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((Short description|Georgian-American ballerina (1919–1996)))
((Use dmy dates|date=February 2020))
((Infobox person
| name          = Tamara Toumanova
| image         = Georgian-American Ballerina Tamara Toumanova (Tumanishvili) - 1940s.jpg
| caption       = 1940s promotional portrait photo
| birth_date    = ((Birth date|df=yes|1919|3|2))
| birth_place   = [[Tyumen]], [[Russian SFSR]]
| death_date    = ((Death date and age|df=yes|1996|5|29|1919|3|2))
| death_place   = [[Santa Monica, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Hollywood Forever Cemetery]]
| occupation    = Ballerina, actress
| spouse        = [[Casey Robinson]] ((Smaller|(1944–55; div.)))
))

'''Tamara Toumanova''' (((lang-ka|თამარა თუმანოვა)); 2 March 1919 – 29 May 1996) was a [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian]]-born [[Georgian Americans|Georgian-American]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page4690318?zoomLevel=1|date=19 April 1952|title=Examiner|page=12|publisher=trove.nla.gov.au|accessdate=19 January 2016))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52875342 |title=IS BALLET DANCING SLAVERY? |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=CXI |issue=33 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 April 1952 |accessdate=22 May 2017 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> [[prima ballerina]] and actress. A child of [[White émigré|exiles]] in Paris after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], she made her debut at the age of 10 at the children's ballet of the [[Paris Opera]].

She became known internationally as one of the [[Baby Ballerinas]] of the [[Original Ballet Russe|Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo]] after being discovered by her fellow émigré, balletmaster and choreographer [[George Balanchine]]. She was featured in numerous ballets in Europe. Balanchine featured her in his productions at [[New York City Ballet|Ballet Theatre, New York]], making her the star of his performances in the United States. While most of Toumanova's career was dedicated to ballet, she appeared as a ballet dancer in several films, beginning in 1944. She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1943 in [[Los Angeles]], California.<ref>((cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-14856-19038-51?cc=1849628 |title=Naturalization info. re Tamara Toumanova (1943) |website=Familysearch.org |access-date=February 8, 2022))</ref>

==Career==
Toumanova was the daughter of Yevgenia<ref name="fold3">[https://www.fold3.com/document/7334659 "Eugenie Dmitrievna Toumanishvili" (based on naturalization paperwork for United States citizenship)], Fold3.com; accessed 19 September 2016.</ref> (or Eugenia) Dmitrievna Toumanishvili, who was half-Georgian-[[Armenians|Armenian]] on her father's side, and half-Georgian on her mother's side.<ref>[[Artsvi Bakhchinyan]], Armenians on the International Dance Scene, Yerevan, 2016, p. 142</ref> Her father was Dmitri Toumanov, originally of Georgian Toumanishvili family; her mother was Yelizaveta Chkheidze.

At the time of her daughter's birth, Yevgenia was married to [[Konstantin Zakharov (politician)|Konstantin Zakharov]] (a Russian). Both Tamara and her mother used the surname '''Khassidovitch''' (Yevgenia's second husband was Vladimir Khassidovitch (akas: Vladimir Khassidovitch-Boretsky/Vladimir Khazidovich-Boretsky)<ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipN41M-J7yW9A9x5-5KOh03oodJg26Ys4rUQVmDt|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=22 October 2016))</ref> for most of their lives following the end of Yevgenia's first marriage, including on their paperwork for naturalization as citizens of the United States.<ref name="fold3"/>
[[File:Tamara Toumanova & Serge Lifar.jpg|thumb|left|Toumanova and [[Serge Lifar]] performing ''[[Swan Lake]]'', 1939–1940, by [[Max Dupain]].]]
After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with [[Olga Preobrajenska]], whom she described as her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend".<ref>[http://michaelminn.net/andros/biographies/toumanova_tamara Tamara Toumanova obituary], Michaelminn.net (29 May 1996); retrieved 12 July 2016.</ref>

At the age of six, Toumanova was invited by the ballerina [[Anna Pavlova]] to perform in one of her gala concerts in 1925. Toumanova danced a polka choreographed by Preobrajenska. Tamara was 10 years old when she made her debut at the [[Opéra National de Paris|Paris Opera]] as a child étoile in the ballet ''[[L'Éventail de Jeanne]]'' (for which 10 French composers wrote the music).((citation needed|date=May 2014)) [https://yandex.ru/collections/card/5ddfddd5d497a8b0c9c809c5/]

In 1931, when Toumanova was 12 years old, [[George Balanchine]] saw her in ballet class and engaged her for [[Wassily de Basil|de Basil]]'s [[Original Ballet Russe|Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo]], along with [[Irina Baronova]] (aged 12) and [[Tatiana Riabouchinska]] (aged 14). The three girls were an immediate success, and writer [[Arnold Haskell]] dubbed them the [[Baby Ballerinas|"baby ballerinas"]].<ref name=Amanda>Amanda. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/ballets-russes/2005/07/16/1121455937588.html "Ballets Russes"], ''[[The Age]]'', 17 July 2005.</ref>

Toumanova became recognised as a young prodigy of immense talent. She came to be called "The Black Pearl of the Russian Ballet", because, as ballet critic [[A. V. Coton]] wrote, "she was the loveliest creature in the history of the ballet", with black silky hair, deep brown eyes and pale almond skin. Toumanova was considered the most glamorous of the trio. Throughout her dynamic career, her mother was her devoted companion, nursemaid, dresser, agent and manager – she was always at the helm.<ref name="independent1">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-tamara-toumanova-1334885.html Obituary: Tamara Toumanova], ''The Independent''; retrieved 12 July 2016.</ref>

Balanchine created the role of the "Young Girl" for Toumanova in his ballet ''[[Cotillon (ballet)|Cotillon]]'' and had her star in his ''[[Concurrence (ballet)|Concurrence]]'' and ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ballet)|Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme]]''. [[Léonide Massine]] worked closely with Toumanova in the creation of many of his ballets. She played the part of the Top in his ''[[Jeux d'Enfants (ballet)|Jeux d'Enfants]]''. Balanchine created a role for her in his ''Le Palais de Cristal'' (since re-titled ''[[Symphony in C (ballet)|Symphony in C]]'') in 1947 at the Paris Opera. ((citation needed|date=May 2014))

In 1936, while Toumanova was performing ballet in Chicago, an 18-year-old boy named [[Burr Tillstrom]] came to see her perform. Following the ballet, Burr went backstage to meet her. As they talked, Toumanova and Tillstrom became friends. Some time later, Tillstrom showed her a favorite puppet he had made and she, surprised by his revelation, exclaimed "''Kukla''" (Russian for "puppet"). Burr Tillstrom went on to create a very early (1947) television show for children, titled ''[[Kukla, Fran and Ollie]]''.<ref>[http://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/Television_Recording_Origins.pdf.pdf TV Recording – The Origins and Earliest Surviving Live Broadcast Recordings (PDF)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205034220/http://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/Television_Recording_Origins.pdf.pdf |date=5 December 2013 )), earlytelevision.org; accessed 19 January 2016.</ref>

===Chronology===
((Prose|section|date=January 2023))
<ref>Peter Anastos. "A conversation with Tamara Toumanova", ''Ballet Review'', vol. 11, no 4, Winter 1984, pp. 33–57</ref>
* 1925: (6 August 1925) First performs before the public in the [[polka]] choreographed by [[Olga Preobrajenska]] (to [[Anatoly Liadov]]), during an [[Anna Pavlova]] gala at the [[Trocadéro|Palais du Trocadéro]], Paris (Pavlova selected Toumanova from Preobrajenska's school).
* 1929: Creates first principal role on 4 March, as guest étoile with the [[Paris Opera Ballet]], performing the Valse (to Ibert), the Polka (to Milhaud), the Rondeau (to Auric), and the Kermesse-Valse (to Schmitt), in the Yvonne Franck/Alice Bourgat one-act ballet in 10 parts for students, L'Even-tail de Jeanne.
* 1929–30: Performs with the [[Paris Opera Ballet]] in Monte Carlo, in Brussels, and in Geneva at the [[League of Nations]].
* 1931: Joins the Blum-de Basil [[Original Ballet Russe]] at Balanchine's invitation.
* 1932: Creates principal roles with the [[Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo]]: the Young Girl in Balanchine's ''Cotillon''; The Girl in his ''La Concurrence;'' Lucille in his ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ballet)|Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme]];'' in the Valse in his ''Suites de danse''; in his Classical Ballet section for the opera-ballet ''Patrie;'' the Chinese Woman and a Poppy in his dances for the opera ''Fay-yen-Fah;'' a Chinese Porcelain in his dances for the opera ''Turandot;'' in his Grand pasclassique for the operetta ''A Night in Venice;'' and the Top in Massine's ''Jeux d'enfants.'' Recreates the Ballerina in Fokine's ''[[Petrushka (ballet)|Petrushka]]'' and the Mazurka and the Valse pas de deux in ''[[Les Sylphides]].'' Privately studies the classics and choreographic theory with Balanchine. Seasons in Monte Carlo and Paris and tour of Europe.
* 1933: Joins the Balanchine-James [[Les Ballets 1933]] at Balanchine's invitation. Creates principal roles: in the ''Tema con variazioni'' and finale in his ''[[Mozartiana (ballet)|Mozartiana]]'', the Ballerina in his ''Les Songes'', and the Young Girl in his ''Fastes''. Rejoins Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. Creates principal role in Massine's ''Choreartium'' (to [[Brahms]]'s ''[[Brahm's Fourth Symphony|Fourth Symphony]]''). 
* 1934: Creates with the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo the Mexican Girl in Massine's ''Union Pacific'' and a principal role in Lichine's ''Les Imaginaires.'' Recreates the Miller's Wife with Massine in his ''Le Tricorne'' and the Tarantella in his ''[[La Boutique fantasque]];'' Odette in ''[[Swan Lake]]'' Act II; and the title role in Fokine's ''[[Firebird (ballet)|Firebird]].'' Tours of the United States, Canada, Central America, and Europe; seasons in Paris, London, Mexico City, Barcelona, Havana, Montreal, and New York.
* 1935: Creates with de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo the Poor Couple, with Massine, in his ''Jardin public;'' a principal role in his ''Le Bal;'' and Nijinska's ''Lezginka'' for a [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] gala. Adds to her repertory Aurora in Tchaikovsky's ''Le Mariage d'Aurore'' and the Girl in Fokine's ''La Spectre de la rose''.
[[File:ToumanovaRose.jpg|thumb|right|Toumanova in "[[Le Spectre de la Rose]], 1940, by [[Max Dupain]]]]

===Roles===
((Prose|section|date=January 2023))
* 1934: The Comet (cr) in ''Les Imaginaires'' (Lichine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London Tarantella in ''La Boutique fantasque'' (revival; Massine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London 
** The Miller's Wife in ''Le Tricorne'' (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Chicago 
** The Mexican Girl (cr) in'' Union Pacific'' (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Philadelphia
* 1935: The Poor Couple (cr) in ''Jardin public'' (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet Russe, Chicago 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''Le Bal'' (Massine), (de Basil's) Monte Carlo Ballet, Chicago
* 1936: The Beloved (cr) in Symphonie fantastique (Massine), de Basil's Ballets Russes, London 
* 1938: Title role in Giselle (after Petipa, Coralli, Perrot) (Denham's) Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, London.
* 1940: Aurore (cr) in ''Le Mariage d'Aurore'' (Aurora's Wedding) (Petipa), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney
** Illusion (cr) in La Lutte eternelle (Schwezoff), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney
** Swanilda in ''Coppelia'' (Obukhov after Petipa, Saint-Leon), Original Ballet Russe, Sydney 
* 1941: Third and Fourth Movements (cr) in ''Balustrade'' (Balanchine), Original Ballet Russe, New York 
** Ariadne (cr) in Labyrinth (Massine), Denham's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, New York 
** The Cakewalk (cr) in Saratoga (Massine), Denham's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, New York 
* 1944: The Girl (cr) in ''Moonlight Sonata'' (Massine), Ballet Theatre, New York 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''Harvest Time'' (Nijinska), Ballet Theatre, New York 
** Kitri in ''Don Quixote'' Pas de Deux (Obukhov after Petipa), Ballet Theatre. New York 
* 1944–45: Sugar Plum Fairy in ''The Nutcracker'' Pas de deux (Dolin after Ivanov), Ballet Theatre, New York
** Odile in Black Swan Pas de deux (''Swan Lake,'' Act III; Dolin after Petipa), Ballet Theatre, New York 
* 1947: Second Movement (cr) in ''Palais de cristal'' (later called ''[[Symphony in C (ballet)|Symphony in C]]''; Balanchine), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
** Title role in ''Giselle'' (Sergeyev after Petipa, Coralli, Perrot), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
* 1949: The Duchess (cr) in ''Del Amor y de la muerte'' (Ricarda), Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas, Paris 
** The Infanta (cr) in Le Coeur de diamond (Lichine), Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas, Monte Carlo
* 1950: Title role (cr) in ''Phedre'' (Serge Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''L'Inconnue'' (Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''La Fee d’Aibee'' (Aveline), Paris Opera Ballet, Versailles 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''La Pierre enchantee'' (Lifar), Paris Opera Ballet, Paris
* 1951: Potiphar's Wife (cr) in ''Leggenda di Giuseppe'' (The Legend of Joseph; Wallmann), La Scala, Milan 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''La Vita dell’uomo'' (Wallmann), La Scala, Milan
* 1952: Principal dancer (cr) in ''Reve'' (pas de deux; Dolin), London Festival Ballet, London 
* 1956: Principal dancer (cr) in ''The Seven Deadly Sins'' (Char- rat), La Scala, Milan 
** The Dance of the Seven Veils (cr) in ''Salome'' (opera; mus. Strauss, chor. Toumanova), La Scala, Milan 
** Principal dancer (cr) in ''Epoque romantique'' (also chor.), Piccola Scala, Milan 
** The Princess (cr) in ''Le Fanfare pour le Prince'' (Taras), Celebration of the Marriage of Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly, Monte Carlo

===Toumanova on film===
((more citations needed section|date=July 2016))
Toumanova appeared in six Hollywood films between 1944 and 1970, always playing dancers. She made her feature film debut in 1944, in ''[[Days of Glory (1944 film)|Days of Glory]]'', playing a Russian dancer being saved [[Operation Barbarossa|from the invading Germans]] in 1941 by [[Soviet partisans|Soviet partisan]] leader [[Gregory Peck]] (who also made his debut in that film).<ref name="NLA"/>

In 1953, she played Russian prima ballerina [[Anna Pavlova]] in ''[[Tonight We Sing]]'', and in 1954, she appeared in the biographical musical ''[[Deep in My Heart (1954 film)|Deep in My Heart]]'' as the French dancer [[Gaby Deslys]]. In 1956, she performed a dance scene with [[Gene Kelly]] in ''[[Invitation to the Dance (film)|Invitation to the Dance]]''.<ref>[http://wn.com/tamara_toumanova_and_gene_kelly_'invitation_to_the_dance'_1956 Wn.com video: Tamara Toumanova and Gene Kelly in 'invitation To The Dance' 1956]; retrieved 29 August 2012.</ref> In 1966, she played the odious, unnamed lead ballerina in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s political thriller ''[[Torn Curtain]]''. In 1970, she played Russian ballerina Madame Petrova in [[Billy Wilder]]'s ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]''.

==Personal life==
Some sources indicate that Tamara Toumanova was born '''Tamara Vladimirovna Khassidovitch'''<ref name="google2">((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipN41M-J7yW9A9x5-5KOh03oodJg26Ys4rUQVmDt|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref><ref name="google3">((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipMAGoFLq-7VfBa_yleFxd9YIfbYATJNo1VCqZM7|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipM_qXvdbqZmJqm_Bzy6DtLz1qoU0yRTq8gs_FGE|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=12 March 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/BcUCpWujf2rV_7tUp9DG1dMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171422/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/BcUCpWujf2rV_7tUp9DG1dMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Picasa Web Albums – Владимир Шулятиков|accessdate=19 January 2016))</ref><ref>((cite book|author=Hulme, Derek C.|title=Dmitri Shostakovich Catalogue: The First Hundred Years and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7sqgaoGkeoC&pg=PA758|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7265-3|pages=758–))</ref> in [[Siberia]], while her mother, Princess Eugenia (later Eugenie) Dmitrievna Toumanova<ref name="google3"/><ref name="Владимир Шулятиков">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230832/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/HTNYmS0r43hkK43-p_UbqNMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков]. Picasaweb.google.com (7 May 2012).</ref><ref name="google1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230834/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/L-wXJafHXXfLcdyhP4teedMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com (26 May 2012).</ref><ref name="picasaweb.google.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230837/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/oHWH2X2rHb87gu3xd_lN3dMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com, 1 June 2012.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230825/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/UeJkeVflfVL8pWseu_dJyNMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com, 15 August 2012; accessed 6 May 2014.</ref> was fleeing Georgia in search of her husband (Vladimir Khassidovitch),<ref name="google2"/><ref name="google1"/><ref name="ReferenceB">[https://picasaweb.google.com/105886027558885815466/TamaraToumanova?authuser=0&feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков – Tamara Toumanova], Picasaweb.google.com.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230836/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/ZE_0iyPsDeAV2Ozuc_-nDdMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков]. Picasaweb.google.com (6 February 2012).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230839/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/4SUPW_7VyLmlKdviI3ziL9MTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков]. Picasaweb.google.com, 6 February 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230828/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/qxzsnZDd79zYuLV8JU4-ctMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков]. Picasaweb.google.com (24 March 2013).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024230841/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/VURMu0RBmZG6hkjvT0PuR9MTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com, 24 March 2013; accessed 6 May 2014.</ref><ref>Some sources cite Dr Konstantin Zakharov, a physician in the [[Caucasus Military District|Caucasian Military District]] as Princess Eugenia Tumanishvili's husband or lover although United States immigration and naturalization records record Vladimir Khassidovitch (or Khazidovich-Boretsky) as Eugenie's husband and presumably Tamara's father, who emigrated with them to the United States and applied for naturalization at the same time.</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page4690318?zoomLevel=1|title=19 April 1952 – Examiner|page=12|publisher=nla.gov.au))</ref><ref name="opera.ge">[http://www.opera.ge/images/Arabesque-15-small.pdf ''Arabesque: Georgian Ballet Magazine'', No 2 (15)] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401214754/http://www.opera.ge/images/Arabesque-15-small.pdf |date=1 April 2012 )) (2010), p. 63.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>).

Toumanova was of partial Georgian,<ref>((cite book|author=Mason, Francis|title=I remember Balanchine: recollections of the ballet master by those who knew him|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64W1AAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-26610-9|page=103)) Tamara Toumanova: "I think he saw kinship with me, with my tristesse, with my being part Georgian."</ref><ref name="Gottlieb, Robert 2004, p. 136">Gottlieb, Robert. ''George Balanchine: The Ballet Maker''. HarperCollins 2004, p. 136; ((ISBN|0-06-075070-7))</ref><ref>''International Encyclopedia of Dance''. [[Selma Jeanne Cohen]] (ed.) Oxford University Press 1998, vol. 6, p. 182f; ((ISBN|0-19-512310-7))</ref><ref>Tracy & DeLano. ''Balanchine's Ballerinas: Conversations with the Muses''. Linden Press (1983), p. 66; ((ISBN|0-671-46146-X))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.orgsun.com/ru/fashion/history-of-fashion/sketches-of-fashion-and-style-vasiliev/hist3.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022043914/http://www.orgsun.com/ru/fashion/history-of-fashion/sketches-of-fashion-and-style-vasiliev/hist3.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2011|title=Книга А. Васильева: "Этюды о моде и стиле" РУССКИЕ ДИВЫ))</ref> Armenian<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc8oAAAAQBAJ&dq=toumanova+armenian&pg=PT277 ''A dos tintas''] by Josep Mengual Català. Random House Mondadori (2013)<!-- ISBN/ISSN, pages needed --></ref><ref>Kananur V. Chandras. ''Arab, Armenian, Syrian, Lebanese, East Indian, Pakistani, and Bangla Deshi Americans: a study guide and source book'', R&E Research Associates, 1977, p. 44.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, if any --></ref><ref>Прекрасная Маруся Сава: русская эмиграция на концертных площадках и в ресторанах Америки, Михаил Иванович Близнюк – 2007</ref><ref>''The American Dancer, vol 14, issue 2 (1941): "Seen on New York's 57th Street, the hub of the ballet social world: Tamara Toumanova, Leon and Hercelia Danielian and [[William Saroyan]], all within a block of each other; one more Armenian and the street would have been roped off..."</ref><ref name="zakharov.ru">[http://www.zakharov.ru/index2.php?option=com_books&task=show_viderjka&id=309&no_html=1&width=640&height=400 Людмила Ильинична Лопато, Волшебное зеркало воспоминаний, 2003г., cit. "Тамара была армянско-польского происхождения, а вовсе не грузинской княжной Туманишвили, как многие думают" According to La Toumanova's godson Chevalier Tony Clark "She claimed to be a White Russian Princess"until the day she died. . ''Apology for dancing'', Faber and Faber Ltd (1936), p. 212: "And the fact that Toumanova is only half Russian (half Armenian)...."</ref><ref>[[T.S. Eliot((!))Thomas Stearns Eliot]]. ''The Criterion, Volume 15'' (1935), p. 62.</ref><ref>Francis James Brown and Joseph Slabey Rouček. ''One America: the history, contributions, and present problems of our racial and national minorities'', p. 308<!-- ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref><ref>Aleksandr Vasil'ev. ''Beauty in exile: the artists, models, and nobility'', 2000: «She was the daughter of army engineer Vladimir Khazidovich-Boretsky and Yevgenia, an Armenian woman»<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed. --></ref> and Polish<ref name="zakharov.ru"/> descent. Singer Lyudmila Lopato, who personally knew Toumanova, wrote that "Tamara was of Armenian-Polish descent, not a Georgian Princess, as many people think".<ref name="zakharov.ru"/> Tamara herself highlighted her [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n heritage on many occasions – "I think he saw kinship with me, with my tristesse, with my being part Georgian.";<ref name="Gottlieb, Robert 2004, p. 136"/> "My mother, Evgeniya Toumanova, was a Georgian, a Chkheidze by birth, from Tbilisi. Sometimes she used to speak Georgian to me.";<ref>Behind the Scenes at the Ballets Russes: Stories from a Silver Age by Michael Meylac, I. B. Tauris & Co</ref> etc. This is further confirmed by her family's official documents in Georgia and the [[Russian Empire]],<ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref> including that of her uncle (mother's brother) Prince Zachary Dmitrievich Tumanov, whose ethnicity is stated as "Georgian".<ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipPXRoxeXZFjiiLc_bnO7irAAEkumk--W5pf6-w4|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref> Tamara's parents were deeply religious.<ref>((cite web|url=http://tumentoday.ru/2013/02/07/%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0/|title=Триумф богини балета, ВЛАДИМИР КАЛИНИНСКИЙ))</ref> Tamara,<ref>((cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1996-05-31/news/mn-10515_1_baby-ballerinas|title=T. Toumanova; Ballerina and Actress by MYRNA OLIVER|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=31 May 1996 ))</ref> her mother<ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipOs9A3fpbzty2P_vYxldHaChLGz9ijtz0huVrhdV|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref> and her maternal grandmother, Princess Elizabeth Chkhedize, were Georgian/Russian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], while Toumanova's maternal grandfather Prince Dmitry Toumanov was a follower of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipO-D5_pwSJ6EU3lgjbGZq6hHhLUMTQSRTa_BgGV|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipO3WN2oet-kN3WKevY9RbaUCTeolswDLwHKiO-k|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref>

Toumanova's parents had become separated during the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155004/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/Z9kJNjgCy4Yr7ATUCHyZ4NMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com, 3 April 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155005/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/OOs8q38Nhw9nWny6fsmQa9MTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Владимир Шулятиков], Picasaweb.google.com, 11 February 2012.</ref> She was 18 months old before the family reunited. The family escaped from [[Russia]] via [[Vladivostok]].<ref name="google4">((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipMOmE5mSiaLl3xRgV1nXOCZhzJA1g5cuaia2OlX|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=8 May 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipOSv_UCYw090gvwz-YcFLfldstw7OzXHsyqkNR1|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=12 March 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbYXemVKTaCTBSYmPECUGNMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130831051851/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbYXemVKTaCTBSYmPECUGNMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|url-status=dead|title=Picasa Web Albums – Владимир Шулятиков|date=31 August 2013|archivedate=31 August 2013|accessdate=9 May 2017))</ref>

In 1944, Toumanova married [[Casey Robinson]], whom she met as the producer and screenwriter of ''Days of Glory'', her first film.<ref name="NLA">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52875342 "Is Ballet Dancing Slavery?"], ''[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]]'', 19 April 1952; retrieved 29 August 2012.</ref> The union was childless. The couple divorced on 13 October 1955.<ref>[https://newspaperarchive.com/hamilton-daily-news-journal/1955-10-19/page-7 "Little Black Book Leads to Divorce"], ''Hamilton Daily News Journal'' (pg. 7), 19 October 1955; retrieved 29 August 2012.</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://get.google.com/albumarchive/105886027558885815466/album/AF1QipNhyBKoeFmVAfLs4pYokwqCjcg7VfUBshD3j6nW/AF1QipME5IXm6bt6DzM6CGGDb88K5C4Qd79M1PHGVZt3|title=Album Archive|website=Get.google.com|accessdate=12 March 2017))</ref>

==Death==
Toumanova died in Santa Monica, California, on 29 May 1996, aged 77, from undisclosed causes. Before her death, she gave her [[Olga Preobrajenska|Preobrajenska]] costumes to the Vaganova Choreographic Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Her funeral was a high mass at the Russian Orthodox  Holy Virgin Mary Cathedral, Los Angeles. She was buried next to her mother Princess Eugenie in Hollywood, Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

British choreographer John Gregory described Toumanova as a "remarkable artist – a great personality who never stopped acting. It is impossible to think of Russian ballet without her."<ref name="independent1"/><ref>Gregor Koenig. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-john-gregory-1361058.html "Obituary: John Gregory"], ''The Independent'', 31 October 1996.</ref>

==Bibliography==
* [http://www.nypl.org/archives/675 Sergei Denham Records of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, circa 1936–1978] held by the Jerome Robbins Dance Division, [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]]
* [https://articles.latimes.com/1996-05-31/news/mn-10515_1_baby-ballerinas Toumanova obituary], latimes.com, 31 May 1996.
* ''Уколова Ю. В.'' ТАМАРА ТУМАНОВА (1919–1996) «ЧЕРНАЯ ЖЕМЧУЖИНА РУССКОГО БАЛЕТА», ж. Вестник Академии русского балета им. А.Я. Вагановой. 2007; ISSN 1681-8962, No.18, pp.&nbsp;279–91 ((in lang|ru))
* ''Мейлах Михаил Борисович'' Эвтерпа, ты? Художественные заметки. Беседы с артистами русской эмиграции. Том 1. Балет ID 4251015 Изд.: Новое литературное обозрение ((ISBN|978-5-86793-629-7)); 2008 г.-стр.65–77 (разговор с Тамарой Тумановой, 1992г.) ((in lang|ru))
* [https://www.ualberta.ca/~khineiko/NG_95_97/1146670.htm ''Юрий Григорович'' ЗОЛОТОЕ ЯБЛОКО СЕРЖА ЛИФАРЯ. Последнее интервью выдающейся балерины XX века Тамары Тумановой Независимая газета №190], 10 October 1996. ((in lang|ru))
* Francis Mason. "Tamara Toumanova (1919–1996)", ''Ballet Review 24-3 Fall 1996'', pp.&nbsp;34–62.
* TOUMANOVA, Tamara. International Dictionary of Ballet: VOL. 2 L–Z. (St James Press; 1993), pp.&nbsp;1427–30; ((ISBN|1558620842))/((ISBN|9781558620841))
* ''Tamara Tchinarova'' Tamara Toumanova. (Biography) Dancing times. July 1997, pp.&nbsp;889–93.
* ((cite web|first=Peter|last=Anastos|title=A conversation with Tamara Toumanova|work=Ballet review. v 11, no 4, Winter 1984, pp 33–57|url=https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/qwa0cHQkl7fBGETnp4gMu9MTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218154957/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/qwa0cHQkl7fBGETnp4gMu9MTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013)) 
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/pas_de_deux.html? "Pas de Deux – Joseph Cornell turned his obsession with a prima ballerina into art"], ''Smithsonian'' magazine (February 2007); retrieved 29 August 2012
* [http://tyumedia.ru/pdf/145116.html ''Калининский В.'', Как консул Франции узнал о великой балерине. Тюмень, «Красное знамя»: № 17 (7873) от 28.02.2014, стр.2] ((in lang|ru))
* ''Ирина Мороз''. Балерина Тамара Туманова: биография, работы в театре и кино<ref>((cite web|author=Ав. Ирина Мороз |url=http://fb.ru/article/250173/balerina-tamara-tumanova-biografiya-rabotyi-v-teatre-i-kino |title=Балерина Тамара Туманова: биография, работы в театре и кино |website=Fb.ru |date=17 July 2016 |accessdate=12 March 2017))</ref>
* [http://az.lib.ru/t/tumanowa_t_w/text_1999_portret_baleriny.shtml ''Венди Лессер'' Портрет балерины. Глава из книги "The Amateur" (1999)]((Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
* ''Нехамкин Э.'' Тамара Туманова. Русские американцы. Нью-йоркская газета "Новый меридиан" No.1295 19 сентября 2018 года [http://az.lib.ru/t/tumanowa_t_w/text_2018_chernaya_zhemchuzhina_russkogo_baleta.shtml]

==See also==
* [[List of Russian ballet dancers]]

==References==

((Reflist|30em))

==External links==
((commons category))
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/arts/dance/balanchine-and-toumanova-in-a-teenagers-eyes.html Profile], ''New York Times'', 22 July 2012
* ((usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915224327/http://www.australiadancing.org/subjects/1621.html Tamara Toumanova profile])), australiadancing.org 
* [http://www.ballerinagallery.com/toumanov.htm Profile], BallerinaGallery.com 
* ((YouTube|hi4qh6BBvfg|Тамара Туманова (Туманишвили)))
* ((usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219120039/http://australiadancing.org/subjects/5101.html AUSTRALIA DANCING LEAPS INTO TROVE])), australiadancing.org; accessed 10 February 2017.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101191134/http://rosgenea.ru/?alf=22 Khasidovich-Toumanov, Vladimir Dmitrievich] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155002/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/Z_2m0_5xaJbnrB4Uv_MRYtMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0?feat=directlink Незабытые могилы. Российское зарубежье. Некрологи 1917–2001. Том 6, книга 3, Х-Я, 2007, pg. 47]; accessed 10 February 2017. ((in lang|ru))
* Wendy Lesser ''Венди Лессер'' Портрет балерины. Глава из книги "The Amateur" (1999)[http://az.lib.ru/t/tumanowa_t_w/text_1999_portret_baleriny.shtml]((Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
* Tamara Tumanova – Photo album, 640 photos [https://vk.com/album-1567711_105323677]
* ''Нехамкин Э.'' Тамара Туманова. Русские американцы. Нью-йоркская газета "Новый меридиан" No.1295 19 сентября 2018 года [http://az.lib.ru/t/tumanowa_t_w/text_2018_chernaya_zhemchuzhina_russkogo_baleta.shtml]
* ((Find a Grave|8239))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Toumanova, Tamara))
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Ballets Russes dancers]]
[[Category:Prima ballerinas]]
[[Category:Russian Christians]]
[[Category:American ballerinas]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:White Russian emigrants to France]]
[[Category:French emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery]]
[[Category:Paris Opera Ballet étoiles]]
[[Category:People with acquired American citizenship]]
[[Category:American people of Georgian (country) descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American ballet dancers]]

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Template:Language with name (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:PAGENAMEBASE (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Pluralize from text (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Prose (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Small (view source) (protected)
Template:Smaller (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Usurped (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:WikidataCheck (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikidata image (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:YouTube (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for clobbered parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:In lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataCheck (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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