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((Refimprove|date=June 2022))
((Automatic taxobox
| image                 = Mikrofoto.de-Raedertier-14.jpg
| image_caption         = Rotifer
| image2                = C wegeneri.JPG
| image2_caption        = Acanthocephalan
| classification_status = disputed
| taxon                 = Syndermata
| authority             = [[Jan Zrzavý|Zrzavý]], 1998
| subdivision_ranks     = Phyla
| subdivision           = 
* [[Acanthocephala]]
* [[Rotifera]]

))

'''Syndermata''' is a clade of animals that, in some systems, is considered synonymous with [[Rotifera]]. Older systems separate [[Rotifera]] and [[Acanthocephala]] as different phyla, and group them both under Syndermata.<ref name="Ruppert2004">((Citation |last1=Ruppert |first1=Edward E. |last2=Fox |first2=Richard S. |last3=Barnes |first3=Robert D. |year=2004 |title=Invertebrate Zoology : a functional evolutionary approach |edition=7th |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Thomson-Brooks/Cole |isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821 )), p. 788ff. – see particularly p. 804</ref><ref name="Perrot-Minnot2023">((cite journal | last1=Perrot-Minnot | first1=Marie-Jeanne | last2=Cozzarolo | first2=Camille-Sophie | last3=Amin | first3=Omar | last4=Barčák | first4=Daniel | last5=Bauer | first5=Alexandre | last6=Filipović Marijić | first6=Vlatka | last7=García-Varela | first7=Martín | last8=Servando Hernández-Orts | first8=Jesús | last9=Yen Le | first9=T.T. | last10=Nachev | first10=Milen | last11=Orosová | first11=Martina | last12=Rigaud | first12=Thierry | last13=Šariri | first13=Sara | last14=Wattier | first14=Rémi | last15=Reyda | first15=Florian | last16=Sures | first16=Bernd | title=Hooking the scientific community on thorny-headed worms: interesting and exciting facts, knowledge gaps and perspectives for research directions on Acanthocephala | journal=Parasite | volume=30 | year=2023| doi=10.1051/parasite/2023026 | page=23| pmid=37350678 | pmc=10288976 )) ((open access))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Syndermata |url=https://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/animals/protostomes/spiralia/platyzoa/syndermata/default.htm |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=comenius.susqu.edu))</ref> This clade is placed in the [[Platyzoa]].


==Phylogeny==
[[Phylogeny|Phylogenetic]] analysis of the 18S [[ribosome|ribosomal]] gene has revealed that the [[Acanthocephala]], formerly considered a separate [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] are most closely related to the [[rotifer]]s. They are possibly closer to the two rotifer classes [[Bdelloidea]] and [[Monogononta]] than to the other class, [[Seisonidea]], producing the names and relationships shown in the [[cladogram]] below.((citation needed|date=July 2023))

((clade|((clade
|label1=[[Syndermata]]
|1=((clade
   |1=[[Seisonida]]
   |2=((clade
      |label1=[[Eurotatoria]]
      |1=((clade
         |1=[[Bdelloidea]]
         |2=[[Monogononta]]
         ))
      |2=[[Acanthocephala]]
      ))
   ))
))|style=line-height:100%))


A study of the gene order in the mitochondria suggests that Seisonidea and Acanthocephala are sister clades and that the Bdelloidea are the sister clade to this group.<ref name=Sielaff2015>((cite journal |last1=Sielaff |first1=M. |last2=Schmidt |first2=H. |last3=Struck |first3=T. H. |last4=Rosenkranz |first4=D. |last5=Mark Welch |first5=D. B. |last6=Hankeln |first6=T |last7=Herlyn |first7=H. |date=March 2016 |title=Phylogeny of Syndermata (syn. Rotifera): Mitochondrial gene order verifies epizoic ''Seisonidea'' as sister to endoparasitic ''Acanthocephala'' within monophyletic ''Hemirotifera'' |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=96 |pages= 79–92|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.017 |pmid=26702959 ))</ref>

== References ==
((Reflist))
((Taxonbar|from=Q3508193))

[[Category:Platyzoa]]
[[Category:Protostome unranked clades]]


((Protostome-stub))

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