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((refimprove|date=May 2020))
((short description|Mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, Germany))
[[File:Schwäbische Alb - Deutsche Mittelgebirge, Serie A-de.png|thumb|upright=2|Map of the Swabian Jura]]

The '''Swabian Jura''' (((lang-de|Schwäbische Alb)) ((IPA-de|ˈʃvɛːbɪʃə ˈʔalp||Schwäbische Alb.ogg)), more rarely ((lang|de|Schwäbischer Jura)) ((IPA-de|ˈʃvɛːbɪʃɐ ˈjuːʁa||Schwäbischer Jura.ogg))), sometimes also named '''Swabian Alps''' in English, is a mountain range in [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]], extending ((convert|220|km|abbr=on)) from southwest to northeast and ((convert|40|to|70|km|abbr=on)) in width. It is named after the region of [[Swabia]].

[[File:Zollernalb MichaD.jpg|thumb|upright=2|The western Swabian Jura region]]
The Swabian Jura occupies the region bounded by the [[Danube]] in the southeast and the upper [[Neckar]] in the northwest. In the southwest it rises to the higher mountains of the [[Black Forest]]. The highest mountain in the region is the [[Lemberg (Swabian Alb)|Lemberg]] (((convert|1015|m|abbr=on))). The area's profile resembles a high plateau, which slowly falls away to the southeast. The northwestern edge is a steep escarpment (called the [[Albtrauf]] or Albanstieg, rising up ((convert|400|m|abbr=on)), covered with forests), while the top is flat or gently rolling.

In economic and cultural terms, the Swabian Jura includes regions just around the mountain range. It is a popular recreation area. The whole ''Schwäbische Alb'' area is a [[UNESCO Global Geoparks|UNESCO global geopark]] covering 6,688 km²; it was designated as a National Geopark in Germany in 2002 and became a member of the [[European Geoparks Network]] in 2004; in 2015 it was included in the newly established scheme of UNESCO Global Geoparks. In its central area it comprises a [[Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve]] of 852.69 km².   

== Geology ==
The geology of the Swabian Jura is mostly [[limestone]], which formed the seabed during the [[Jurassic]] period. The sea receded 50&nbsp;million years ago. Three layers of different limestones are stacked over each other to form the range: [[Black Jurassic]], [[Brown Jurassic]], and [[White Jurassic]]. White Jurassic may be as pure as 99% [[calcium carbonate]]. Since limestone is [[soluble]] in water, rain seeps through cracks everywhere, forming a [[karst]] landscape, featuring subterranean rivers which flow through a large system of caves before they emerge. As a result there are hardly any rivers, lakes or other forms of surface water on the plateau.

In some places, former volcanic activity has left traces, such as [[maar]]s and hills. In the west, the Zollerngraben (a geological depression in a tectonically active region) sometimes causes mild earthquakes. The [[Nördlinger Ries]] is a large meteorite crater (15&nbsp;million years old).

Tertiary relicts can be found in the southern part of Swabian Jura. Famous locations are known in the [[Ulm]] area (e.g., [[Turritellenplatte]] of Ermingen).<ref>J. Baier: "''Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum''". ''Documenta Naturae'', vol. 168, München, 2008. ((ISBN|978-3-86544-168-3))</ref>

Constant rain and other weather influences are slowly dissolving the entire range. Each year, it recedes approximately ((convert|2|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=1)). Some millions of years ago, the mountains reached as far as [[Stuttgart]]. In some places, the limestone was more resistant to decay and thus the recession of the main range has left small mountains (called "Zeugenberge"—"witness mountains" or [[inliers and outliers (geology)|outliers]]; e.g. the ''Achalm'' or the ''Hohenstaufen'') which testify to the former territory of the range. The omnipresent caves are great tourist spots, beautiful and not very crowded. Many different types can be found, from dry [[Speleothem#Types and categories|dripstone]] caves to caves that can only be entered by boat. Sometimes the discharge of the water from subterranean rivers can be spectacular, too, e.g. the [[Blautopf]], a source for a tributary of the Danube. Also because of the porous limestone, the Danube nearly disappears near [[Immendingen]] (in 1911, 1921, 1928 and 1943 it disappeared completely), only to reappear several kilometers further down. Most of the water lost by the Danube resurfaces in the [[Aachtopf]], a spring for a tributary to the [[Rhine]].

The soil is not very fertile, the humus is often as thin as ((convert|10|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1)). Many small limestone pebbles are found on the surface.

== Landscape ==
[[File:Kornbühl Salmendingen2.JPG|thumb|Typical Swabian Jura landscape: the ''Salmendinger Kapelle'' (chapel) on top of the [[Kornbühl]]]]
Much of the Swabian Jura consists of gentle to moderate hills often covered with forest or cleared for [[small-scale agriculture]]. The traditional landscape was grass fields with [[juniper|juniper bushes]]. Today this has become a comparatively rare sight. However, in certain places it is protected by the government of Baden-Württemberg.

The highest elevations reach just over ((convert|1000|m|ft)). They are all in the southwestern part of the Jura, in the region of the ''Großer Heuberg''.
* [[Lemberg (Swabian Jura)|Lemberg]] (((convert|1015|m|ft)), highest point of the Swabian Jura)
* [[Oberhohenberg]] (((convert|1011|m|ft)))
* [[Hochberg (Swabian Jura)|Hochberg]] (((convert|1009|m|ft)))
* [[Wandbühl]] (((convert|1007|m|ft)))
* [[Rainen]] (((convert|1006|m|ft)))
* [[Montschenloch]] (((convert|1004|m|ft)))
* [[Plettenberg (mountain)|Plettenberg]] (((convert|1002|m|ft)))
* [[Bol (Swabian Jura)|Bol]] (((convert|1002|m|ft)))
* [[Hochwald (Swabian Jura)|Hochwald]] (((convert|1002|m|ft)))
* [[Hummelsberg (Swabian Jura)|Hummelsberg]] (((convert|1002|m|ft)))
* [[Kehlen (mountain)|Kehlen]] (((convert|1001|m|ft)))
* [[Schafberg (Swabian Jura)|Schafberg]] (((convert|1000|m|ft))).

There are many other peaks in the Alb, such as the [[Hornau (Swabian Alb)|Hornau]], [[Ochsenberg (Swabian Alb)|Ochsenberg]], and [[Achalm]].

== Fossils ==

[[Fossil]]s can be found everywhere in the Swabian Jura. Many large and important fossils were found here. At Holzmaden, outside of Weilheim unter Teck, a small private museum, called Urwelt-Museum Hauff, provides visitors with the opportunity to "dig" for fossils in their shale deposits. The Urwelt-Museum Hauff houses the world's largest petrified [[crinoid]] (sea-lily) colony with a size of ((convert|18|x|6|m|abbr=on)) and an age of about 180 million years.

== History and culture ==
((See also|Swabia))

=== Prehistoric culture ===

In a number of caves (including Vogelherd, [[Hohlenstein-Stadel]], [[Geißenklösterle]] and [[Hohle Fels]]), all just a few kilometers apart, some of the oldest signs of human artifacts were found.<ref>Ausstellung für älteste Kunst der Welt. [https://archive.today/20120914074413/http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/stn/page/detail.php/1927434 ''Stuttgarter Nachrichten online'']</ref><ref>((cite journal|last=Conard|first=N.J. |title=A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany|journal=Nature|year=2009|volume=459|pages=248–252|doi=10.1038/nature07995|issue=7244|pmid=19444215|bibcode = 2009Natur.459..248C |s2cid=205216692 ))</ref> Best known are: a mammoth, a horse head, a water bird, and two statues of a [[löwenmensch figurine|lion man]] all of surprising quality and all more than 30,000&nbsp;years old. The oldest known [[prehistoric music|musical instruments]] have been found here, too: flutes<ref>((cite journal|last=Conard|first=N.J. |author2=M. Malina |author3=S.C. Münzel|title=New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany|journal=Nature|year=2009|volume=460|pages=737–740|doi=10.1038/nature08169|issue=7256|pmid=19553935|bibcode = 2009Natur.460..737C |s2cid=4336590 ))</ref>  made from the bones of swans and griffon vultures, some 35,000&nbsp;years old, and in 2004 a flute carved from the [[tusk]] of a [[mammoth]] dating from the Ice Age, around 37,000&nbsp;years ago, and the oldest representation of the human body, the [[Venus of Schelklingen]].

=== The Roman Empire ===

This region, located south of the [[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]], was part of the [[Roman Empire]] from around the first to third century A.D.

A Roman road ran along the Neckar river and over the plateau. In Hechingen-Stein a Roman outpost along this road was discovered in the 1970s and has been turned into an outdoor museum. The limes actually cuts across the plateau at [[Aalen]], which gets its name from the original Roman cavalry post, or ''[[ala (Roman cavalry unit)|ala]]'', on the outskirts of the modern town. Here too, the Roman ruins are being excavated and a museum has been open to the public since the late 1980s.

=== Traditional life ===

Life was extremely hard in the Swabian Jura. The lack of water and the poor quality of the soil made it a backward region. For many villages fetching water required a long journey by horse. Since water often needed to be stored over a long time, it was often stagnant. Thus disinfection via alcohol was very popular: "Most" ([[cider]]) was mixed with water and even given to babies.  A modern water supply system (outstanding for its time) was built in the late 1880s, which eased the situation.

=== Language ===

Locals in the areas speak the distinct German dialect known as [[Swabian German]], which varies even throughout the Jura and is difficult to understand for speakers of Standard German. The dialect at the top of the plateau (((lang-de|Albschwäbisch))) is markedly different from, and stronger than, even the broadest Swabian of the lowland areas. Across the whole Swabian region, many phrases and grammar are highly localized, even down to the village level; however, the Swabian dialect of the highland regions is characterised by a ''sing-song'' melody, and some of the verb forms are also distinct, not only from [[Standard German]], but also from those of the rest of [[Swabia]].
In former times, [[Yiddish]], [[Rotwelsch|Pleißne]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] was also spoken.<ref name="Grab von Josef Reinhard">(Stopper): ''[http://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.burladingen-grab-von-josef-reinhard-ist-denkmal.f5a3abad-bec8-462d-8e38-f37d9ef0a150.html Grab Josef Reinhard.]'' In: ''[[Schwarzwälder Bote]]'' vom 28. Februar 2012.</ref>
The ''Pleißne'' was spoken by [[Hawker (trade)|hawkers]] selling items such as baskets, brushes, and whips, and belongs to [[Rotwelsch]]. It was used as a code.<ref>((citation|surname1=Werner Metzger|editor-last1=Schwäbischer Albverein Stuttgart|title=Albvereinsblätter- Festrede 125 Jahre Albverein |at=pp.&nbsp;3|language=German))</ref><ref>Zu Pleißne Burladingen siehe Werner Metzger: ''[http://albverein.net/2013/05/21/125-jahre-schwabischer-albverein-2/ Festrede 125 Jahre Schwäbischer Albverein]''. In: ''Blätter des Schwäbischen Albvereins 2013'', Stuttgart, 4. Mai 2013.</ref>

=== Tradition ===

The "[[Swabia]]n–[[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]" carnival is an important tradition in many of the villages, called variously "[[Fastnacht]]", "Fasnacht", "Fasnet", or "Fasching".
Of particular cultural importance is the Fasnet celebration in Rottweil. 
Typical of the Allemannic tradition are the witches and forest- or well-spirits, who typically signify Winter or the forces of nature coming to drive Winter out. The various roles are often claimed to have been defined in pre-Christian times and here the exact traditions vary from village to village, creating a fantastic variety of heroes, villains and good and evil creatures.  
It is also often the case that, while in one town a strong tradition of celebrating Fasnet has survived, the neighboring town will have almost no tradition. This is in many instances linked to the after-effects of the Protestant Reformation and the later influence of the Calvinistic Pietists, who more or less strictly opposed such frivolous - even heathen - behaviour. Catholic regions to this day tend to have a stronger Fasnet tradition. 
A Swabian Fasnet celebration in any case has little or nothing in common with the simultaneous celebrations along the Middle Rhein, which are well known across Germany because they are televised every year. Swabians generally are expected to go to work as normal on Rose Monday and Fat Tuesday, unlike their neighbors to the northwest.

== Industry ==
[[Image:Groz-Beckert Hochhaus.jpg|thumb|[[Groz-Beckert]] in Ebingen, world leader in needles for textile machines]]
Since raising crops was not easy, raising sheep was popular. This yielded the development of a strong textile industry. In the 1950s, Reutlingen was the German town with the highest number of millionaires, until the decline of the German textile industry hit them as well. Still, many high quality textile companies can be found, such as [[Hugo Boss]], [[Merz b. Schwanen]],<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.merz-schwanen.com/|title=Merz b. Schwanen|website=www.merz-schwanen.com|access-date=2016-12-01))</ref> [[Trigema]], Reusch, Groz-Beckert and others (the town of Metzingen is widely known as a "luxury outlet town", with people from all over Europe coming to buy expensive clothes cheaper).

From this, machine building and advanced engineering developed. With the invention of cars and the founding of [[Daimler-Benz]] nearby, the car industry and later also electronics and computer industries developed. The "[[Neckar-Alb]]" region is the third largest industrial zone in Germany, and the most stable. The best known company is still Daimler-Benz, today known simply as [[Daimler AG]], followed by [[Robert Bosch]].

The region has one of the highest patents-to-population ratios in the world. Many products fall into the high-tech category. The small and medium enterprise sector (100-5,000 employees) predominates. Perhaps as a result, the unemployment rate is low. In general, products are expensive but compete through high quality. Several districts are recognised as especially attractive to business, e.g. Reutlingen as the town in Germany where it is simplest to open a new business. Educational resources are at a high level. The schools and universities of the region all enjoy top rankings within Germany. The Swabian Jura and the neighbouring region have developed from one of the poorest regions of Germany to one of its richest within the past 150&nbsp;years.

== Climate ==
[[File:New snow, Swabian Alps (2019).jpg|thumb|Snowy landscape on Swabian alps (2019)]]
In winter it often snows. Skiing is popular (though the hills are not steep or high) and numerous small resorts can be found.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.alblifte.de/winter.html|title = Skigebiete und Skilifte auf der Schwäbischen Alb))</ref> It is often windy and a bit colder than the rest of Germany. Because of a special micro climate, a small weather station near the town of [[Stetten am kalten Markt]] is known as the "coldest spot in Germany".((Citation needed|date=February 2011))

== Locations ==

The Swabian Jura are not densely populated by German standards. Most of the larger towns are outside the region, though they are often counted as part of it. These towns often have some of the highest rents in Germany, while land on the plateau itself is considered cheap (by south German standards). Many town names end in ''-ingen''. There were several military training grounds, some also used by [[NATO]] troops. On the Münsingen training ground which existed for over 100&nbsp;years, a biosphere reserve is in the making. The region has several larger and many small nature reserves.

=== Important towns ===
[[Image:Truchtelfingen.jpg|thumb|Albstadt-Truchtelfingen]]
;On the plateau
* [[Engstingen]]
* [[Münsingen, Germany|Münsingen]]

;In valleys
* [[Albstadt]]
* [[Gammertingen]]
* [[Heidenheim an der Brenz|Heidenheim]] (north-eastern border)
* [[Sigmaringen]]

;In the foreland
* [[Bad Urach]]
* [[Balingen]]
* [[Göppingen]]
* [[Hechingen]] (at the north-western escarpment)
* [[Reutlingen]] (called "The gate to the Swabian Jura")
* [[Rottweil]] (oldest town in Baden-Württemberg)
* [[Tübingen]] (University Town)
* [[Ulm]] (south-eastern border)

The towns in the foreland of the Swabian Jura officially don't belong to it.

=== Tourist locations ===

[[File:Burg Hohenzollern ak.jpg|thumb|[[Burg Hohenzollern]] near [[Hechingen]]]]
There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins and old towns. Here is a small selection.

==== Castles ====

* [[Burg Hohenzollern]]
* [[Lichtenstein Castle (Württemberg)|Schloss Lichtenstein]]
* [[Schloss Sigmaringen]]
* [[Hohenneuffen Castle|Burg Hohenneuffen]]
* [[Hohenstaufen Castle]] (ruin)
* [[Schloss Hellenstein]]
* [[Burg Teck]] (ruin)
* [[Burg Hohenrechberg]] (ruin)

==== Churches and monasteries ====
[[File:Münster Unserer Lieben Frau, Zwiefalten (Baden-Württemberg).jpg|thumb|Minster of Our Lady [[Zwiefalten Abbey]]]]
* [[Zwiefalten Abbey]]
* [[Ulm|Ulm minster church]] (highest church spire in the world)
* [[Beuron Abbey]]

==== Caves ====

* Nebelhöhle (mist cave)
* Bärenhöhle (bear cave)
* [[Blauhöhle]]

==== Towns ====

* [[Blaubeuren]]
* [[Tübingen]]
* [[Heidenheim an der Brenz|Heidenheim]]
* [[Bad Urach]]

==== Other ====

* [[Blautopf]]
* [[Danube Sinkhole|Donauversickerung]] (Danube disappearing)
* [[Nusplingen]] (fossil hunting)
* Schäfbuch forest (48.3°N, 9.35°E)
* [[Wen Valley|Wental]], a recreational reserve near Bartholomä

A good way for tourists to get to know the Swabian Jura is to travel on the ''Schwäbische Albstraße'', a "National Scenic Byway", leading from [[Tuttlingen]] or [[Trossingen]] to [[Nördlingen]] or [[Aalen]].

== Food and drink ==
[[File:Musmehl.jpg|thumb|''Musmehl'', main ingredient of Brenntar]]
* [[Brenntar]], was a [[Swabia]]n [[staple food]]stuff, particularly prominent in the Swabian Jura and in the [[Allgäu]]. It is made of a specially roasted [[flour]] called ''Musmehl''.
* [[Alb-Leisa]], traditional lentil varieties of this region.

== Note on terminology in English and German ==
The name ''((lang-de|Jura))'' (related to ''[[Jurassic]]'') derives from the [[Jura mountains]], of which the Swabian and [[Franconian Jura|Franconian]] plateaux are geographically part.  
In German, at least outside geological circles, the word ''Alb'' is used almost universally in place of ''Jura''. The  origin of the word is uncertain. One theory is that it derives form the [[Latin]] ''albus'' ("white"). Another is that it is from a pre-Indo-European word ''albhros'' ("hill"). It is related to the German words ''Alpe'', ''Alm'' or ''Alp'' (from [[Old High German]] ''alpâ''), meaning an "[[alpine pasture|upland pasture]]".<ref>[[Jacob Grimm]], ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'', s.v. "Albe"</ref> The word ''Alb'' functions as a proper noun referring more or less exclusively to the Swabian and the Franconian Jura (((Lang-de|[[Fränkische Alb]]))) areas however, and as such has no direct translation into most other languages. It is perhaps for this reason that ''Schwäbische Alb'' has sometimes been translated into English as 'Swabian Alps', thus avoiding the lesser-known name ''Jura''.  However, the area is not part of the [[Alps]] (despite its proximity), nor is it ever referred to as such in German, the Alps being ''die Alpen'' in German (plural).

== See also ==
* ((Portal-inline|Baden-Württemberg))
* ((Portal-inline|Trees))
* ((Portal-inline|Mountains))

== References ==
<references />

==External links ==
((commons|Schwäbische Alb))
* [http://www.showcaves.com/english/de/region/SchwaebischeAlb.html List of caves and other sites]
* [http://www.burg-hohenzollern.com/startpage.html Hohenzollern Castle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106164350/http://www.villa-rustica.de/indexe.html Museum at the Roman ''villa rustica'' near Hechingen-Stein]

((Biosphere Reserves of Germany))
((German Central Uplands))
((coord|48.3|N|9.35|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Swabian Jura| ]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of Germany]]
[[Category:Geoparks in Germany]]
[[Category:Global Geoparks Network members]]
[[Category:Mountain and hill ranges of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Germany]]
[[Category:Natural regions of the South German Scarplands]]
[[Category:Regions of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Swabia|Jura]]

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Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/b (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/m (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/t (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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