Transistor in a TO-5 package with 25 mm leads.
Gear-shaped heat sinks for TO-5 packages.

In electronics, TO-5 is a designation for a standardized metal semiconductor package used for transistors and some integrated circuits. The TO element stands for "transistor outline" and refers to a series of technical drawings produced by JEDEC.[1] The first commercial silicon transistors, the 2N696 and 2N697 from Fairchild Semiconductor, came in a TO-5 package.[2]

Construction and orientation

The tab is located 45° from pin 1, which is typically the emitter. The typical TO-5 package has a base diameter of 8.9 mm (0.35 in), a cap diameter of 8.1 mm (0.32 in), a cap height of 6.3 mm (0.25 in).[1] The pins are isolated from the package by individual glass-metal seals, or by a single resin potting. Sometimes one pin is connected directly to the metal case.

Variants

Several variants of the original TO-5 package have the same cap dimensions but differ in the number and length of the leads (wires). Somewhat incorrectly, TO-5 and TO-39 are often used in manufacturer's literature as synonyms for any package with the cap dimensions of TO-5, regardless of the number of leads, or even for any package with the diameter of TO-5, regardless of the cap height and the number of leads.[3] Compared to TO-5, for the other variants (except TO-33 and TO-42) the minimum length of the leads was shortened from 38.1 mm (1.50 in) to 12.7 mm (0.50 in) which is sufficient for through-hole technology and leads to a cost reduction, whereas the longer leads were needed for point-to-point construction. Lead lengths of 25.4 mm (1.00 in) and 19.05 mm (0.750 in) are quite common but were not standardized separately by JEDEC. There are variants with between 2 and 12 leads. The leads are arranged in a circle with a diameter of 5.08 mm (0.200 in) (except TO-96, TO-97, TO-100, TO-101). Before the introduction of dual in-line packages in 1965, integrated circuits were packaged mostly in metal can packages such as the TO-5 variants with more than 3 leads.[4]

TO-39 / TO-9 / TO-16 / TO-42

The TO-39, TO-9, and TO-16 packages have 3 leads and differ in the shortened leads mentioned above from TO-5.[5] Additionally, the TO-9 and TO-16 packages do not have a tab.[6] The TO-42 package is almost identical to the TO-5 package (including the long leads) but has four stand-offs at the bottom of the base that keep the base about 0.5 mm above the circuit board.[7] Possibly the TO-16 and TO-42 designations were not actually used.[2]

TO-12 / TO-33

Resistive opto-isolator VTL2C1 in a TO-33 package

The TO-12 and TO-33 packages have 4 leads.[8] TO-33 has 38.1 mm (1.50 in) leads[9] like TO-5 while TO-12 has 12.7 mm (0.50 in) leads. For transistors, the fourth wire is typically connected to the metal case as a means of electromagnetic shielding for radio frequency applications.

TO-75

The TO-75 package has 6 leads (at most one of those may be omitted).[10] The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 60°.

TO-76 / TO-77

Voltage regulator integrated circuit (Tesla MAA723) in a TO-76 package.

The TO-76 and TO-77 packages have 8 leads (up to three of those may be omitted).[11] The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 45°. The TO-77 package differs from the TO-76 package only in that the bottom of a TO-77 package can sit directly on a circuit board whereas the TO-76 package requires a distance of up to 1.02 mm (0.040 in) between circuit board and package.[12]

TO-78 / TO-79 / TO-80 / TO-99

Sample-and-hold integrated circuit (Tesla MAC198) in a reduced-height TO-99 package.

The TO-78,[13] TO-79,[14] TO-80,[15] and TO-99[16] packages have 8 leads (up to three of those may be omitted). The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 45°. These packages differ from other variants in the height of the cap. Instead of 6.3 mm (0.25 in) the cap height is only 4.45 mm (0.175 in) for TO-78 / TO-99, 3.81 mm (0.150 in) for TO-79, and 2.41 mm (0.095 in) for TO-80. The TO-78 package differs from the TO-99 package only in that the bottom of a TO-78 package can sit directly on a circuit board whereas the TO-99 package requires a distance of up to 1.02 mm (0.040 in) between circuit board and package.

TO-74

The TO-74 package has 10 leads (at most one of those may be omitted).[17] The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 36°.

TO-96 / TO-97 / TO-100

The TO-96,[18] TO-97,[19] and TO-100[20] packages have 10 leads (at most one of those may be omitted). The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 36°. For these packages the diameter of the circle of leads is increased from 5.08 mm (0.200 in) to 5.84 mm (0.230 in). This allows a slightly increased chip area in a cap of unchanged diameter. TO-96 has the standard cap height of 6.3 mm (0.25 in), while TO-100 and TO-97 have reduced cap heights of 4.45 mm (0.175 in) (like TO-78) and 3.81 mm (0.150 in) (like TO-79), respectively.

TO-73

The TO-73 package has 12 leads (at most one of those may be omitted).[21] The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 30°.

TO-101

The TO-101 package has 12 leads (at most one of those may be omitted).[22] The minimum angle between two adjacent leads is 30°. For this package the diameter of the circle of leads is increased from 5.08 mm (0.200 in) to 5.84 mm (0.230 in). This allows a slightly increased chip area in a cap of unchanged diameter. TO-101 has a reduced cap height of 4.45 mm (0.175 in) (like TO-78).

TO-205

Voltage reference integrated circuit (National Semiconductor LH0070) in a TO-205-AF package

TO-205 is intended to replace previous definitions of packages with leads arranged in a circle with a diameter of 5.08 mm (0.200 in).[23][24] The different outlines are now defined as variants of TO-205: TO-5 is renamed to TO-205-AA, TO-12 to TO-205-AB, TO-33 to TO-205-AC, TO-39 to TO-205-AD. A new package with 3 leads and a cap height of 4.32 mm (0.170 in) (similar to TO-78 / TO-99) is added as TO-205-AF.

National Standards

Standards organization Standard Designation for
TO-5 TO-12 TO-33 TO-39 TO-77
JEDEC JEP95[24] TO-205-AA TO-205-AB TO-205-AC TO-205-AD —
IEC IEC 60191[a][25] C4/B4A C4/B6C C4/B6A C4/B4C C4/B7C
DIN DIN 41873[26][25] 5A3 5C4 5C3 5C8
EIAJ / JEITA ED-7500A[a][27] TC5/TB-5A TC5/TB-14C TC5/TB-14A TC5/TB-5C TC5/TB-15C
British Standards BS 3934[a][28][25] SO-3/SB3-3A SO-3/SB4-1B SO-3/SB3-3B SO-3/SB8-1B
Gosstandart GOST 18472—88[29] — KT-2-12[b] — KT-2-7[c] —
Rosstandart GOST R 57439[30]
Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt TGL 11811[31] — — — B3/15-3a —
TGL 26713/07[31] — — — F1BC3 —
  1. ^ a b c These standards have separate drawings for the package case and the base.
  2. ^ Russian: КТ-2-12
  3. ^ Russian: КТ-2-7

References

  1. ^ a b "JEDEC TO-5 package specification" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Fairchild 2N697". Transistor Museum. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
  3. ^ "Metal Can Packages" (PDF). National Semiconductor / Texas Instruments. August 1999. pp. 7–14. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  4. ^ "1965: Package is the first to accommodate system design considerations". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  5. ^ "TO-39" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  6. ^ "TO-9" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  7. ^ "...does not meet the minimum criteria ...for registration." "TO-42" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  8. ^ "TO-12" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  9. ^ "TO-33" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  10. ^ "TO-75" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  11. ^ "TO-76" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  12. ^ "TO-77" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  13. ^ "TO-78" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  14. ^ "TO-79" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  15. ^ "TO-80" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  16. ^ "TO-99" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  17. ^ "TO-74" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  18. ^ "TO-96" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  19. ^ "TO-97" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  20. ^ "TO-100" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  21. ^ "TO-73" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  22. ^ "TO-101" (PDF). JEDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  23. ^ "Index by Device Type of Registered Transistor Outlines (TO)". JEDEC Publication No. 95 (PDF). JEDEC. October 2010. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  24. ^ a b "Header Family 0.200 Pin Circle". JEDEC Publication No. 95 (PDF). JEDEC. November 1982. pp. 178–181. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  25. ^ a b c "Semiconductors" (PDF). Pro Electron. 1978. pp. 215–219. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  26. ^ "Semiconductor Databook" (PDF). Heilbronn: AEG-Telefunken. p. 15. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
  27. ^ "EIAJ ED-7500A Standards for the Dimensions of Semiconductor Devices" (PDF). JEITA. 1996. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  28. ^ "Semiconductor and Photoelectric Devices" (PDF). Mullard. 1968. p. 457. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  29. ^ "ГОСТ 18472—88 ПРИБОРЫ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫЕ - Основные размеры" [GOST 18472—88 Semiconductor devices - basic dimensions] (PDF) (in Russian). Rosstandart. 1988. p. 37-38. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  30. ^ "ПРИБОРЫ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫЕ - Основные размеры" [Semiconductor devices - basic dimensions] (PDF) (in Russian). Rosstandart. 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  31. ^ a b "TGL 26713/07: Gehäuse für Halbleiterbauelemente - Bauform F" (PDF) (in German). Leipzig: Verlag für Standardisierung. June 1988. Retrieved 2021-06-15.

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