 400,000 years, with a sharp decline starting around 25,000 years ago.<ref>((Cite journal |author1=Steine, C.C. |author2=Houck, M.L. |author3=Ryder, O.A. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Genetic variation of complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=397–408 |doi=10.1007/s10592-017-1011-1 |bibcode=2018ConG...19..397S |s2cid=4301239))</ref>

[[Cladogram]] showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus ''Stephanorhinus hemitoechus)'' based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al, 2021:<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |author1=Liu, S. |author2=Westbury, M.V. |author3=Dussex, N. |author4=Mitchell, K.J. |author5=Sinding, M.-H.S. |author6=Heintzman, P.D. |author7=Duchêne, D.A.|author8=Kapp, J.D. |author9=von Seth, J. |name-list-style=amp |author10=Heiniger, H. |author11=Sánchez-Barreiro, F. |date=2021 |title=Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=19 |pages=4874–4885.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 |pmid=34433011 |s2cid=237273079 |doi-access=free |hdl=10230/48693 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>

((clade|((clade
|label1=Elasmotheriinae
|1=((extinct))''[[Elasmotherium sibiricum]]''
|label2=Rhinocerotinae
|2=((clade
   |1=((clade
      |1=[[Black rhinoceros]] (''Diceros bicornis'')
      |2=[[White Rhinoceros]] (''Ceratotherium simum'')
       ))      
    |2=((clade
     |label1=
      |1=((clade
        |1=[[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'')
        |2=[[Javan rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros sondaicus'')
         ))
       |label2=
       |2=((clade
         |1='''Sumatran rhinoceros''' (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'')
         |2=((clade
          |1=((extinct)) [[Woolly rhinoceros]] (''Coelodonta antiquitatis'')
          |2=((extinct)) [[Merck's rhinoceros]] (''Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis'')
          ))
        ))
      ))
    ))
  ))|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%))

== Description ==
[[File:SumatranRhino3 CincinnatiZoo.jpg|thumb|left|Sumatran rhinoceros at the Cincinnati Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio]]
[[File:Sumatran Rhino - Size Diagram - SVG - Steveoc86.svg|thumb|left|A diagram showing the size of small and large Sumatran rhino individuals compared to humans.]]
A mature Sumatran rhino stands about ((convert|112|-|145|cm|ft|abbr=on)) high at the shoulder, has a body length of around ((convert|236|-|318|cm|ft|abbr=on)), and weighs ((convert|500|-|800|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on)),<ref name=LitStud/><ref name=Groves1972/> though the largest individuals in zoos have been known to weigh as much as ((convert|2000|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on)).<ref name=Groves1972>((cite journal |last1=Groves |first1=C. P. |last2=Kurt |first2=F. |date=1972 |title=Dicerorhinus sumatrenis |journal=Mammalian Species |doi=10.2307/3503818 |issue=21 |pages=1–6 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-021-01-0001.pdf |jstor=3503818 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101134454/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-021-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2012  ))</ref> Like the two [[Africa]]n species, it has two horns. The larger is the nasal horn, typically only ((convert|15|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on)), though the longest recorded specimen was much longer at ((convert|81|cm|in|abbr=on)).<ref name=LitStud/> The posterior horn is much smaller, usually less than ((convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on)) long, and often little more than a knob. The larger nasal horn is also known as the anterior horn; the smaller posterior horn is known as the frontal horn.<ref name=Groves1972/> The horns are dark grey or black in color. The bulls have larger horns than the cows, though the species is not otherwise [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]. The Sumatran rhino lives an estimated 30–45 years in the wild, while the record time in captivity is a female ''D. lasiotis'', which lived for 32 years and 8 months before dying in the [[London Zoo]] in 1900.<ref name=Groves1972/>

Two thick folds of skin encircle the body behind the front legs and before the hind legs. The rhino has a smaller fold of skin around its neck. The skin itself is thin, ((convert|10|-|16|mm|in|abbr=on)), and in the wild, the rhino appears to have no [[subcutaneous fat]]. Hair can range from dense (the most dense hair in young calves) to scarce, and is usually a reddish brown. In the wild, this hair is hard to observe because the rhinos are often covered in mud. In captivity, however, the hair grows out and becomes much shaggier, likely because of less abrasion from walking through vegetation. The rhino has a patch of long hair around its ears and a thick clump of hair at the end of its tail. Like all rhinos, they have very poor vision. The Sumatran rhinoceros is fast and agile; it climbs mountains easily and comfortably traverses steep slopes and riverbanks.<ref name="van Strien"/><ref name=Groves1972/><ref name=LitStud>((cite journal|title=Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer), the Sumatran or two-horned rhinoceros: a study of literature |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165239080 |last=van Strien |first=N. J. |date=1974 |journal=Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen |volume=74 |issue=16 |pages=1–82))</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Chiang Saen 1867 Francis Garnier expedition.jpg|thumb|A rhinoceros roaming the ruined city of [[Chiang Saen]], northern Thailand, in 1867]]
The Sumatran rhinoceros lives in both lowland and highland secondary [[rainforest]], swamps, and [[cloud forest]]s. It inhabits hilly areas close to water, particularly steep upper valleys with copious undergrowth. The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous range as far north as [[Myanmar]], eastern [[India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. Unconfirmed reports also placed it in [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]]. All known living animals occur in the island of [[Sumatra]]. Some conservationists hope Sumatran rhinos may still survive in Burma, though it is considered unlikely. Political turmoil in Burma has prevented any assessment or study of possible survivors.<ref name=Foose>((cite book |last1=Foose |first1=Thomas J. |last2=van Strien |first2=Nico |date=1997 |title=Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK |isbn=2-8317-0336-0))</ref> The last reports of stray animals from Indian limits were in the 1990s.<ref>((cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=A. U. |date=1997 |title=The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India |journal=Oryx |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=151–152 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-9.x |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/124/1246114027.pdf |doi-access=free ))</ref>

The Sumatran rhino is widely scattered across its range, much more so than the other Asian rhinos, which has made it difficult for conservationists to protect members of the species effectively.<ref name=Foose/> Only four areas are known to contain Sumatran rhinoceros: [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park]], [[Gunung Leuser National Park]], and [[Way Kambas National Park]] on Sumatra; and on Indonesian Borneo west of Samarindah.<ref name="Habitat loss">((cite book | author = Dean, Cathy |author2=Tom Foose | year = 2005 | chapter = Habitat loss | pages = 96–98 | editor = Fulconis, R. | title = Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005/6 | location = London | publisher = [[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]] ))</ref>

The [[Kerinci Seblat National Park]], Sumatra's largest, was estimated to contain a population of around 500 rhinos in the 1980s,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120906034525/http://www.sosrhino.com/news/rhinonews121904.php "Rhino population at Indonesian reserve drops by 90 percent in 14 years"]. ''SOS Rhino''. 18 March 2012</ref> but due to poaching, this population is now considered extinct. The survival of any animals in Peninsular Malaysia is extremely unlikely.<ref name="downwards">[http://www.savetherhino.org/asia_programmes/rpu_programme_indonesia/sumatran_rhino_numbers_revised_downwards "Sumatran rhino numbers revised downwards"]. ''[[Save The Rhino]]''. 18 March 2012.</ref>

[[File:Cloud forest mount kinabalu.jpg|left|thumb|A [[cloud forest]] in [[Sabah]], Borneo]]
Genetic analysis of Sumatran rhino populations has identified three distinct genetic lineages.<ref name= Morales/> The [[Strait of Malacca|channel between Sumatra and Malaysia]] was not as significant a barrier for the rhinos as the [[Barisan Mountains]] along the length of Sumatra, for rhinos in eastern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia are more closely related than the rhinos on the other side of the mountains in western Sumatra. In fact, the eastern Sumatra and Malaysia rhinos show so little genetic variance, the populations were likely not separate during the [[Pleistocene]], when sea levels were much lower and Sumatra formed part of the mainland. Both populations of Sumatra and Malaysia, however, are close enough genetically that interbreeding would not be problematic. The rhinos of Borneo are sufficiently distinct that [[conservation genetics|conservation geneticists]] have advised against crossing their lineages with the other populations.<ref name= Morales/> Conservation geneticists have recently begun to study the diversity of the gene pool within these populations by identifying [[Microsatellite (genetics)|microsatellite loci]]. The results of initial testing found levels of variability within Sumatran rhino populations comparable to those in the population of the less endangered African rhinos, but the genetic diversity of Sumatran rhinos is an area of continuing study.<ref name=Scott04>((cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=C. |last2=Foose |first2=T. |last3=Morales |first3=J. C. |last4=Fernando |first4=P. |last5=Melnick |first5=D. J. |last6=Boag |first6=P. T. |last7=Davila |first7=J. A. |last8=Van Coeverden de Groot |first8=P. J. |date=2004 |title=Optimization of novel polymorphic microsatellites in the endangered Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |journal=Molecular Ecology Notes |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=194–196 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00611.x |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175856028.pdf ))</ref>

Although the rhino had been thought to be extinct in Kalimantan since the 1990s, in March 2013 [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) announced that the team when monitoring [[orangutan]] activity found in [[West Kutai Regency]], [[East Kalimantan]], several fresh rhino foot trails, mud holes, traces of rhino-rubbed trees, traces of rhino horns on the walls of mud holes, and rhino bites on small branches. The team also identified that rhinos ate more than 30 species of plants.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/29/traces-sumatran-rhino-found-kalimantan.html |title=Traces of Sumatran rhino found in Kalimantan |date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401034748/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/29/traces-sumatran-rhino-found-kalimantan.html |archive-date=1 April 2013  ))</ref> On 2 October 2013, video images made with camera traps showing the Sumatran rhino in Kutai Barat, Kalimantan, were released by the World Wildlife Fund. Experts assume the videos show two different animals, but aren't quite certain. According to the Indonesia's Minister of Forestry, [[Zulkifli Hasan]] called the video evidence "very important" and mentioned Indonesia's "target of rhino population growth by three percent per year".<ref name= Morales/><ref>((cite web |author=Erwida Maulia |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/sumatran-rhino-caught-on-camera-in-east-kalimantan/ |title=Sumatran Rhino Caught on Camera in East Kalimantan |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323110145/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/sumatran-rhino-caught-on-camera-in-east-kalimantan/ |archive-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead  ))</ref> On 22 March 2016 it was announced by the WWF that a live Sumatran rhino was found in Kalimantan; it was the first contact in over 40 years. The rhino, a female, was captured and transported to a nearby sanctuary to ensure her survival.<ref>((cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?264130/New-hope-for-Sumatran-rhino-in-Borneo |title=New hope for Sumatran rhino in Borneo |date=22 March 2016))</ref>

Iman, the last known Sumatran rhino in Malaysia, died in November 2019; stem cell technology is being used in an attempt to revitalize the rhino's population and reverse extinction in the country.<ref>((Cite web|author=Jessie Yeung|title=Every Sumatran rhino has died in Malaysia. Scientists want to bring them back with cloning technology|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/14/asia/malaysia-sumatran-rhino-stem-cell-intl-hnk-scli-scn/index.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=CNN|date=14 August 2020 ))</ref> As of 2023, there has been two births at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia.<ref>((Cite web |title=Kelahiran Bayi Badak Sumatra Kesekian Kali, Apa yang Menopangnya? - Semua Halaman - National Geographic |url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/133959418/kelahiran-bayi-badak-sumatra-kesekian-kali-apa-yang-menopangnya |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=nationalgeographic.grid.id |language=id))</ref>

== Behavior and ecology ==
[[File:Jackson rhino.jpg|thumb|Male of the possibly extinct ''[[Northern Sumatran rhinoceros|D. s. lasiotis]]'' with a large front horn in London Zoo around 1904<ref>((cite book|author=Rookmaaker, L. C. |title=The rhinoceros in captivity: a list of 2439 rhinoceroses kept from Roman times to 1994 |chapter=London, UK |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDijgNs_7Q0C&pg=PA125 |year=1998 |publisher=Kugler Publications |place=The Hague |isbn=978-90-5103-134-8 |pages=125–126))</ref>]]
Sumatran rhinos are solitary creatures except for pairing before [[mating]] and during offspring rearing. Individuals have home ranges; bulls have [[territory (animal)|territories]] as large as ((convert|50|km2|mi2|abbr=on)), whereas cows' ranges are ((convert|10|-|15|km2|mi2|abbr=on)).<ref name="van Strien"/> The ranges of cows appear to be spaced apart; bulls' ranges often overlap. No evidence indicates Sumatran rhinos defend their territories through fighting. [[territorial marking|Marking their territories]] is done by scraping soil with their feet, bending saplings into distinctive patterns, and leaving excrement. The Sumatran rhino is usually most active when eating, at dawn, and just after dusk. During the day, they [[Wallowing in animals|wallow]] in mud baths to cool down and rest. In the [[rainy season]], they move to higher elevations; in the cooler months, they return to lower areas in their range.<ref name="van Strien"/> When mud holes are unavailable, the rhino will deepen puddles with its feet and horns. The wallowing behaviour helps the rhino maintain its body temperature and protect its skin from [[ectoparasite]]s and other insects. Captive specimens, deprived of adequate wallowing, have quickly developed broken and inflamed skins, [[suppuration]]s, eye problems, inflamed nails, and hair loss, and have eventually died. One 20-month study of wallowing behavior found they will visit no more than three wallows at any given time. After two to 12 weeks using a particular wallow, the rhino will abandon it. Typically, the rhino will wallow around midday for two to three hours at a time before venturing out for food. Although in zoos the Sumatran rhino has been observed wallowing less than 45 minutes a day, the study of wild animals found 80–300 minutes (an average of 166 minutes) per day spent in wallows.<ref name=Wallows>((cite journal |title=Wallows and wallow utilization of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis'') in a natural enclosure in Sungai Dusun Wildlife Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia |year=2001 |journal=Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=19 |pages=7–12 |author1=Ng, J.S.C. |author2=Zainal-Zahari, Z. |author3=Nordin, A. |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/124/1246174611.pdf))</ref>
[[File:Sumatran Rhino 001.jpg|thumb|Sumatran rhinoceros wallowing, Cincinnati Zoo]]
There has been little opportunity to study [[epidemiology]] in the Sumatran rhinoceros. [[Tick]]s and [[gyrostigma]] were reported to cause deaths in captive animals in the 19th century.<ref name=LitStud/> The rhino is also known to be vulnerable to the blood disease [[surra]], which can be spread by [[horse-fly|horse-flies]] carrying parasitic [[Trypanosoma|trypanosome]]s; in 2004, all five rhinos at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Center died over an 18-day period after becoming infected by the disease.<ref name=Mohamad2006/> The Sumatran rhino has no known predators other than humans. [[Tiger]]s and wild [[dog]]s may be capable of killing a calf, but calves stay close to their mothers, and the frequency of such killings is unknown. Although the rhino's range overlaps with [[Asian elephant|elephants]] and [[Malayan tapir|tapirs]], the species do not appear to compete for food or habitat. Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus'') and Sumatran rhinos are even known to share trails, and many smaller species, such as deer, boars, and wild dogs, will use the trails the rhinos and elephants create.<ref name="van Strien"/><ref name=Borner/>

The Sumatran rhino maintains two types of trails across its range. Main trails will be used by generations of rhinos to travel between important areas in the rhino's range, such as between [[salt lick]]s, or in [[Wildlife corridor|corridors]] through inhospitable terrain that separates ranges. In feeding areas, the rhinos will make smaller trails, still covered by vegetation, to areas containing food the rhino eats. Sumatran rhino trails have been found that cross rivers deeper than ((convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on)) and about ((convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on)) across. The currents of these rivers are known to be strong, but the rhino is a strong swimmer.<ref name=Groves1972/><ref name=LitStud/> A relative absence of wallows near rivers in the range of the Sumatran rhinoceros indicates they may occasionally bathe in rivers in lieu of wallowing.<ref name=Borner/>

=== Diet ===
((Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = MallotesPhilipensis.jpg
| image2 = Garcinia mangostana fruit1.jpg
| image3 = Eugenia1.jpg
| image4 = Ardisia crenata6.jpg
| footer = Clockwise from top left: ''[[Mallotus philippensis|Mallotus]]'', [[mangosteen]]s, ''[[Ardisia]]'', and ''[[Eugenia]]''.<ref name=Borner/><ref name=Biotropica/>
))

Most feeding occurs just before nightfall and in the morning. The Sumatran rhino is a folivore,<ref>((cite journal |author1=Nardelli, F. |year=2013 |title=The mega-folivorous mammals of the rainforest: feeding ecology in nature and in a controlled environment: A contribution to their conservation |journal= International Zoo News |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=323–339 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1382831824))</ref> with a diet of young saplings, leaves, twigs, and shoots.<ref name=Groves1972/> The rhinos usually consume up to ((cvt|50|kg)) of food a day.<ref name="van Strien"/> Primarily by measuring dung samples, researchers have identified more than 100 food species consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest portion of the diet is tree saplings with a trunk diameter of ((cvt|1|–|6|cm)). The rhinoceros typically pushes these saplings over with its body, walking over the sapling without stepping on it, to eat the leaves. Many of the plant species the rhino consumes exist in only small portions, which indicates the rhino is frequently changing its diet and feeding in different locations.<ref name=Borner/> Among the most common plants the rhino eats are many species from the [[Euphorbiaceae]], [[Rubiaceae]], and [[Melastomataceae]] families. The most common species the rhino consumes is ''[[Eugenia]]''.<ref name=Biotropica/>

The vegetal diet of the Sumatran rhinoceros is high in [[Dietary fiber|fiber]] and only moderate in [[Protein in nutrition|protein]].<ref name=Dierenfeld06>((cite journal |last1=Dierenfeld |first1=E. S. |last2=Kilbourn |first2=A. |last3=Karesh |first3=W. |last4=Bosi |first4=E. |last5=Andau |first5=M. |last6=Alsisto |first6=S. |date=2006 |title=Intake, utilization, and composition of browses consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni'') in captivity in Sabah, Malaysia |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=417–431 |doi=10.1002/zoo.20107 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1177944548))</ref> Salt licks are very important to the nutrition of the rhino. These licks can be small hot springs, seepages of salty water, or [[mudpot|mud-volcanoes]]. The salt licks also serve an important social purpose for the rhinos—bulls visit the licks to pick up the scent of cows in [[oestrus]]. Some Sumatran rhinos, however, live in areas where salt licks are not readily available, or the rhinos have not been observed using the licks. These rhinos may get their necessary mineral requirements by consuming plants rich in minerals.<ref name=Borner/><ref name=Biotropica>((cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Y.H. |last2=Stuebing |first2=R.B. |last3=Ahmad |first3=A.H. |date=1993 |title=The mineral content of food plants of the Sumatran Rhino (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') in Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia |journal=Biotropica |doi=10.2307/2388795 |jstor=2388795 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=352–355 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1178937425.pdf))</ref>

=== Communication ===
The Sumatran rhinoceros is the most vocal of the rhinoceros species.<ref name=Acoustical/> Observations of the species in zoos show the animal almost constantly vocalizing, and it is known to do so in the wild, as well.<ref name=LitStud/> The rhino makes three distinct noises: eeps, ''whales'', and whistle-blows. The eep, a short, one-second-long yelp, is the most common sound. The whale, named for its similarity to [[Whale sound|vocalizations]] of the [[humpback whale]], is the most song-like vocalization and the second-most common. The whale varies in pitch and lasts from four to seven seconds. The whistle-blow is named because it consists of a two-second-long whistling noise and a burst of air in immediate succession. The whistle-blow is the loudest of the vocalizations, loud enough to make the iron bars in the zoo enclosure where the rhinos were studied vibrate. The purpose of the vocalizations is unknown, though they are theorized to convey danger, sexual readiness, and location, as do other ungulate vocalizations. The whistle-blow could be heard at a great distance, even in the dense brush in which the Sumatran rhino lives. A vocalization of similar volume from [[elephant]]s has been shown to carry ((convert|9.8|km|mi|abbr=on)) and the whistle-blow may carry as far.<ref name=Acoustical>((cite journal| journal = Acoustics Research Letters Online | doi = 10.1121/1.1588271 | year = 2003 | title = Songlike vocalizations from the Sumatran Rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175856669.pdf| author1=von Muggenthaler, Elizabeth |author2=Paul Reinhart |author3=Brad Limpany |author4=R. Barton Craft | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | page = 83| doi-access = free ))</ref> The Sumatran rhinoceros will sometimes twist the saplings they do not eat. This twisting behavior is believed to be used as a form of communication, frequently indicating a junction in a trail.<ref name=Borner/>

=== Reproduction ===
[[File:Sumatran rhinoceros four days old.jpg|thumb|right|Mother with four-day-old juvenile]]
Cows become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while bulls become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The [[gestation period]] is around 15–16 months. The calf, which typically weighs ((convert|40|–|60|kg|lb|abbr=on)), is weaned after about 15 months and stays with its mother for the first two to three years of its life. In the wild, the birth interval for this species is estimated to be four to five years; its natural offspring-rearing behavior is unstudied.<ref name="van Strien"/>

The reproductive habits of the Sumatran rhinoceros have been studied in captivity. Sex relationships begin with a courtship period characterized by increased vocalization, tail raising, [[urination]], and increased physical contact, with both bull and cow using their snouts to bump the other in the head and genitals. The pattern of courtship is most similar to that of the [[black rhinoceros]]. Young Sumatran rhino bulls are often too aggressive with cows, sometimes injuring and even killing them during the courtship. In the wild, the cow could run away from an overly aggressive bull, but in their smaller captive enclosures, they cannot; this inability to escape aggressive bulls may partly contribute to the low success rate of captive-breeding programs.<ref name=ZZ2005>((cite journal |last1=Zainal Zahari |first1=Z. |last2=Rosnina |first2=Y. |last3=Wahid |first3=H. |last4=Yap |first4=K. C. |last5=Jainudeen |first5=M. R. |title=Reproductive behaviour of captive Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |date=2005 |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.041 |pmid=15581515 |volume=85 |issue=3–4 |pages=327–335 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175857492.pdf ))</ref><ref name=ZZ2002>((cite journal |last1=Zainal-Zahari |first1=Z. |last2=Rosnina |first2=Y. |last3=Wahid |first3=H. |last4=Jainudeen |first4=M. R. |date=2002 |title=Gross Anatomy and Ultrasonographic Images of the Reproductive System of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') |journal= Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00416.x |pmid=12693754 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=350–354|s2cid=19009013 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc87/0190634283cf41ee1d09f9ff0abc4cdc1563.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060655/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc87/0190634283cf41ee1d09f9ff0abc4cdc1563.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-01-19 ))</ref><ref name=Roth06/>

The period of [[oestrus]] itself, when the cow is receptive to the bull, lasts about 24 hours, and observations have placed its recurrence between 21 and 25 days. Sumatran rhinos in the [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] have been observed copulating for 30–50 minutes, similar in length to other rhinos; observations at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre in Malaysia have shown a briefer copulation cycle. As the Cincinnati Zoo has had successful pregnancies, and other rhinos also have lengthy copulatory periods, a lengthy rut may be the natural behavior.<ref name=ZZ2005/> Though researchers observed successful conceptions, all these pregnancies ended in failure for a variety of reasons until the first successful captive birth in 2001; studies of these failures at the Cincinnati Zoo discovered the Sumatran rhino's ovulation is [[induced ovulation (animals)|induced by mating]] and it had unpredictable [[progesterone]] levels.<ref name=Roth>((cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=T. L. |last2=O'Brien |first2=J. K. |last3=McRae |first3=M. A. |last4=Bellem |first4=A. C. |last5=Romo |first5=S. J. |last6=Kroll |first6=J. L. |last7=Brown |first7=J. L. |title=Ultrasound and endocrine evaluation of the ovarian cycle and early pregnancy in the Sumatran rhinoceros, ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' |date=2001 |journal=Reproduction |doi=10.1530/rep.0.1210139 |pmid=11226037 |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |hdl=10088/324 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175858291.pdf |doi-access=free ))</ref> Breeding success was finally achieved in 2001, 2004, and 2007 by providing a pregnant rhino with supplementary [[progestin]].<ref name=Roth03/>
In 2016, a calf was born in captivity in western Indonesia, only the fifth such birth in a breeding facility.<ref>((cite news|title=Sumatran rhino birth hailed as major boost for the critically endangered species |work=ABC News|date=14 May 2016 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-14/sumatran-rhino-birth-hailed-as-major-boost-for-species/7414768 | access-date=15 January 2021 ))</ref> In March 2022, and 1 October 2023, female calves were born at the [[International Rhino Foundation#Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary|Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary]] (SRS), as well as a male calf born on November 25, 2023. [[Way Kambas National Park]], [[Lampung]] province, [[Indonesia]].<ref name="2023-10-02_R-ABC">((Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title='Happy news' as endangered Sumatran rhino, the smallest and hairiest species, is born in Indonesia |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-02/sumatran-rhinoceros-endangered-smallest-hairest-born-indonesia/102926720 |access-date=2023-10-12))</ref><ref name="Budiman 2022">((cite news | last=Budiman | first=Budisantoso | title=Mengenali nama-nama badak bercula dua di Taman Nasional Way Kambas | work=ANTARA News Lampung | date=14 June 2022 | url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/634965/mengenali-nama-nama-badak-bercula-dua-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas | language=id | access-date=20 January 2023))</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[File:Sumatran Rhinoceros Way Kambas 2008.jpg|left|thumb|''D. s. sumatrensis'', Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary]]

===In the wild===
Sumatran rhinos were once quite numerous throughout [[Southeast Asia]]. Fewer than 100 individuals are now estimated to remain.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Pusparini2015/> The species is classed as [[critically endangered]] (primarily due to illegal poaching) while the last survey in 2008 estimated that around 250 individuals survived.<ref name="IUCN-04-2013">((cite web|url=http://www.iucn.org/?12741%2FLast-chance-for-the-Sumatran-rhino |title=Last chance for the Sumatran rhino |publisher=IUCN |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=2 August 2014))</ref><ref name="mongabay-04-2013">((cite web|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0408-hance-sumatran-rhino-100.html |title=Sumatran rhino population plunges, down to 100 animals |publisher=News.mongabay.com |date=2013 |access-date=2 August 2014))</ref> From the early 1990s, the population decline was estimated at more than 50% per decade, and the small, scattered populations now face high risks of [[inbreeding depression]].<ref name=iucn/> Most remaining habitat is in relatively inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia.<ref name=Rabinowitz>((cite journal |author=Rabinowitz, A. |year=1995 |title=Helping a species go extinct: the Sumatran Rhino in Borneo |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=482–488 |url=https://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Sumatran-Rhino.pdf |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030482.x |bibcode=1995ConBi...9..482R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810205026/https://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Sumatran-Rhino.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2014))</ref><ref name=Strien2001>((cite book |title=Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, 7–11 June 2001 |editor1=Schwammer, H.N. |editor2=Foose, T.J. |editor3=Fouraker, M. |editor4=Olson, D. |publisher=Scientific Progress Reports |year=2001 |chapter=Conservation programs for Sumatran and Javan Rhino in Indonesia and Malaysia |author=van Strien, N. J.))</ref>

[[Poaching]] of Sumatran rhinos is a cause for concern, due to the high market price of its horns.<ref name="Dinerstein">((cite book |last=Dinerstein |first=Eric |title=The Return of the Unicorns; The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros |date=2003 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-08450-1 |location=New York))</ref>((rp|31)) This species has been overhunted for many centuries, leading to the current greatly reduced and still declining population.<ref name=iucn/> The rhinos are difficult to observe and hunt directly (one field researcher spent seven weeks in a treehide near a salt lick without ever observing a rhino directly), so poachers make use of spear traps and pit traps. In the 1970s, uses of the rhinoceros's body parts among the local people of Sumatra were documented, such as the use of rhino horns in [[amulet]]s and a folk belief that the horns offer some protection against poison. Dried rhinoceros meat was used as medicine for [[diarrhea]], [[leprosy]], and [[tuberculosis]]. "Rhino oil", a concoction made from leaving a rhino's skull in [[coconut oil]] for several weeks, may be used to treat skin diseases. The extent of use and belief in these practices is not known.<ref name=LitStud/><ref name=Foose/><ref name=Borner>((cite book |last=Borner |first=M. |date=1979 |title=A field study of the Sumatran rhinoceros ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' Fischer, 1814: Ecology and behaviour conservation situation in Sumatra|place=Zurich |publisher=Juris Druck & Verlag |isbn=3-260-04600-3))</ref> Rhinoceros horn was once believed to be widely used as an [[aphrodisiac]]; in fact [[traditional Chinese medicine]] never used it for this purpose.<ref name=Dinerstein/>((rp|29)) Nevertheless, hunting in this species has primarily been driven by a [[Rhinoceros#Horn use|demand for rhino horns]] with unproven medicinal properties.<ref name=iucn/>
[[File:Sumatran Rhino.jpg|upright|thumb|Adult with juvenile, Cincinnati Zoo]]

The rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, which the Sumatran rhino inhabits, are also targets for legal and [[illegal logging]] because of the desirability of their hardwoods. Rare woods such as [[merbau]], [[Shorea|meranti]] and [[Gutta-percha|semaram]] are valuable on the international markets, fetching as much as $1,800&nbsp;per&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup> ($1,375&nbsp;per&nbsp;cu&nbsp;yd). Enforcement of illegal-logging laws is difficult because humans live within or near many of the same forests as the rhino. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] has been used to justify new logging. Although the hardwoods in the rainforests of the Sumatran rhino are destined for international markets and not widely used in domestic construction, the number of logging permits for these woods has increased dramatically because of the tsunami.<ref name="Habitat loss"/> However, while this species has been suggested to be highly sensitive to habitat disturbance, apparently it is of little importance compared to hunting, as it can withstand more or less any forest condition.<ref name=iucn/>
Nevertheless, the main cause of drastic reduction of the species is likely caused by the [[Allee effect]].<ref>Payne J. 2016. https://wildtech.mongabay.com/2016/01/reproductive-technology-and-understanding-of-experimental-psychology-needed-to-save-a-critically-endangered-rhino/</ref>

The [[Bornean rhinoceros|Bornean rhino]] in [[Sabah]] was confirmed to be [[extinct in the wild]] in April 2015, with only 3 individuals left in captivity.<ref>((cite web |url= http://news.mongabay.com/2015/0423-hance-sumatran-rhino-sabah-extinct.html |title=Officials: Sumatran rhino is extinct in the wild in Sabah |author1=Hance, J. |date=2015 |website=Mongabay |access-date= 27 April 2015))</ref> The mainland Sumatran rhino in [[Malaysia]] was confirmed to be [[extinct in the wild]] in August 2015.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/21/sumatran-rhino-now-extinct-in-malaysian-wild/|title=Officials:Sumatran rhino now extinct in Malaysian wild |date=2015|publisher=Free Malaysia Today |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044835/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/21/sumatran-rhino-now-extinct-in-malaysian-wild/|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead))</ref> In March 2016 there was a rare sighting of a Sumatran rhino in [[East Kalimantan]], the Indonesian part of [[Borneo]]. The last time there was a Sumatran rhino in the Kalimantan area was approximately 40 years ago. This optimism was met with despair as the same rhino named Najaq was found dead several weeks after the sighting.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/asia/sumatran-rhino-borneo-dies/index.html |title=Sumatran rhino dies weeks after rare sighting |website=CNN|date=6 April 2016|access-date=8 April 2016))</ref> The cause of death was infection on the wound caused by snare.<ref name="betahita.id 2023 k386"/>

===In captivity===
[[File:Begum, London Zoo.jpg|thumb|left|The female ''[[Northern Sumatran rhinoceros|D. s. lasiotis]]'' "Begum", which was shown in London Zoo from 15 February 1872 to 31 August 1900]]
Sumatran rhinos do not thrive outside of their ecosystem. [[London Zoo]] acquired a bull and cow in 1872 that had been captured in [[Chittagong]] in 1868. The female named "Begum" survived until 1900, the record lifetime for a captive rhino.<ref>((cite book |last=Lydekker |first=Richard |date=1900 |title=The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1162-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eQA6LDdpiQC&pg=PA27))</ref> Begum was one of at least seven specimens of the extinct subspecies ''D. s. lasiotis'' that were held in zoos and circuses.<ref name=LitStud/> In 1972, Subur, the only Sumatran rhino remaining in captivity, died at the [[Copenhagen Zoo]].<ref name=LitStud/>

Despite the species' persistent lack of reproductive success, in the early 1980s, some conservation organizations began a captive-breeding program for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Between 1984 and 1996, this ''[[ex situ]]'' conservation program transported 40 Sumatran rhinos from their native habitats to zoos and reserves across the world. While hopes were initially high, and much research was conducted on the captive specimens, by the late 1990s, not a single rhino had been born in the program, and most of its proponents agreed the program had been a failure. In 1997, the [[IUCN]]'s Asian rhino specialist group, which once endorsed the program, declared it had failed "even maintaining the species within acceptable limits of mortality", noting that, in addition to the lack of births, 20 of the captured rhinos had died.<ref name=Foose/> In 2004, a [[surra]] outbreak at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre killed all the captive rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia, reducing the population of captive rhinos to eight.<ref name=Mohamad2006>((cite journal |last1=Mohamad |first1=Aidi |last2=Vellayan |first2=S. |last3=Radcliffe |first3=Robin W. |last4=Lowenstine |first4=Linda J. |last5=Epstein |first5=Jon |last6=Reid |first6=Simon A. |last7=Paglia |first7=Donald E. |last8=Radcliffe |first8=Rolfe M. |last9=Roth |first9=Terri L. |last10=Foose |first10=Thomas J. |author11=Mohamad Khan bin Momin Khan |date=2006 |title=Trypanosomiasis (surra) in the captive Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis'') in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth Rhino Keepers Workshop 2005 at Columbus, Ohio |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175857689.pdf ))</ref><ref name=Strien2001/>
[[File:Subur.jpg|thumb|The [[taxidermy|preserved remains]] of the last Sumatran rhinoceros in captivity by the 1970s, a female called "Subur" which died in 1972. "Subur" ironically means "fertile" in Malay.]]
Seven of these captive rhinos were sent to the United States, and three to [[Port Lympne Zoo]] in the United Kingdom (the other was kept in Southeast Asia), but by 1997, their numbers had dwindled to three: a cow in the [[Los Angeles Zoo]], a bull in the [[Cincinnati Zoo]], and a cow in the [[Bronx Zoo]]. In a final effort, the three rhinos were united in Cincinnati. After years of failed attempts, the cow from Los Angeles, Emi, became pregnant for the sixth time, with the zoo's bull Ipuh. All five of her previous pregnancies ended in failure. Reproductive physiologist at the Cincinnati Zoo, [[Terri Roth]], had learned from previous failures, though, and with the aid of special hormone treatments, Emi gave birth to a healthy male calf named Andalas (an [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] literary word for Sumatra) in September 2001.<ref name=CincZoo1>((cite web | url = http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/Conservation/GlobalConservation/SumatranRhino/BirthAnnouncement/Legacy/legacy.html | title = Andalas – A Living Legacy | work = [[Cincinnati Zoo]] | access-date = 4 November 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071117233421/http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/Conservation/GlobalConservation/SumatranRhino/BirthAnnouncement/Legacy/legacy.html |archive-date = 17 November 2007|url-status=dead))</ref> Andalas's birth was the first successful captive birth of a Sumatran rhino in 112 years. A female calf, named "Suci" (Indonesian for "pure"), followed on 30 July 2004.<ref name=CincZoo2>((cite web | url = http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/Conservation/GlobalConservation/SumatranRhino/BirthAnnouncement/announcement.html | title = It's a Girl! Cincinnati Zoo's Sumatran Rhino Makes History with Second Calf | access-date = 4 November 2007 | work = [[Cincinnati Zoo]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027165441/http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/Conservation/GlobalConservation/SumatranRhino/BirthAnnouncement/announcement.html| archive-date = 27 October 2007))</ref> On 29 April 2007, Emi gave birth a third time, to her second male calf, named Harapan (Indonesian for "hope") or Harry.<ref name=Roth03>((cite journal | title = Breeding the Sumatran rhinoceros (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') in captivity: behavioral challenges, hormonal solutions | author = Roth, T. L. | year = 2003 | journal = Hormones and Behavior |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175860343.pdf| volume = 44 | page = 31 | doi = 10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00068-0 | s2cid = 54311703 ))</ref><ref name=CincZoo3>((cite web | url = http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/VisitorGuide/zoonews/RhinoCalf/itsaboy.html | title = Meet "Harry" the Sumatran Rhino! | access-date = 4 November 2007 | work = [[Cincinnati Zoo]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071117233448/http://www.cincinnatizoo.org/VisitorGuide/zoonews/RhinoCalf/itsaboy.html |archive-date = 17 November 2007|url-status=dead))</ref> In 2007, Andalas, who had been living at the [[Los Angeles Zoo]], was returned to [[Sumatra]] to take part in breeding programs with healthy females,<ref name=Roth06>((cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=Terri L. |last2=Radcliffem |first2=Robin W. |last3=van Strien |first3=Nico J. |date=2006 |title=New hope for Sumatran rhino conservation |edition=abridged from Communiqué |journal=International Zoo News |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=352–353 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175856162.pdf ))</ref><ref name=Watson>((cite news | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/world/fg-rhino26 | title = Come into my mud pool | author = Watson, Paul | work = [[The Los Angeles Times]] | date = 26 April 2007 | access-date = 5 December 2011))</ref> leading to the siring and 23 June 2012 birth of male calf Andatu, the fourth captive-born calf of the era; Andalas had been mated with Ratu, a wild-born cow living in the [[Way Kambas National Park#Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary|Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park]].<ref>((cite web |author=<!--just says webadmin--> |title=Rare baby Sumatra rhinoceros named a 'gift from God' |work=Jakarta Globe |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=26 June 2012 |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/rare-baby-sumatran-rhinoceros-named-a-gift-from-god/ |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810190822/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/rare-baby-sumatran-rhinoceros-named-a-gift-from-god/ |archive-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead  ))</ref>

Despite the recent successes in Cincinnati, the captive-breeding program has remained controversial. Proponents argue that the zoos have not only aided the conservation effort by studying the reproductive habits, raising public awareness and education about the rhinos, helping raise financial resources for conservation efforts in Sumatra but, moreover, to have established a small captive breeding group.<ref>Nardelli F. 2016. Do we really want to save the Sumatran rhinoceros? (commentary). mongabay.com April 2016
http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1469019235</ref> Opponents of the captive breeding program argue that the losses are too great; the program is too expensive; removing rhinos from their habitat, even temporarily, alters their ecological role; and captive populations cannot match the rate of recovery seen in well-protected native habitats.<ref name=Roth06/> In October 2015, Harapan, the last rhino in the Western Hemisphere, left the [[Cincinnati Zoo]] to [[Indonesia]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/science/news/articles/2015/11/01/us-born-endangered-sumatran-rhino-arrives-in-indonesia US-born endangered Sumatran rhino arrives in ancestral home of Indonesia on mating mission]. ''Associated Press''. (1 November 2015)</ref>
[[File:Sumatran Rhino 2.jpg|thumb|right|Sumatran rhinos Emi and Harapan at the Cincinnati Zoo]]

In August 2016, there were only three Sumatran rhinos left in [[Malaysia]], all in captivity in the eastern state of [[Sabah]]: A bull named Tam and two cows named Puntung and Iman.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/08/168370/only-three-sumatran-rhino-left-malaysia |title=Only three Sumatran Rhino left in Malaysia |work=New Straits Times|date=26 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016))</ref> In June 2017, Puntung was put down due to skin cancer.<ref>((cite web|url=http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/puntung-euthanised-leaves-malaysia-with-just-two-sumatran-rhinos |title=Puntung euthanised leaves Malaysia with just two Sumatran rhinos |publisher=The Malay Mail Online |date=4 June 2017 |access-date=4 June 2017))</ref> Tam died on 27 May 2019 and Iman died of cancer on 23 November 2019 at the Borneo Rhino Sanctuary.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/11/23/malaysia039s-last-sumatran-rhino-iman-dies-species-now-extinct-in-the-country|title=Malaysia's last Sumatran rhino Iman dies, species now extinct in the country|access-date=23 November 2019))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/tam-malaysias-last-male-rhino-dies/1756735 |title=Malaysia's last male Sumatran rhino Tam dies |publisher=The Malay Mail Online |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50531208|title=Malaysia's last known Sumatran rhino dies|date=23 November 2019|access-date=23 November 2019|language=en-GB))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/05/last-sumatran-rhino-malaysia-dies/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527171626/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/05/last-sumatran-rhino-malaysia-dies/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2019|title=Last male Sumatran rhino in Malaysia dies|date=27 May 2019|website=Animals|language=en|access-date=24 November 2019))</ref> The species became extinct in Malaysia, its native land in 2019.<ref name="Extinct Malaysia">((cite news |title=Sumatran rhinos are extinct in their native Malaysia after last living female dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/11/23/iman-was-last-her-kind-malaysia-sumatran-rhino-is-now-extinct-country/ |access-date=21 January 2020 |date=23 November 2019))</ref>

In Indonesia, meanwhile, a seventh rhino increased the group at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, in Way Kambas NP. A female was born on 12 May 2016, named Delilah.<ref>((cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-05-rare-sumatran-rhino-calf-born.html|title=Rare Sumatran rhino calf born in Indonesia|website=phys.org))</ref> Another female, daughter of Andatu and Rosa, was born on 24 March 2022, named Sedah Mirah.<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=A story of hope ((!)) Sumatran rhino born ((!)) News |url=https://www.savetherhino.org/asia/indonesia/a-story-of-hope-an-extremely-rare-sumatran-rhino-has-been-born/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Save The Rhino |language=en-GB))</ref> A female was born on 30 September 2023, the third child of Andalas-Ratu pair.<ref name="PPID 2023 m539">((cite web | title=Menteri LHK Sampaikan Kabar Gembira Kelahiran Satu Ekor Badak Sumatera di Taman Nasional Way Kambas | website=PPID | date=2023-09-30 | url=https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/7417/menteri-lhk-sampaikan-kabar-gembira-kelahiran-satu-ekor-badak-sumatera-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas | access-date=2023-11-27))</ref> A male calf was born on 26 November 2023, son of Delilah and Harapan.<ref name="Sukarta/Muklasin 2023 k942">((cite news | last=Sukarta/Muklasin | first=Agus Wira | title=Bayi badak sumatera lahir di Taman Nasional Way Kambas | work=Antara News | date=2023-11-26 | url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3841659/bayi-badak-sumatera-lahir-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas | language=id | access-date=2023-11-27))</ref>

In Indonesian East Kalimantan, only one old (estimated to be 35 to 40 years old) female named Pahu lives in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) Kelian, West Kutai after being captured in 2018, another identified is Pari, a female who lives in the wild in Sungai Ratah-Sungai Nyuatan-Sungai Lawa protected forest.<ref name="betahita.id 2023 k386">((cite news | title=Hari Badak Sedunia: Innalillahi Badak Kalimantan | work=betahita.id | date=2023-09-22 | url=https://betahita.id/news/detail/9267/hari-badak-sedunia-innalillahi-badak-kalimantan.html?v=1697746615 | access-date=2023-11-27))</ref> On 31 October 2023, conservationists in Indonesia said they have extracted eggs from Pahu, who were too old and small to breed with the Sumatran subspecies, the eggs are currently planned to be fertilized with sperms from captive male Sumatran rhino before implanted in female Sumatran rhino in SRS Way Kambas.<ref name="Mongabay 2023 a951">((cite news | title=Boost for Sumatran rhino IVF plan as eggs extracted from Bornean specimen | work=Mongabay Environmental News | date=2023-11-08 | url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/11/boost-for-sumatran-rhino-ivf-plan-as-eggs-extracted-from-bornean-specimen/ | access-date=2023-11-27))</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
[[File:Sumatran Rhino London-1872.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of 'Begum' from 1872]]
Aside from those few individuals kept in zoos and pictured in books, the Sumatran rhinoceros has remained little known, overshadowed by the more common Indian, black and white rhinos. Recently, however, video footage of the Sumatran rhinoceros in its native habitat and in breeding centers has been featured in several nature documentaries. Extensive footage can be found in an Asia Geographic documentary ''The Littlest Rhino''. [[Natural History New Zealand]] showed footage of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian-based cameraman Alain Compost, in the 2001 documentary ''The Forgotten Rhino'', which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos.<ref name=AG>((cite web |title=The Littlest Rhino |work=Asia Geographic |url=http://www.asiageographic.com/html/lilrhino.htm |access-date=6 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009210441/http://www.asiageographic.com/html/lilrhino.htm |archive-date=9 October 2007))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=The Forgotten Rhino |work=[[NHNZ]] |url=http://www.nhnz.tv/cat/forgottenrhino.html |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001224056/http://www.nhnz.tv/cat/forgottenrhino.html |archive-date=1 October 2006  ))</ref>

Though they were documented by droppings and tracks, pictures of the Bornean rhinoceros were first taken and widely distributed by modern conservationists in April 2006, when camera traps photographed a healthy adult in the jungles of Sabah in [[Malaysian Borneo]].<ref name=NST7-2>((cite news | work = [[New Straits Times]] (Malaysia) | date = 2 July 2006 | title = Rhinos alive and well in the final frontier ))</ref> On 24 April 2007, it was announced that cameras had captured the first-ever video footage of a wild Bornean rhino. The night-time footage showed the rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The [[World Wildlife Fund]], which took the video, has used it in efforts to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone.<ref name=AFP4-2>((cite news | work = [[Agence France Presse]] | date = 25 April 2007 | title = Rhino on camera was rare sub-species: wildlife group ))</ref><ref>Video of the Sumatran rhinoceros is available at [http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/rhinoceros/asian_rhinos/index.cfm "Asian rhinos"]. ''World Wildlife Fund''.</ref> Monitoring has continued; 50 new cameras have been set up, and in February 2010, what appeared to be a pregnant rhino was filmed.<ref>((cite news |title= Endangered pregnant Borneo rhino caught on camera |newspaper= The Telegraph|date= 21 April 2010 |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/7613250/Endangered-pregnant-Borneo-rhino-caught-on-camera.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100424192705/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/7613250/Endangered-pregnant-Borneo-rhino-caught-on-camera.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 24 April 2010))</ref>

A number of folk tales about the Sumatran rhino were collected by colonial naturalists and hunters from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. In Burma, the belief was once widespread that the Sumatran rhino ate fire. Tales described the fire-eating rhino following smoke to its source, especially campfires, and then attacking the camp. There was also a Burmese belief that the best time to hunt was every July, when the Sumatran rhinos would congregate beneath the full moon. In Malaya, it was said that the Sumatran rhino's horns was hollow and could be used as a sort of hose for breathing air and squirting water. In Malaya and Sumatra, it was once believed that the rhino shed its horns every year and buried them under the ground. In Borneo, the rhino was said to have a strange carnivorous practice: after defecating in a stream, it would turn around and eat fish that had been stupefied by the excrement.<ref name=LitStud/>

==References==
((Reflist|35em))

==External links==
((Commons category|Dicerorhinus sumatrensis))
((Wikispecies|Dicerorhinus sumatrensis))
*[http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/species/sumatran-rhino/ Sumatran Rhino Info] & [http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=imgs&CODE=tax_images&taxon=8 Sumatran Rhino Pictures] on the [http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com Rhino Resource Center]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111180859/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Dicerorhinus_sumatrensis/ Sumatran Rhino] at [[Arkive]].
*[http://www.rhinoandforestfund.org Rhino and Forest Fund]
*[http://www.borneorhinoalliance.org Borneo Rhino Alliance]

((Perissodactyla))
((Portal bar|Mammals|Biology|Indonesia))
((Taxonbar|from=Q29220))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Rhinoceroses]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Sumatra]]
[[Category:Mammals of Borneo]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1814]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Indonesia]]

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