Choapha Supatpha also Swargadeo Gadadhar Singha (?– February 1696), was the twenty-ninth king of Ahom kingdom, who reigned from 1681 to 1696.^[1] He established the rule of Tungkhungia royal house of Ahom kings, whose descendants continued to rule till the climactic end of the Ahom kingdom in 1826. He was earlier known as Gadapani Konwar and was a son of Gobar raja, a descendant of Suhungmung, and who had become king for twenty days. Gadadhar Singha stabilized the Ahom kingdom, which was going through a long decade of political turmoil and instability. This period saw the ruthless power grab of Debera Borbarua and Laluksola Borphukan's abandonment of Guwahati to the hands of Mughals and oppression via Sulikphaa alias Lora Roja.

Soon after his ascension to the throne, he retook Guwahati and permanently wrested out the Mughals from Assam following the Battle of Itakhuli and established a strong rule of 'blood and iron'. Later during his reign he came in conflict with the Vaisnavite Satras or monastery and persecuted them for a while. He died in 1696 and was succeeded by his son Rudra Singha.^[2]^[3]

Kinship

By his lineage, character, experience and personal valour Gadapani was the most capable, among the surviving princes, to wield the authority of a sovereign, and pilot the government through hazardous adventures. He was the son of a reigning monarch, Gobar Roja. The latter was the grandson of Swargadeo Suklenmung Gargayan Raja, who in his turn was the son of Suhungmung Dihingia Raja. By his royal and dignified presence, Gadapani commanded the respect of all who came near him. He was reputed for his giant stature, physical vigour, intelligence and valour. Stories are still current about the enormous size of his rings, the unusual richness of his diet, and his voracious and carnivorous appetite. He is said to have strangled a wild buffalo into inaction by merely twisting its horns as it rushed to attack him.^[4]

Reign

Supatphaa, known as Langi Gadapani konwar, was the son of Gobar Gohain who was made the king by Debera Borbarua in 1675. Gobar Raja was the king for only 20 days and was executed after the fall of Debera Borbarua at the hands of the forces of Atan Burhagohain. After Laluk Sola Borphukan had Atan Burhagohain murdered in 1679, he installed Sulikphaa Lora Roja as the king and tried to become the de jure ruler of the Ahom kingdom. He began a campaign to inflict wounds on Ahom princes who were eligible for the throne. To escape this, Supatphaa had to become fugitive hiding in the Naga hills. The area that Supatphaa had fled, maybe somewhere near present-day Mon district is, that was inhabited by the Konyak Naga. During this time his wife Joymoti Konwari, was tortured and killed by the henchmen of Sulikphaa and Laluk Sola Borphukan. The first act of the reign of Gadadhar Singha was the stamping out of the possibilities of disloyal manoeuvres on the part of the nobles. In March 1682, Gadadhar Singha was formally crowned. The Majumdar Barua wrote his name with a golden pen and announced it to the public. The king married the daughters of the leading nobles, and thereby established friendly alliances with them.^[5]

Years in exile

List of Ahom kings

1	Sukaphaa	1228–1268
2	Suteuphaa	1268–1281
3	Subinphaa	1281–1293
4	Sukhaangphaa	1293–1332
5	Sukhrangpha	1332–1364
	Interregnum	1364–1369
6	Sutuphaa	1369–1376
	Interregnum	1376–1380
7	Tyao Khamti	1380–1389
	Interregnum	1389–1397
8	Sudangphaa	1397–1407
9	Sujangphaa	1407–1422
10	Suphakphaa	1422–1439
11	Susenphaa	1439–1488
12	Suhenphaa	1488–1493
13	Supimphaa	1493–1497
14	Suhungmung	1497–1539
15	Suklenmung	1539–1552
16	Sukhaamphaa	1552–1603
17	Susenghphaa	1603–1641
18	Suramphaa	1641–1644
19	Sutingphaa	1644–1648
20	Sutamla	1648–1663
21	Supangmung	1663–1670
22	Sunyatphaa	1670–1672
23	Suklamphaa	1672–1674
24	Suhung	1674–1675
25	Gobar Roja	1675–1675
26	Sujinphaa	1675–1677
27	Sudoiphaa	1677–1679
28	Sulikphaa	1679–1681
29	Supatphaa	1681–1696
30	Sukhrungphaa	1696–1714
31	Sutanphaa	1714–1744
32	Sunenphaa	1744–1751
33	Suremphaa	1751–1769
34	Sunyeophaa	1769–1780
35	Suhitpangphaa	1780–1795
36	Suklingphaa	1795–1811
37	Sudingphaa	1811–1818
38	Purandar Singha	1818–1819
39	Sudingphaa	1819–1821
40	Jogeswar Singha	1821–1822
41	Purandar Singha	1833–1838

Supatphaa's stay in the Naga Hills is shrouded in mystery, for not much is known about the 2 years in exile. However, the hills abound with various lores, folktales, and legends about Supatphaa. The physical attributes of Supatphaa were very robust, charming and very handsome. According to one legend Supatphaa, after the death of his wife Jaimoti, he was heartbroken and had, become very brooding. It was during this time that his well-wishers, in fact, married him a Konyak girl Watling. Sadly though, Watling while coming down with Supatphaa from Konyak territory, died at a place named Naginimora while delivering a child. During his time in exile, his Naga friends had got him married to a very beautiful girl Zinyu. Noted Historian and Litterateur Padmanath Gohain Baruah first characterized a Naga girl Dalimi, in his play Joymati. It was shown that it was this girl that Supatphaa had come into contact while he was in exile. Rup Konwar Jyoti Prasad Agarwala's First Assamese Film also showed Dalimi, as a daughter of Naga chieftain who had fallen for the charms of Supatphaa.

Political and Personal/Military

At the time of Supatphaa's accession to the throne, the Ahom kingdom was being sapped by internal dissensions, and patriotic feeling had become so weakened that many deserted to the Mughal side, who had re-occupied Gauhati, and were gradually pushing their frontier eastwards. The hill tribes too became emboldened and raided villages in the plains. Before he died he had quelled all internal disputes, revived the waning national spirit, driven the Mughals beyond Manas and, by prompt punitive measures, put a stop to the raiding and restored the prestige of the Ahoms among the turbulent tribes on the frontier.

His first act after becoming the King was to equip an army to oust the Mughal from Gauhati.^[6] He appears to have met with very little opposition. The forts at Bansbari and Kajali fell at the first assault, and a great naval victory was gained near the mouth of Bar Nadi, the whole enemy fleet falling into the hands of Ahoms. In 1682 Supatphaa waged the Itakhulir Rann Battle of Itakhuli and captured Guwahati back from the Mughals and brought an end to the eighty years of Ahom-Mughal conflicts. The Fauzdar of Guwahati fled and the Ahom army pursued the Mughals as far as Manas river. A vast amount of booty was taken in Guwahati, including gold and silver; elephants, horses, and buffaloes, cannon of all sizes and guns, swords and spears. This was the last war with the Mughals. Henceforth both sides accepted the Manas as the boundary.

The Nagas were often found to be raiding the Assamese villages in the border areas. He forged matrimonial alliances with the Nagas and assured peace and tranquility at the border areas. He married the extremely beautiful daughter of the warlike Nokpu (Ao) warrior Assiring, Sentishila, fondly renamed by him as Dalimi. And renamed the ancient Asheimba- Yimuba gate as Assiringia Duar and granted a large piece of land amounting to many thousand bighas as Assiringia Khat (present-day Naginijan Tea estate, under Assam Tea Corporation) near Nakachari in Jorhat district of ASSAM, valuable scarves and shawls made of finest silk, steel doors, Ahom hats (Japees) gold and diamond ornaments and a muzzle-loading gun, to his father in law, Assiring, thus ensuring good matrimonial relations with the Aos, apart from his Konyak kinsman.

Administrative

Supatphaa was keenly alive to the importance of public works. He built the Dhodar Ali a 211 km. the long road from Kamargaon to Joypur touching Mariani using the lazy (dhod means lazy in Assamese) opium addicts, Aka Ali and many other roads. Two stone bridges were built and a number of tanks were evacuated. The earliest known copper-plate grant recording grants of land by Ahom Kings to Brahmins or Hindu temples, date from his reign. He also circulated the use of silver coins carved with Ahom language, during his decade long reign from 1681 to 1696.

Administrative work of Gaddahar Singha were-Maibelar Dol, Lankuri Dol, Bashistha-Ashramar Dol, Rohdoir Dol, Umanandar Dol, Thaora Dol, Bhogdoi Pukhuri, Rohdoi hkhuri, Bauli Pukhuri, Mitha hkhuri, Borkolar Pukhuri, Joha Pukhuri, Thaora Pukhuri, Shukan Pukhuri, Aghoni Pukhuri, Panibil Pukhuri, Achubulia Pukhuri, Dhodar Ali, Ramani Ali, Barbarua Ali, Halau Phukanar Ali, Khara Garh, Rohdoi Ali, Akar Ali, two Stone-bridges.^[7]

A noteworthy measure of this monarch was the commencement of a detailed survey of the country. Supatphaa became acquainted with the land measurement system of Mughals during the time he was hiding in Lower Assam before he succeeded to the throne. As soon as the wars were over he issued orders for the introduction of a similar system throughout his dominions. Surveyors were imported from Koch Bihar and Bengal for the work. It was commenced in Sivasagar and was pushed on vigorously, but it was not completed until after his death. According to historians, the method of survey included measuring the four sides of each field with a nal, or bamboo pole of 12 feet (3.7 m) length and calculating the area, the unit was the "pura" or 144 square feet (13.4 m²) and 14,400 sq ft (1,340 m²). is one "Bigha". A similar land measurement system is still being followed in modern Assam-- 144 sq ft (13.4 m²). is one Lecha, 20 Lecha or 2,880 sq ft (268 m²). is one "Katha", and 5 Katha or 14,400 sq ft (1,340 m²). is one Bigha.

Death

Supatphaa died in February 1696, after a reign of fourteen and a half years. He left two sons, Lai and Lechai, and his elder son Lai succeeded him. Under Lai, who took the name Sukhrungphaa (Hindu name Rudra Singha), the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith. The royal robes of Chow Pha Supatphaa made of gold and a gold umbrella are preserved in the Bengenaati Satra^[8] of Majuli, Assam.

Death bed injunction

The following advice, which he gave to his elder son at his death-bed: "Do not appoint persons of low social ranks in high offices. Do not trust persons with foreheads smeared with horizontal lines. Do not entertain courtiers with female-dancers dancing to tune of drums. From this, it is also said that he suggested his son to reinstate all the Vaishnava Gosains and Mahantas deposed or at last, realised his own folly of making an alignment with the Sakta Brahmanas against the Vaishnava priest, whose sect has already became people's religion^[9]

Brown's note on Supatphaa's tomb

Reverend Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission, referring to the opening up of the tombs of Ahom kings in Charaideo, wrote:

"The tomb of King Supatphaa at Charaideo, as nearly as we could calculate without instruments, was ninety feet high, and so natural in its appearance that a stranger would scarcely have suspected it to be anything more than an ordinary hill...Thirteen of these royal tombs were dug open during my residence in Assam, and I was told in the flowery language of the country, that when King Supatphaa's tomb was opened 'the backs of three elephants were broken with the weight of the treasures it contained', meaning simply that three elephants were well loaded down."