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((Short description|Sub-field of hydrology concerned with above-earth water))
((more citations needed|date=February 2008))
'''Surface-water hydrology''' is the sub-field of [[hydrology]] concerned with above-earth water (''[[surface water]]''), in contrast to [[groundwater hydrology]] that deals with water below the surface of the Earth. Its applications include rainfall and [[Runoff (hydrology)|runoff]], the routes that surface water takes (for example through [[river]]s or [[reservoir]]s), and the occurrence of floods and droughts.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scQSAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Groundwater Hydraulics and Pollutant Transport |first=Randall J. |last=Charbeneau |publisher=Waveland Press |year=2006 |page=1 |isbn=9781478608318))</ref> Surface-water hydrology is used to predict the effects of water constructions such as dams and canals. It considers the layout of the [[Drainage basin|watershed]], [[geology]], [[soil]]s, vegetation, nutrients, energy and wildlife.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKvNBQAAQBAJ&q=%22surface%20water%20hydrology%22&pg=PA26 |title=The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications |edition=3rd |first=Frank R. |last=Spellman |publisher=CRC Press |year=2014 |page=26 |isbn=9781482242942))</ref> Modelled aspects include [[rain|precipitation]], the [[Interception (water)|interception]] of rain water by vegetation or artificial structures, [[evaporation]], the runoff function and the soil-surface system itself.<ref name=Modelling>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shTpCAAAQBAJ&q=%22surface%20water%20hydrology%22&pg=PA1 |title=System-Theoretical Modelling in Surface Water Hydrology |first=Alexander |last=Lattermann |pages=1–3 |isbn=9783642838194 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media|Springer]] |year=2012))</ref>

When [[surface water]] seeps into the ground above bedrock, it is categorized as [[groundwater]],<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/39579-groundwater.html |title=What is Groundwater? |last1=Oskin |first1=Becky |last2=January 8 |first2=Contributing Writer  |website=Live Science |access-date=2019-02-12 |last3=ET |first3=2015 08:37pm))</ref> and the rate at which this occurs determines [[baseflow]] needs for [[Environmental flow|instream flow]], as well as subsurface water levels in [[water well|well]]s. While groundwater is not part of surface-water hydrology, it must be taken into account for a full understanding of the behaviour of surface water.<ref name=Modelling />

[[Glacier|Glacial]] hydrology is a part of surface-water hydrology; some of the runoff from glaciers and snow also involves groundwater hydrology concepts.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VW6Tv0LVWkC&q=%22surface+water+hydrology%22&pg=PA1 |title=Snow and Glacier Hydrology |first1=Pratap |last1=Singh |first2=Vijay P. |last2=Singh |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media|Springer]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780792367673 |page=1))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hydrological transport model]]
*[[Moisture recycling]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineering]]


((hydrology-stub))

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