Tel Burna (also Tell Bornât) is an archaeological site located in the Shephelah (Judean foothills), along the banks of Nahal Guvrin, not far from modern-day Qiryat Gat. Tel Burna is located near Beit Guvrin/Maresha, Tel Goded, Lachish, Tell es-Safi/Gath and Tel Zayit (4 kilometers to the west). The site is thought to have been one of a series of sites along the border between Judah and Philistia.
Identification
Due to its location, and its prominence in the Iron Ages, W. Albright and Y. Aharoni, among others, have suggested identifying the site with Libnah,[1][2][3] a site mentioned several times in the Bible, and noted to be one of the 13 Kohanic cities. Libnah had also revolted against the Kingdom of Judah in the 9th century BCE (2 Kings 8:22) and where Hamutal, Queen of Judah in the 7th century BCE was born (2 Kings 23:31).
Eusebius (3rd–4th century CE) in his Onomasticon mentions the ancient biblical city of Gath (Joshua 11:22), saying that it was a village formerly inhabited by the Anakim and that the village was still inhabited in his day and situated "not far from Eleutheropolis (Beit Gubrin) near Diospolis (Lod), near the fifth milestone from Eleutheropolis."[4] Eusebius' description, who places the village at the 5th-milestone from Beit Gubrin, puts Tel Burna in approximate position as a contender for the site of ancient Gath, or else Tell ej-Judeideh, as both ruins are principal Bronze Age sites only 2 miles (3.2 km) apart, and situated in the direction of Lod as one sets out from Beit Gubrin. Nearby Maresha is placed by Eusebius at about 2 milestones from Eleutheropolis (2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Beit Gubrin.
If in fact the location of Libnah should be sought out at Tel Burna, the excavations thus far do conform to what is understood about the city from the Biblical texts. Moreover, some recent work in 2013 has led the leader of the excavation, Itzhaq Shai, program director of the Tel Burna Excavation Project, to believe that Tel Burna is the site of the biblical town of Libnah.[5]
History
The site was established in the Early Bronze II period and extensively settled in the Middle Bronze, Late Bronze, and Iron Ages (with peak activity in the Early Bronze age and Iron II periods). It was lightly occupied in the Persian and Byzantine periods.[6][7]
During the Late Bronze age occupation began (on virgin soil) on a 40 meter by 100 meter platform below and to the west of the summit. The site reached its maximum occupation are during this period.[8] Large quantities of LBA pottery shards, a 500 square meter cultic structure with a large courtyard containing a standing stone, Cypriot zoomorphic vessels, Mycenaean figurines, a Cypriot three-cupped votive vessel, and a steatite Mittani cylinder seal were found.[9][10][11][12] Embedded in the courtyard were two large Cypriot pithoi.[13]
After a period of modest use in Iron Age (IIA) occupation expanded in the IIAB-C period (c. 9th to 7th century BC) though restricted only to the summit of the mound which was protected by a casemate fortification wall. The fortification consisted of two parallel walls (2 meters apart) with perpendicular connectors. The other was 2 meters wide and the inner wall 1.5 meters wide, both constructed of large field stones. The fortification encloses a 70 by 70 meter area and has a length of about 270 meters.[14] Along the southern section of the wall a monumental city gate with a massive stone tower and buttresses was excavated.[15] Finds included a large number of pottery shards, some with LMLK seal impressions.[16]
In 1948 the site was used as a military outpost in the war.[17]
Archaeology
Tel Burna excavation
The site consists of a roughly 70 meter by 70 meter central mound and about an 16 hectare lower town.[14] The site was described by Victor Guérin in 1869 (as Tell Bournat) and then a decade later by Lieutenant Claude Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund (noting 4 foot high fortification walls).[18][19] A limited survey of the site occurred in the 1950s.[20]
A site survey was conducted in 2009.[6] The first excavations at the site were conducted in the summer of 2010, by a team from the Institute of Archaeology at Ariel University, as part of a long term archaeological project, headed by Itzhaq Shai and Joe Uziel, affiliated with Bar Ilan University which continues to the present.[21]
Among the Iron Age II finds on the summit were six storage silos which went out of use after that time. One silo cuts the inner fortification wall, indicating that the wall had fall out of use by that date. Among the late Iron Age II finds in the backfill of one silo was a jar handle fragment stamped with a private seal "'zr followed by hgy" which the excavators took as two names.[22]
Finds included an illustrated krater, unique but parallel to the Lachish ewer.[23]
^Ben-Yosef, Sefi (n.d.). "Tel Burna". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 309–310. OCLC745203905.
^Aharoni, Y. (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 439. ISBN0664242669. OCLC6250553. (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))
^Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 42 (s.v. Geth). ISBN965-220-500-1. OCLC937002750., s.v. Geth (Josh. 11:22)
^Shai, I., and J. Uziel, "Addressing Survey Methodology in the Southern Levant: Applying
Different Methods for the Survey of Tel Burna, Israel" Israel Exploration Journal 64(2), pp.172–190, 2014
^Shai, Itzhaq, McKinny, Chris and Uziel, Joe, "Late Bronze Age Cultic Activity in Ancient Canaan: A View from Tel Burna", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, BASOR, no. 374, pp. 115-133, 2015
^Sharp, Casey, Chris McKinny, and Itzhaq Shai, "Late Bronze Age Figurines from Tel Burna", Strata 33, pp. 61–76, 2015
^Shai, Itzhaq, and Chris Mckinny, "Canaanite Votive Offerings and Their Significance within Their Context at Tel Burna", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2020
^António de Freitas. C. Mckinny, Itzick Shai, "A Mittanian-Style Cylinder Seal from Tel Burna", Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 6, pp. 751-754, 2018
^Shai I., Tavger A. and McKinny C., "A Glimpse into the Canaanite Ritual Practices at Tel Burna during the Late Bronze Age" In E. Klein, A. Sasson, and A. Levy-Reifer eds. Ashkelon and Its Environs: Studies of the Southern Coastal Plain and the Judean Foothills in Honor of Dr. Nahum Sagiv, Ashqelon, pp. 47–58, 2020 (in Hebrew)
^Shai, Itzhaq, "Two Cypriot Pithoi from Late Bronze Age Tel Burna", Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 65-82, 2019
^ abShai, Itzhaq, et al., "The Fortifications at Tel Burna: Date, Function and Meaning", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 141–57, 2012
^Tavger, Aharon, et al., "The Fortifications of Tel Burna: A Reappraisal after Twelve Seasons of Excavations (2010–2022)", ’Atiqot, vol. 111, pp. 73–102, 2023
^McKinny, Chris, et al., "Tel Burna after a Decade of Work: The Late Bronze and Iron Ages", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 4–15, 2020
^Ayalon A., "Givati Brigade against the Egyptian Invader", Tel Aviv, 1963 (in Hebrew)
^Guérin V., "Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine, accompagnée de cartes détaillées 2: Judée", Paris, 1869
^Conder C.R. and Kitchener H.H., "The Survey of Western Palestine, Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography and Archaeology III. Sheets XVII–XXVI", Judaea, London, 1883
^Aharoni Y. and Amiran R., "A Tour of the City-Mounds of the Shephelah. BIES 19, pp. 222–225, 1955 (in Hebrew)
^Shai, Itzhaq, et al., "A Private Stamped Seal Handle from Tell Bornāṭ/Tẹ̄l Burnā, Israel", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 121–37, 2014
^Locatell C., McKinny C. and Shai I., "The Tree of Life Motif, Late Bronze Canaanite Cult, and a Recently Discovered Krater from Tel Burna. JAOS 142, pp. 573–596, 2022
Further reading
Ackermann, Oren, et al., "Deciphering Hidden Ancient Human Physical and Chemical Markers through pOSL and pXRF Analysis: A Case Study at Tel Burna", No. EGU24-14063", Copernicus Meetings, 2024
Gaastra, Jane S., et al., "Big-cat hunting in the Bronze and Iron Ages of the Near East: a view from Tel Burna", Antiquity 97.395, pp. 1138-1155, 2023
Greenfield, Tina, McKinny, Chris and Shai, Itzhaq, "'I Can Count All My Bones': A Preliminary Report of the Late Bronze Faunal Remains from Area B1 at Tel Burna, Israel", The Wide Lens in Archaeology. Honoring Brian Hesse's Contributions to Anthropological Archaeology, hrsg. v. Justin Lev-Tov, Paula Hesse, Allan Gilbert (Archaeobiology 2), pp. 419-442, 2017
McKinny C. and Dagan A., "The Explorations of Tel Burna", 2013
Orendi A., Šmejda L., McKinny C., Cassuto D., Sharp C. and Shai I., "The Agricultural Landscape of Tel Burna: Ecology and Economy of a Bronze Age/Iron Age Settlement in the Southern Levant", Journal of Landscape Ecology 10/3, pp.165–188, 2017
Jon Ross, Kent D. Fowler, Itzhaq Shai, "New fingerprint evidence for female potters in Late Bronze Age Canaan: The demographics of potters and division of labour at Tel Burna", Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, vol. 71, 2023 ISSN 0278-4165
Shai, Itzhaq, "Tel Burna: A Judahite Fortified Town in the Shephelah", The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies, edited by Oded Lipschits and Aren M. Maeir, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 45-60, 2017
Shai, Itzhaq, "Agricultural and Economic Change in the Iron II Judean Shephelah as a Result of Geopolitical Shifts: A View from Tel Burna", “And in Length of Days Understanding”(Job 12: 12) Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 711-721, 2023
Šmejda, L., Hejcman, M., Horák, J. and Shai, I., "Multi-element Mapping of Anthropogenically Modified Soils and Sediments at the Bronze to Iron Ages Site of Tel Burna in the Southern Levant", Quaternary International 483, pp. 111–123, 2018
Tavger, Aharon, et al., "‘Libnah and ‘Ether’ (Josh 15:42): The Archaeological Survey of Khirbat El-‘Atar in Light of over a Decade of Excavations at Tel Burna", Archaeological Excavations and Research Studies in Southern Israel Collected Papers Volume 5: 18th Annual Southern Conference, edited by Amir Golani et al., Israel Antiquities Authority, pp. 91–116, 2022
Shai I., "Two Late Bronze Age Ceramic Masks from Tel Burna, Israel" In A. Berlejung and J.E. Filitz eds. The Physicality of the Other Masks from the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike 27). Tübingen, pp. 133–139, 2018
Shai I., Sharp C., de Freitas A., Cassuto D. and McKinny C., "Trade and Exchange in the Southern Levant in the 13th Century BCE: A View from Tel Burna, a Town in the Shephelah, Israel", In A. Cruz and J.F. Gibaja eds. Interchange in Pre- and Protohistory: Case Studies in Iberia, Romania, Turkey and Israel (BAR Int. S. 2891). Oxford, pp. 177–183, 2018
