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((Short description|1939 symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich))
((Multiple issues|
((Cleanup reorganize|date=December 2023))
((Essay-like|date=December 2023))
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The '''Symphony No. 6 in B minor''', [[Opus number|Op]]. 54 by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] was written in 1939, and first performed in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] on [[November 5]], [[1939]] by the [[Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra]] under [[Yevgeny Mravinsky]].

==Structure==
Symphony No. 6 is in three [[Movement (music)|movements]] and lasts approximately 30 minutes:

((ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman
| [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Largo]]
| [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegro]]
| [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Presto]]))

The Sixth Symphony is unusual in structure: a 'regular' symphonic structure would contain a first movement in [[sonata form]], a [[scherzo]], a slow movement, and a quick finale, often also in sonata form. This symphony, however, begins with a long and introspective slow movement, followed by two short movements: a scherzo and a "full-blooded and debauched [[music-hall]] galop".<ref>((cite web |title= Review: Cleveland Orchestra "Fate and Freedom" Festival — Beethoven 3 and Shostakovich 6 (October 24) |last=Hathaway |first=Daniel |url=http://clevelandclassical.com/review-cleveland-orchestra-fate-and-freedom-festival-beethoven-3-and-shostakovich-8-october-24/ |publisher=ClevelandClassical.com |date=29 October 2013 |accessdate=1 June 2015))</ref>

According to music critic Herbert Glass, the "entire [first] movement is based on the cell of a minor third, with a second theme - which follows without transition - the motif of a diminished seventh, with the trill at its close forming the third major ingredient of the movement - the two themes and the trill combined as a sort of super-theme. The composer lays this out as clearly as if he were teaching a music-appreciation class: do listen for it. Chamber music effects abound with, for instance, piccolo or flute, eerily alone or accompanied by the B-flat clarinets. There are walloping climaxes, too, each of which dies away into the gloom. Note, too, the composer's wonderful spotlighting of the melancholy English horn, a lone figure after the din has evaporated."<ref>((cite web |title= About the Piece: Symphony no. 6, Dmitri Shostakovich |last= Glass |first= Herbert |url=http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/symphony-no-6-dmitri-shostakovich |publisher=Los Angeles Philharmonic Association |date=7 March 2015 |accessdate=1 June 2015))</ref>

The third movement galop is the movement Shostakovich himself thought was most successful.((citation needed |date= December 2021)) Music critic Daniel Hathaway noted that "Snare drums ratcheted up the riot of brutal sound in the Scherzo and references to the [[William Tell Overture]] and laughing trombones added a hilarious burlesque quality to the finale."<ref>((cite web |title= Review: Cleveland Orchestra "Fate and Freedom" Festival — Beethoven 3 and Shostakovich 6 (October 24) |last=Hathaway |first=Daniel |url=http://clevelandclassical.com/review-cleveland-orchestra-fate-and-freedom-festival-beethoven-3-and-shostakovich-8-october-24/ |publisher=ClevelandClassical.com |date=29 October 2013 |accessdate=1 June 2015))</ref> On average, the first movement is 15–20 minutes long, the second movement is 4–6 minutes long, and the third movement is 5–7 minutes long.

==Instrumentation==
This symphony is scored for [[piccolo]], 2 [[flute]]s,  2 [[oboe]]s, [[cor anglais]], 3 [[clarinet]]s (3rd doubling [[Clarinet in E-flat|Eb clarinet]]), [[bass clarinet]], 3 [[bassoon]]s (3rd doubling [[contrabassoon]]), 4 [[Horn (music)|horn]]s, 3 [[trumpet]]s, 3 [[trombone]]s, [[tuba]], [[timpani]], [[snare drum]], [[bass drum]], [[cymbal]]s, [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[tambourine]], [[tam-tam]], [[xylophone]], [[harp]], [[celesta]] and [[String section|string]]s.

==History==
In September 1938, Shostakovich announced that he was sketching out his Sixth Symphony, which would be a large-scale "[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] Symphony" for soloists, chorus, and orchestra that would utilize the poem ''[[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem)|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]]'' by [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]. Shostakovich reported that the declamatory quality of the poem was challenging to set and that he was unsatisfied with the work he had done so far on the symphony. He later tried to incorporate other literature about Lenin in his new symphony, but without success. Speaking in a later radio address in January 1939, he announced that he was "getting ready to write" the Sixth Symphony, but made no mention of Lenin or Mayakovsky’s poem.<ref>Fay, 115.</ref>

The purely instrumental Symphony No. 6 was completed in September 1939. Shostakovich commented on it in the press:

<blockquote>The musical character of the Sixth Symphony will differ from the mood and emotional tone of the [[Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)|Fifth Symphony]], in which moments of tragedy and tension were characteristic. In my latest symphony, music of a contemplative and lyrical order predominates. I wanted to convey in it the moods of spring, joy, youth.<ref>Quoted in Fay, 115.</ref></blockquote>

On 5 November 1939, the premiere of the Symphony No. 6 took place in the Large Hall of the Leningrad Philharmonic in Leningrad by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra under [[Yevgeny Mravinsky]]. The concert was part of a 10-day festival of Soviet music that included performances of [[Sergei Prokofiev]]’s ''[[Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)|Alexander Nevsky]]'', [[Yuri Shaporin]]’s ''On the Field of Kulikovo'', and Shostakovich’s Fifth Symphony. On the same programme was the ''Romantic Poem'' for violin and orchestra by [[Valery Viktorovich Zhelobinsky|Valery Zhelobinsky]].<ref>[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]], ''Zhelobinsky, Valery Viktorovich''</ref> According to [[Isaak Glikman]], the symphony had a successful premiere and the finale was encored. ((ill|Leonid Entelis|uk|Ентеліс Леонід Арнольдович)) lauded the symphony in his review, predicting a bright future for it, and praising Shostakovich for his continued progress away from [[Formalism (music)|formalistic]] tendencies. Other critics remarked negatively upon what they considered was the symphony’s lopsided structure and its juxtaposition of moods.<ref>Fay, 115-16.</ref>

The first recording was made by [[Leopold Stokowski]] with the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] for [[RCA Victor]] in December 1940.<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.stokowski.org/Stokowski_Philadelphia_Electrical_Discography.htm | title=Unsupported service ))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
* Fay, Laurel (1999). ''Shostakovich: A Life''. Oxford University Press. ((ISBN|0-19-513438-9)).

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040301095147/http://www.shostakovich.com/may2001.html Program note by the London Shostakovich Orchestra]
((Dmitri Shostakovich))((Portalbar|Classical Music))((Authority control))

[[Category:Symphonies by Dmitri Shostakovich|Symphony No. 06 (Shostakovich)]]
[[Category:Compositions in B minor]]
[[Category:1939 compositions]]

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