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((Short description|Post-training period of high performance))
((multiple issues|
((tone|date=November 2009))
((More citations needed|date=June 2009))
))
[[File:Heterochronism of adaptation.svg|thumb|400px|'''Heterochronism of supercompensation''': Different parameters require different amounts of time to recover after strain. [[Tendon]]s and [[bone tissue]] require considerably longer to adapt than muscle tissue.]]In [[sports science]] theory, '''supercompensation''' refers to the post-training period during which the trained [[trained parameter|parameter]] has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/defining-supercompensation-training|title=Defining supercompensation training|date=March 9, 2009|website=human-kinetics))</ref>

== Description ==
The adaptation of the load is called supercompensation. [[File:Supercompensation.svg|thumb|right|400px|Initial fitness, training, recovery, and supercompensation]]
First put forth by Russian scientist Nikolai N. Yakovlev in 1949–1959,<ref>((Cite journal |last=Viru |first=Atko |date=April 17, 2002 |title=Early contributions of Russian stress and exercise physiologists |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=1378–1382 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00435.2001 |pmid=11896000 |s2cid=1216297))</ref> this theory is a basic principle of athletic training. The [[physical fitness|fitness]] level of a [[human]] body in training can be broken down into four periods: initial fitness, [[training]], recovery, and supercompensation. During the initial fitness period, the target of the training has a base level of fitness. Upon entering the training period, the target's level of fitness decreases. After fitness training, the body enters the recovery period, during which the level of fitness increases up to the initial fitness level.

Because the [[human body]] is an adaptable [[organism]], it will feel the need to adapt itself to a higher level of fitness in anticipation of the next training session. Accordingly, the increase in fitness following a training session does not stop at the initial fitness level. Instead, the body enters a period of supercompensation during which fitness surpasses the initial fitness level. If there are no further workouts, this fitness level will slowly decline back towards the initial fitness level (shown by the last time sector in the graph). 

If the next workout takes place during the recovery period, [[overtraining]] may occur. If the next workout takes place during the supercompensation period, the body will advance to a higher level of fitness. If the next workout takes place after the supercompensation period, the body will remain at its base level.

Sometimes a few workouts are intentionally made in the recovery period to try to achieve greater supercompensation effects.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Marrier|first1=Bruno|last2=Robineau|first2=Julien|last3=Piscione|first3=Julien|last4=Lacome|first4=Mathieu|last5=Peeters|first5=Alexis|last6=Hausswirth|first6=Christophe|last7=Morin|first7=Jean-Benoît|last8=Meur|first8=Yann Le|date=2017-01-25|title=Supercompensation Kinetics of Physical Qualities During a Taper in Team Sport Athletes|journal=International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance|volume=12|issue=9|pages=1163–1169|doi=10.1123/ijspp.2016-0607|pmid=28121198|issn=1555-0265))</ref>

== Supercompensation–training programs relation ==
This process is based on various physiological functions and parameters. Each of these functions or parameters has distinct recovery times, timeframes to reach supercompensation, and intervals between the peak and return to baseline fitness.

Other influences are [[muscle strength]] and mass. For instance, [[muscle mass]] is influenced by the quantity of [[glycogen]] in the muscles, among others.

== Uses ==
In classical [[sport science]], the yearly (sometimes multi-yearly) period is divided into micro and macro cycles, where each microcycle is responsible for the development of a specific (sometimes several) basic training function and parameter, whereas macrocycles are responsible for the development of complex parameters/functions (such as muscle strength).

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*((cite web |url=http://www.teamunify.com/cseksc/__doc__/Shea_FatigueRecoverySupercompensation-2.pdf |title=Fatigue, Recovery, and Supercompensation |first=Jason |last=Shea ))
*((cite book|author1=Bompa, Tudor O.|author2=Haff, Greg|title=Periodization: theory and methodology of training|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09mT_sJ6KxoC&pg=PA18|accessdate=30 September 2011|date=10 August 2009|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-8547-2|pages=18–))
*((cite book|author=Janssen, Peter G. J. M.|title=Lactate threshold training|url=https://archive.org/details/lactatethreshold00jans|url-access=registration|accessdate=30 September 2011|year=2001|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-3755-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lactatethreshold00jans/page/151 151]–))
*((cite book|author=Fee, Earl W.|title=The Complete Guide To Running: How To Be A Champion From 9 To 90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kviGin1ahRoC&pg=PA119|accessdate=30 September 2011|date=30 April 2005|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag|isbn=978-1-84126-162-1|pages=119–))

[[Category:Exercise physiology]]

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