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Proportion of residents aged 6 or older using Hakka at home in Taiwan, in 2010
Taiwanese Hakka is a language group consisting of Hakka dialects spoken in Taiwan, and mainly used by people of Hakka ancestry. Taiwanese Hakka is divided into five main dialects: Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhao'an.[5] The most widely spoken of the five Hakka dialects in Taiwan are Sixian and Hailu.[6] The former, possessing 6 tones, originates from Meizhou, Guangdong, and is mainly spoken in Miaoli, Pingtung and Kaohsiung, while the latter, possessing 7 tones, originates from Haifeng and Lufeng, Guangdong, and is concentrated around Hsinchu.[5][6] Taiwanese Hakka is also officially listed as one of the national languages of Taiwan. In addition to the five main dialects, there are the northern Xihai dialect and the patchily-distributed Yongding, Fengshun, Wuping, Wuhua, and Jiexi dialects.
Geographic distribution
Townships/cities and districts in Taiwan where Hakka is a statutory regional language according to the Hakka Basic Act
In 2014, 4.2 million Taiwanese self-identified as Hakka, accounting for 18% of the population.[7] The Hakka Affairs Council has designated 70 townships and districts across Taiwan where the Hakka account for more than a third of the total population, including 18 in Miaoli County, 11 in Hsinchu County, and another 8 in Pingtung, Hualien, and Taoyuan counties each.[7]
Status
With the introduction of martial law in 1949, the KMT-led government repressed Hakka, along with Taiwanese Hokkien and other indigenous languages in favor of Mandarin.[8] In 1988, the Hakka community established the Restore My Mother Tongue Movement to advocate for the right to use and preserve the Hakka language.[9] Language restrictions were relaxed after 1987 with the lifting of martial law and ensuing democratic reforms.[8] In 2012, the ministry-level Hakka Affairs Council was established to stem the language's decline in Taiwan.[10] In December 2017, the Legislative Yuan designated Hakka as an official national language of Taiwan.[11]
Sociolinguistics
While Hakka has official status in Taiwan, it has seen ongoing decline due to a language shift to the more dominant Taiwanese Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien.[12] The number of Hakka speakers in Taiwan has declined by 1.1% per year, particularly among youth.[10] In 2016, only 22.8% of self-identifying Hakkas aged 19 to 29 spoke the language.[13] Today, Taiwanese Hakka tends to be used within families and within local communities, which has reduced intergenerational transmission.[12] An estimated 2 million Hakkas now self-identify as Hoklo.[12] Furthermore, the great diversity of Hakka dialects used throughout Taiwan has impeded standardization of Hakka for teaching.[12]
^National language in Taiwan;[2] also statutory status in Taiwan as one of the languages for public transport announcements[3] and for the naturalisation test.[4]
References
^Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Chinese, Hakka". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
臺灣客家語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Hakka] (in Traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2016. Archived from the original on 2015-12-28. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
