Suraj Mal
Maharaja of Bharatpur
Maharaja Surajmal



Maharaja of Bharatpur
Reignr. 1755 – 1763 AD
CoronationDeeg, 23 May 1755
PredecessorBadan Singh
SuccessorJawahar Singh
Born13 February 1707
Bharatpur
Died25 December 1763(1763-12-25) (aged 56)
near Delhi
WivesMaharani Kishori[1]
Rani Gauri[1]
IssueJawahar Singh
Nahar Singh
Ratan Singh
Nawal Singh
Ranjit Singh
HouseSinsinwar Jat Dynasty
FatherBadan Singh Jat[2]
MotherMaharani Devki
ReligionHinduism

Suraj Mal (13 February 1707 – 25 December 1763) was a Jat ruler of Bharatpur in present-day state of Rajasthan. Under him, the Jat rule covered the present-day districts of Agra, Aligarh, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Etawa, Hathras, Mainpuri, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Mathura, and Rohtak, Sonipat, Jhajjar, Nuh, Palwal, Faridabad, Kasganj, Mainpuri, Firozabad, Bulandshahr.[3][4][5][6]

A contemporary historian had described him as "the Plato of the Jat tribe" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Ulysses", because of his "political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision."[7] The people, under Suraj Mal, overran the Mughal garrison at Agra.[8] In addition to the troops stationed at his forts, he had an army of more than 75,000 infantry and more than 38,000 cavalry.[8]

Lohagarh Fort is one of the well-known forts located in Bharatpur city of Rajasthan which was built by Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1732 on an artificial island and took eight years to complete. He is famous for building other such forts and palaces in his kingdom. It needed large number of manpower and significant amount of wealth to build such impregnable fort, as the name of the fort itself says-- “Lohagarh”, which means, Iron fort (Loha means Iron and Garh means fort).[9] Lohagarh Fort is considered as one of the strongest fort as British forces led by Lord Lake could not capture it in spite of several attacks during the Siege of Bharatpur. Lord Lake made a siege of the fort in 1805 for six weeks but in spite of so many attacks he couldn’t annex it.[10]

Deeg Palace is a Palace in Deeg & 32 km from city of Bharatpur in Deeg District in Rajasthan, India. It was built in 1730 [11] by Maharaja Suraj Mal as a luxurious summer resort for the rulers of Bharatpur State.

Early life

Maharaja Surajmal was born on 13 February 1707, to Raja Shri Badan Singh and Rani Devki into a Hindu Jat family of Sinsinwar Jats clan of Attri Jats in Bharatpur Kingdom (present-day Rajasthan, India). He was the 21st descendant of Sobha Singh of Bayana.[12] The Hindu Kingdom reached its prosperous state under Maharaja Surajmal.

Military career

Chandaus War

The Chandaus War, a significant event in Maharaja Surajmal's career, took place in 1745 when Delhi Mughal Badshah Muhammad Shah angered Nawab Fateh Ali Khan of Koil (Aligarh). To punish him, Badsah sent an Afghan Chieftain, Asad Khan. Fateh Ali Khan sought Suraj Mal's help, and in November 1745, he took his first independent decision in external political and army affairs. Surajmal assured Fateh Ali Khan to help and sent an army under his son's command. The war at Chandaus resulted in the death of Asad Khan and the defeat of the royal army, thereby increasing the power of Bharatpur Kingdom.[13][14]

Battle of Bagru (August, 1748)

Maharaja Surajmal had a good relationship with Jai Singh of Jaipur. After Jaisingh's death, his sons Ishwari Singh and Madho Singh began fighting over the throne. Maharaja Surajmal wanted to make Ishwari Singh the next heir, while Maharana Jagat Singh wanted Madho Singh the King. The fight lasted until Ishwari Singh won in March 1747. Madho Singh returned with the Marathas, Rathores, and Sisodia Kings of Udaipur, and king Surajmal supported Ishwari Singh with 10,000 soldiers. Ishwari Singh won the battle and obtained the royal text of Jaipur.[15][16][17]

Plunder of old Delhi

Main article: Plunder of Old Delhi
Map of the Indian Subcontinent in 1751.

The Mughal Emperor had taken back the domain of Awadh and Allahabad from Safdar Jang, wazir of Oudh State, and to avenge his humiliation, Safdar Jang rebelled and attacked Delhi. Suraj Mal also fought under Safdar Jang against the Mughals.[18] On Suraj's advice, Safdar Jang reacted by appointing Akbar Ādilshāh as emperor. On 14 May the supporters of Suraj Mal sacked Chārbāg, Bāg-e-kultāt and Hakīm Munīm Bridge; the next day, Jaisinghpura went on to burn several areas. On 16 May Suraj Mal under Safdar Jang attacked Delhi and defeated Sādil Khan and Raja Devidatta in battle.

Battle of Kumher

Main article: Battle of Kumher

Mughal Emperor Alamgir II and his rebellious courtier Siraj ud-Daulah were having a factional feud. Suraj Mal had sided with Siraj. Alamgir sought the help of the Holkar Marathas of Indore. Khanderao Holkar, son of the Maharaja of Indore, Malhar Rao Holkar, laid siege on Suraj Mal's town of Kumher in 1754. While inspecting the troops on an open palanquin in the battle of Kumher, Khanderao was hit and killed by a cannonball from the Bharatpur army. The siege was lifted and a treaty was signed between Suraj Mal and the Marathas, which later proved helpful for Suraj Mal in consolidating his rule.[19][20]

Suraj Mal and Abdali

Suraj Mal's Cenotaph at Govardhan, a photo by William Henry Baker, c.1860.
maharaja surajmal
Portrait of Maharaja Surajmal

After his victory over Dattaji on 10 January 1760, Durrani came to Delhi, and called upon Suraj Mal to pay him tribute and join his camp. On such occasions Suraj Mal invariably played a humble role, pleading that he was a petty zamindar. He informed the Shah that he would readily pay his share to the lawful ruler of Delhi at a fixed time. If Durrani stayed in India and assumed sovereignty, he would obey him as his legal master. At the time of the demand he possessed no money as his country had been ruined by the constant movements and pillage of the Marathas and Afghans. It was not in Durrani's nature to tolerate such defiance. He besieged Suraj Mal's fort of Dig on 6 February 1760. Later, he realized that it would require a long time to reduce the strongly fortified, largely garrisoned and heavily provisioned fortress. In such cases he did not make it a matter of prestige. He quietly raised the siege, and marched in pursuit of Malhar Rao Holkar.

Having routed the Maratha chief at Sikandrabad on 4 March 1760, Durrani marched upon Koil (modern Aligarh) which was ruled by Suraj Mal, and he invested the fort of Ramgarh which was commanded by Durjansal. The fort was well-garrisoned and fortified, and large stocks of provisions had been stored therein. The fort could have resisted for long; but the qiladar was disheartened at the occupation of the entire upper Ganga Doab by the Afghans, and to save himself from a massacre, he capitulated in a fortnight or so.[21]

Capture of Alwar Fort

Madho Singh of Jaipur had occupied Alwar Fort by paying Rupees 50 thousand as bribe to its custodian and sending 500 men. When Suraj Mal heard of it, he despatched a strong force of 5,000 under Rup Ram Katari and the siege of the fort was taken up. Soon after Jawahar Singh also joined him. In the ensuing fight there, the Jats easily gained the day and thus wrested the fort from the Rajputs (c. 23 March 1756). The Jaipur ruler, though visibly mortified by the reverse, held back as he felt himself powerless in ejecting the Jats."[22]

Capture of Agra Fort

Main article: Capture of Agra Fort
Agra Fort was captured by Suraj Mal in 1761.

Suraj Mal decided to capture Agra Fort (which was closeby to the rich town of Agra) to re-establish his influence in Doaba region. On 3 May 1761 the army of Suraj Mal with 4,000 soldiers reached Agra under the command of Balram and gave the message of Suraj Mal to the kiledar (in charge) of Agra Fort that the army wanted to cross the Yamuna and required a place to camp, which the kiledar gave his sanction. Meanwhile, the army entered the fort, but was resisted by the guards, this resulted in 200 lives lost. The army started war from the Jama Masjid. During this period, Suraj Mal stayed at Mathura to observe the situation. On 24 May 1761 Suraj Mal along with Imād and Gangadhar Tantya moved from Mathura, crossed the Yamuna and reached Aligarh. From Aligarh his army moved and captured the areas of the ruler of Koīl and Jalesar. They reached Agra to help his army at Agra in the first week of June. Suraj Mal arrested the family members of the guards staying in Agra town and pressured the guards of the fort to surrender. At last the kiledar agreed to surrender by receiving a bribe of Rs 1 lakh and a jagir of five villages. Thus after a siege of one month, Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761.[23]

Conquest of Haryana (1762)

The battle of Panipat in 1761 marked a significant turning point in the history of Northern India, as it disrupted the Marathas' ambitions and brought no permanent peace to Islam. The Jat, however, challenged the Marathas, who were exhausted and weary, and the Jat's courage revived Hindu confidence, putting Islam on the defensive. Maharaj Surajmal aimed to seize this opportunity to establish a Jat confederacy between the Abdali and the Rohillas, expel Najib-ud-daula from Delhi, restore his protégé Ghazi-ud-din, and control the empire's policy. He chose to cover Delhi during his campaign, focusing on expanding his dominion in Haryana and surrounding districts. Maharaj Mal's sons Jawahar Singh and Nahar Singh were sent to conquer Haryana and establish authority in Doab, while monitoring the movement of eastern Rohila chiefs.[24]

Battle of Farrukhnagar

See also: Battle of Farrukhnagar

In 1763, a conflict between the Jats and the Baloch arose due to the former's expansionist ambitions and the latter's unfriendly policy towards the Jats. Jawahar Singh attacked Farrukhnagar, held by Musavi Khan, but failed. Suraj Mal, with his forces, laid siege to the fort in October 1763. Musavi Khan surrendered after two months, but the Jat used the Ganges water for their own gain. The Baloch chief was captured and sent to Bharatpur. Farrukhnagar and its effects were taken by the Jats on December 12, 1763. Surajmal then attacked Bahadurgarh, a stronghold of another Baloch chief, Bahadur Khan. Najib-ud-daula, in distress, urged a war with Surajmal before the arrival of the Abdali. By 1763, Jat power had reached a glorious height, with a vast kingdom, richest treasury, and formidable troops.[25][26]

Death

The Rohilla under Najib-ud-daula had now been encircled which made war inevitable. The Rohilla alongside Sayyidu Muhammad Khan, Afzal Khan and Zaibita Khan had mobilized their troops; though these were bigger in number but they had inferior weaponry against Maharaja Suraj Mal's army. The latter's army was then mobilized and with its superior numbers could have decimated the Rohilla in two days, but an ambush by Sayyidu near the Hindon river took Maharaja Suraj Mal Army by surprise. Outnumbered, Maharaja Suraj Mal attained martyrdom on the night of 25 December 1763. It is manifest that Maharaja Suraj Mal was slain by a contingent led most probably by Sayyidu. when Maharaja Surajmal Ji was sleeping.[27][28]

Legacy

Kusum Sarovar, where the cenotaph of Suraj Mal is located.

His large cenotaph is located in Kusum Sarovar, Govardhan, Uttar Pradesh.[29] His imposing chattri is flanked on either side by two smaller chattris of his two wives, "Hansiya" and "Kishori".[30] These memorial chattris were built by his son and successor Jawahar Singh.[citation needed] The architecture and carving is in the pierced stone style and the ceiling of cenotaphs are adorned with paintings of the life of Krishna and Suraj Mal.[30] His court poet Sūdan recorded his biography in Sujān Charitra.

Notable institutes named after him include Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, Maharaja Surajmal Brij University, Bharatpur and Surajmal Stadium metro station.

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Dwivedi, Girish Chandra (1989). The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Arnold Publishers. p. 238. ISBN 978-81-7031-150-8. ... (i) Rani Kishori, the daughter of Chowdhari Kashi Ram of Hodal. She was issueless. ... (v) Rani Gauri, she originated from Gori Rajput clan of Amahand and was the mother of Jawahar and Ratan Singh.
  2. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1950). Fall of the Mughal Empire, volume 2. p. 43.
  3. ^ Chaudhuri, J. N. (1977). "Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats". In Majumdar, R. C. (ed.). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha Supremacy. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 157. OCLC 1067771105. During his regime the Jāt State reached its highest extent. Besides the original Bharatpur principality, it embraced the districts of Āgra, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawa, Mirat, Rohtak, Farrukhnagar, Mewāt, Rewari, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and Mathurā.
  4. ^ Sharma, Gautam (1990). Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-140-0. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  5. ^ Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (9 July 2021). History of Mewat. Alina Books. ISBN 978-81-933914-2-6. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  6. ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 January 2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
  7. ^ R.C.Majumdar, H.C.Raychaudhury, Kalikaranjan Datta: An Advanced History of India, fourth edition, 1978, ISBN 0-333-90298-X, Page-535
  8. ^ a b Chaudhuri, J. N. (1977). "Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats". In Majumdar, R. C. (ed.). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 157. OCLC 1067771105. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  9. ^ "Lohagarh Fort". 10 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Lohagarh Fort: कोई नहीं जीत पाया ये किला, 13 बार हमले के बाद अंग्रेज भी हो गए थे असफल". 5 February 2024.
  11. ^ History of Deeg Palace in Bharatpur
  12. ^ Dwivedi, Girish Chandra; Prasad, Ishwari (1989). The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Arnold Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7031-150-8. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  13. ^ Dabas, Bal Kishan (2001). The Political and Social History of the Jats. Sanjay Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7453-045-5.
  14. ^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1966). Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771 (Panipat). M. C. Sarkar.
  15. ^ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1966). Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771 (Panipat). M. C. Sarkar. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  16. ^ Meena, R. P. RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ. New Era Publication.
  17. ^ A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase. People's Publishing House. 1978.
  18. ^ Hasan, Prof. M. (2002). HISTORY OF ISLAM (2 Vols. Set). Adam Publishers. ISBN 978-8-174-3-50190. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  19. ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, by Jaswant Lal Mehta, pp606
  20. ^ Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion, edited by Anne Feldhaus, pp185-186
  21. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1961). Marathas And Panipat (in undetermined language).
  22. ^ Dwivedi, Girish Chandra (1989). The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire. ArnoldPublishers. p. 100. ISBN 9788170311508.
  23. ^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1966). Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771 (Panipat). M. C. Sarkar, 1966. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  24. ^ Qanungo Kalikaranjan (1925). History Of Jats.
  25. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Ibbetson series, 1883-1884]. Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government. 1883.
  26. ^ Meena, R. P. RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ. New Era Publication.
  27. ^ Journal of Haryana Studies Volume 17. Kurukshetra University. 1985. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  28. ^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar · (1966). Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771 (Panipat). Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  29. ^ "Cenotaph of Raja Sooruj Mull, Govurdhun. 97140, British Library online collection". Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  30. ^ a b D. Anand, 1992, Krishna: The Living God of Braj Archived 11 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Page 56.

Further reading

External links

Suraj Mal Sinsiniwar DynastyBorn: 1707 Died: 1763 Regnal titles Preceded byBadan Singh Maharaja of Bharatpur 1755–1763 AD Succeeded byMaharaja Jawahar Singh
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