Swan Island is located on the Willamette River about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) downriver from downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. Although presently connected to the Willamette's east bank by land fill, it existed as a river island under natural conditions.[a]
Swan Island and a nearby bar posed an obstacle to river traffic during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with vessels being restricted to a narrow channel on the island's east side. Proposals on how to improve navigation around the island included widening one of its channels or removing the island completely.
Swan Island was acquired by the Port of Portland in 1921. The Port undertook dredging to expand the channel on the island's west side, using some of the dredged material to connect the island to the Willamette's east bank. Swan Island was the site of the Swan Island Municipal Airport from 1927 until the early 1940s, and was the site of a Kaiser shipyard during the Second World War. The shipyard facilities were acquired by the Port of Portland after the war, and the area is presently an industrial park.
The purchase of Swan Island was proposed to Portland's city council in March 1920 as part of a $10,000,000 harbor development plan.[8] Other features of this "Swan Island project" included the development of Mock's Bottom, a swampy area directly east of Swan Island, and the draining of Guild's Lake, located west of the island.[9][10]
The island was purchased by the Port of Portland in December 1921 at a cost of $120,577.[11] The Port of Portland initially intended to develop Swan Island as a freight terminal site, but decided to construct an airport on the island to speed up the distribution of air mail to the city. Portland did not have an airport at the time, and air mail was instead flown to Pearson Field in Vancouver, Washington, about 10 miles (16 km) distant.[12] A causeway connecting Swan Island to the Willamette's east bank was constructed in conjunction with the airport.[13][14] Approximately 65 percent of the material dredged from the river—more than 20 million cubic yards (15 million cubic metres)—was deposited in Guild's Lake, and much of the rest was used to connect Swan Island to the Willamette's east bank.[15]
Swan Island Municipal Airport was dedicated in 1927. Passenger service ceased in 1940, after completion of the Portland–Columbia Airport, but limited operations continued at the Swan Island airport until 1942.[16] The Port of Portland leased the Swan Island airport to the federal government in March 1942.[17][18] Tenants of the Swan Island airport were ordered to leave the facilities in late February 1942 to make way for a U.S. Maritime Commission shipyard. At the time of the order, 150 privately owned aircraft were being stored at the airport.[19]
Kaiser's dry dock and ship repair facilities were acquired by the Port of Portland in 1948.[25] There had been some dispute about whether Swan Island should continue to be used as an industrial area or re-appropriated for aviation purposes.[26][27] Oregon voters approved an $84 million bond to expand the shipyard in the late 1970s.[28] The Port of Portland sold the facilities to shipbuilder Cascade General in 2000 at a cost of $30.8 million.[29][30]
Swan Island is currently the location of a 430-acre (170 ha) industrial park managed by the Port of Portland.[31] There is also industrial development in the adjacent Mock's Bottom area, a natural wetland that was filled in the 1960s.[32][33] Shipbuilder Vigor Industrial is headquartered at Swan Island, where it operates a 60-acre (24 ha) shipyard with three dry docks.[34] Swan Island is also the headquarters of Daimler Trucks North America.[35][36]FedEx and UPS have packaging and distribution centers at the site.[37][38] As of 2008, more than 10,000 people were employed at the industrial park.[39]
Notes
^The compilers of Oregon Geographic Names note: "Despite the fact that the land is no longer an island, the name Swan Island is firmly and affectionately fixed in the public mind."[1]
^"Building an Airport With Dredges". Scientific American. Vol. 137, no. 3. September 1927. p. 233.
^"Dredges to Work on West Channel: Swan Island Causeway Fill to Be Completed". Morning Oregonian. November 11, 1927. p. 4.
^"Portland Leading in Aviation Work". Sunday Oregonian. January 1, 1928. Sec. 1, p. 10.
^Karin Dibling; Julie Kay Martin; et al. (Spring 2006). "Guild's Lake Industrial District: The Process of Change Over Time". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 107 (1): 102. JSTOR20615612.
^"Swan Island Industrial Project for War Takes Form; 5000 Workers There Now; 40,000 Due Later This Year". Sunday Oregonian. July 26, 1942. Sec. 1, p. 21.
^Glen D. Carter (Summer 2006). "Oregon Voices: Pioneering Water Pollution Control in Oregon". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 107 (2): 269. JSTOR20615637.
^"The Cut: Part III"(PDF). St. Johns Review. Portland, Ore. April 22, 2016. p. 4, col. 5.
Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. H. (1974). Victory Ships and Tankers: The History of the Victory Type Cargo Ships and of the Tankers Built in the United States of America During World War II. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. ISBN0-7153-6036-1.
Willingham, William F. (1983). Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon: A History of the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC11317858.
