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((Short description|School courses during school holidays))
((For|the films|Summer School (1987 film)|Summer School (2006 film)))
((Distinguish|Summer camp))
((For|Summer learning loss|Summer learning loss))
((more citations needed|date=March 2014))
'''Summer school''' (or '''summer university''') is a school, or a program generally sponsored by a [[school]] or a [[school district]], or provided by a private company, that provides lessons and activities during the [[summer vacation]]. Participation in summer schools has been shown to have substantial beneficial effects on education.<ref>((cite journal
|title=Making the most of summer school: a meta-analytic and narrative review
|journal=Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development|pmid = 12467098|year = 2000|last1 = Cooper|first1 = H.|last2 = Charlton|first2 = K.|last3 = Valentine|first3 = J. C.|last4 = Muhlenbruck|first4 = L.|volume = 65|issue = 1|pages = i-v, 1–118; discussion 119–27|doi = 10.1111/1540-5834.00059))</ref>

==Summer schools in North America==
In [[primary education|elementary]] and [[middle school]], these programs are often used for [[Remedial education|remedial instruction]], though some non-[[academic]] [[day camp]] programs call themselves Summer school.

In [[high school]], [[college]] or [[university]], students can enroll in classes for [[credit (education)|credit]] to be taken into account in their [[Grading in education|grade point average]] or their [[Transcript (education)|transcript]].<ref>[http://www.collegeboard.com/student/plan/high-school/9839.html Summer program for high school student - summer school.] College Board: College Planning Made Easy|Inside Source for College Admissions Requirements.</ref> In high school, it is usually used for remediation purposes, but in colleges, it is most often used as advancement in credit hours. Many universities offer shorter and more intensive summer courses to attract both local and international students, and these programs are often surrounded by social activities.

In [[academia]], the term can also refer to a type of [[academic conference|conference]]. Typically, established academics will give presentations on advanced topics in a field to [[postgraduate]] students. This type of summer school is often organized at a national or international level, and no credits are awarded. Also, a college or university sometimes offers a summer program for teachers or other professional workers wishing to round out their professional or general education.
Some summer schools are for the general public involving no examinations and are not for degree purposes.<ref>((cite web
|url=http://www.summerschool.uct.ac.za/
|title=University of Cape Town Summer School
|access-date=2014-04-30
|publisher=University of Cape Town, Extra-mural studies))</ref>

==Summer schools internationally==
Outside [[North America]], the term has a broader definition and refers to all ages and includes leisure and other non-academic subjects, so, for example, a course on hedge-laying is probably targeting older adults. In these regions, Music Summer Schools, on the other hand, may be designed for school age students, college students, or adult professionals or amateurs at various levels of attainment.

Summer schools can also provide students with educational experiences<ref>((cite web |title=Immerse Education |url=https://www.immerse.education/ |publisher=Immerse Education |access-date=5 August 2019))</ref> that would not be available to them within their normal schooling. This may encompass subjects that are not conventionally offered in schools (such as law, which is not usually offered in UK schools but may be taught in summer schools), or the experience of studying in an ancient university<ref>((cite web
|url=http://www.oxfordsummercourses.com/
|title=Oxford Summer Courses
|access-date=2018-12-10
|publisher=Oxford Summer Courses))</ref> or a university or college that has a strong reputation on the global stage, such as the University of Oxford.<ref>((cite web
|url=https://www.oxford-royale.com/summer-schools/oxford/
|title=Oxford Summer School 2021
|access-date=2020-08-04
|publisher=Oxford Royale Academy))</ref> Summer schools may also incorporate a wider variety of excursions and fields trips than would be possible in day-to-day education, so that some summer schools<ref>((cite web
|url=https://summerschool.sageuniversity.edu.in/
|title=SAGE Summer School (E-Learning)
|access-date=2020-06-27
|publisher=SAGE Summer School (E-Learning)))</ref> straddle the line between education and holiday.<ref>((cite web
|url=https://oxfordsummercourses.com/articles/the-art-of-debate-at-oxford-summer-courses/
|title=Oxford Summer Courses
|access-date=2018-12-10
|publisher=Oxford Summer Courses))</ref> Summer schools help students help students get ahead in the competitive environment of university applications and their careers. <ref>((cite web
|url=https://www.avernuseducation.com/oxford-summer-courses
|title=Avernus Education Oxford Summer Programme
|access-date=2023-11-24
|publisher=Avernus Education))</ref>

==English as a foreign language==
Summer schools are a popular choice for students of English as a Foreign Language, particularly children. EnglishUK, the language teaching organisation for EFL in the UK, has more than 470 members, many of which operate summer schools.<ref>((cite web
|url=http://www.englishuk.com/
|title=EnglishUK homepage
|access-date=2014-04-30
|publisher=EnglishUK))</ref> Summer schools often offer foreign [[language immersion]], which has known benefits for language learning.<ref>((cite web
|url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/global_learning/2012/09/what_research_tells_us_about_immersion.html
|title=What research tells us about immersion
|access-date=2014-04-30
|publisher=Education Week))</ref> Summer schools of this kind also hold appeal for students wishing to pursue higher education in English-speaking countries, which consistently top university league tables<ref>((cite web
|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2014/reputation-ranking
|title=The Times World University Rankings
|access-date=2014-04-30
|publisher=Times Higher Education))</ref> and get a high percentage of their students from overseas,<ref>((cite web
|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-100-most-international-universities-in-the-world/2010783.fullarticle
|title=The 100 most international universities in the world
|access-date=2014-04-30
|publisher=Times Higher Education))</ref> as summer schools in these countries provide insight not only into the English language, but also into the cultures that use it. They may even provide guidance for such students in their university applications.<ref>((Cite web|title=University Preparation Summer Courses at Earlscliffe|url=https://summerboardingcourses.com/courses/university-preparation-summer-school/earlscliffe-college/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Summer Boarding Courses|language=en-GB))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cram school]]
*[[Special education]]
*[[Summer camp]]
*[[Summer learning loss]]
*[[California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science]]
*[[California State Summer School for the Arts]]
*[[Catholic Summer School of America]]
*[[Dartington International Summer School]], UK
*[[Harvard Summer School]]
*[[Junior State of America#Summer programs|Junior State of America Summer School]]
*[[International Summer University (ISU) Kassel]], Germany
*[[International Winter University (IWU) Kassel]], Germany
*[[London School of Economics]], UK
*[[LITE Regal International School]], UK
*[[National Science Summer School Inc.]]
*[[Queen Maeve International Summer School]]
*[[Rabb School of Summer and Continuing Studies]]
*[[Transitional Justice Institute]] Summer School on Transitional Justice
*[[Utrecht Summer School]]
*[[Willie Clancy Summer School]]
*[[List of summer schools of linguistics]]
*[[List of summer schools of nature sciences]]
*[[Year-round school in the United States]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Cooper, Harris; Charlton, Kelly; Valentine, Jeff C.; Muhlenbruck, Laura: ''Making the Most of Summer School: A Meta-Analytic and Narrative Review''. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, v65 n1 p1-118 2000. ((ISBN|0631221522)). Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
* ''Guide to Summer Camps and Summer Schools.'' 31st edition, 2008/09. Porter Sargent Handbooks, a Division of Alloy Education.
* ''Guide to Summer Camps and Summer Schools.'' 32nd edition, 2010/11. Porter Sargent Handbooks, a Division of Alloy Education.

==External links==
*[http://www.summer-schools.info/ Summer Schools and Summer Courses UK Directory]

((Authority control))

[[Category:School types]]
[[Category:Summer|School]]
[[Category:Summer schools| ]]

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