Tell Sabi Abyad

تل صبي أبيض
Excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad.
Shown within Near East Show map of Near East Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria) Show map of Syria
Location	Syria
Region	Balikh River valley
Coordinates	36°30′14″N 39°05′35″E / 36.504°N 39.093°E / 36.504; 39.093
Type	settlement
Area	11 hectares (27 acres), 15–16 hectares (37–40 acres) (with city walls), 4 hectares (9.9 acres) (outer town)
Height	2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
History
Material	clay, limestone
Founded	c. 7550 BC
Abandoned	c. 1250 BC
Periods	Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Neolithic, Transitional Neolithic-Halaf, Early Bronze Age-Halaf, Middle Assyrian period
Site notes
Excavation dates	2002–ongoing
Archaeologists	C. Castel, N. Awad, Peter Akkermans
Condition	ruins
Management	Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
Public access	Yes

Tell Sabi Abyad (Arabic: تل صبي أبيض) is an archaeological site in the Balikh River valley in northern Syria. It lies about 2 kilometers south of Tell Hammam et-Turkman.The site consists of four prehistoric mounds that are numbered Tell Sabi Abyad I to IV. Extensive excavations showed that these sites were inhabited already around 7500 to 5500 BC, although not always at the same time; the settlement shifted back and forth among these four sites.^[1]

The earliest pottery of Syria was discovered here; it dates at ca. 6900-6800 BC, and consists of mineral-tempered, and sometimes painted wares.

Excavations

Excavations, by Peter Akkermans under the auspices of Leiden University, began with a sounding on the Tell Sabi Abyad I in 1986.^[2] Actual excavations on the main mound began with a field season in 1988 which focused on the Neolithic areas. Among the finds were several labrets and stamp seals as well as over 1000 unbaked clay sling missiles stored in a container.^[3] Two more seasons, in 1991 and 1992, were conducted on the main mound, concentrating on the Middle Assyrian remains at the summit.^[4] Surveys were conducted at the fourth mound, but excavations were not possible because of its use as a local cemetery.^[5] Further excavations were conducted from 1994 to 1999.^[6] After a pause field work continued in 2001–2003.^[7] In 2005 and 2010 soundings were conducted on Tell Sabi Abyad III. Excavation ceased then with the outbreak of warfare.^[8]

Ceramics

It was discovered that around 6700 BC, pottery was already mass-produced.

The pottery of Tell Sabi Abyad is somewhat similar to what was found in the other prehistoric sites in Syria and south-eastern Turkey; for example in Tell Halula, tr:Akarçay Tepe Höyük, de:Mezraa-Teleilat, and Tell Seker al-Aheimar. Yet in Sabi Abyad, the presence of painted pottery is quite unique.^[9]

Archaeologists discovered what seems like the oldest painted pottery here. Remarkably, the earliest pottery was of a very high quality, and some of it was already painted. Later, the painted pottery was discontinued, and the quality declined.

Our finds at Tell Sabi Abyad show an initial brief phase in which people experimented with painted pottery. This trend did not continue, however. As far as we can see now, people then gave up painting their pottery for centuries. Instead, people concentrated on the production of undecorated, coarse wares. It was not until around 6200 BC that people began to add painted decorations again. The question of why the Neolithic inhabitants of Tell Sabi Abyad initially stopped painting their pottery is unanswered for the time being.^[9]

Pottery found at the site includes Dark Faced Burnished Ware and a Fine Ware that resembled Hassuna Ware and Samarra Ware. Bowls and jars often had angled necks and ornate geometric designs, some featuring horned animals. Only around six percent of the pottery found was produced locally.^[10]

Cultural changes around 6200 BC

Significant cultural changes are observed at c. 6200 BC, which seem to be connected to the 8.2 kiloyear event. Nevertheless, the settlement was not abandoned at the time.^[11]

Important change took place around 6200 BC, involving new types of architecture, including extensive storehouses and small circular buildings (tholoi); the further development of pottery in many complex and often decorated shapes and wares; the introduction of small transverse arrowheads and short-tanged points; the abundant occurrence of clay spindle whorls, suggestive of changes in textile manufacture; and the introduction of seals and sealings as indicators of property and the organization of controlled storage.^[1]

Burnt Village

An unusual "Burnt Village" was discovered here. It was destroyed by a violent fire ca. 6000 BC.

Numerous artefacts were recovered from the burnt buildings; they include pottery and stone vessels, figurines, and all sorts of tools. There were also many storehouses.^[1]

A sort of an 'archives' building was found, which contained hundreds of small objects such as ceramics, stone shells and axes, bone implements, and male and female clay figurines. Particularly surprising were the over 150 clay sealings with stamp-seal impressions, as well as the small counting stones (tokens) -- indicating a very early, well-developed registration and administration system.

Clay tokens

The site has revealed the largest collection of clay tokens and sealings yet found at any site, with over two hundred and seventy-five, made by a minimum of sixty-one stamp seals.^[10] All the sealings were produced with local clay.^[12] Such exchange devices were first found in level III of Mureybet during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and are well known to have developed in the Neolithic.^[10][13]

Tell Sabi Abyad I

Tell Sabi Abyad I is the largest of the sites (measuring about 240 meters by 170 meters with a height of 10 meters). The mound is actually the result of several smaller mounds merging. It was first occupied between 5200 and 5100 BC during the Neolithic. It showed a later phase of occupation, termed "transitional" by Akkermans, between 5200 and 5100 BC, which was followed by an early Halaf period between 5100 and 5000 BC. Architecture of the 6th-millennium settlement featured multi-room rectangular buildings with round structures called tholoi that were suggested to have been used for storage.^[5]

Later remains of a massive structure (23 meters long by 21 meters wide oriented NE-SW) called the "Fortress" were dated to the Middle Assyrian period (Late Bronze Age) between 1550 and 1250 BC.^[4] Domestic buildings were also found, suggesting that the settlement was an Assyrian border town where a garrison was stationed.^[5] The Fortress structure contained eight rooms with 2.5-metre-wide (8.2 ft) walls constructed of mud bricks and featured a staircase that led to a second floor.^[14] The structure was built on top of an existing Mitanni tower and residence.^[15]

Cuneiform tablets

Over 400 cuneiform tablets from the late 13th and twelfth centuries BC have been discovered.

Shortly after 1180 BC, a violent conflagration is attested. Then the attempts were made to partially renovate and reconstruct the buildings. As the cuneiform texts indicate, the Assyrian administrators were still present until the end of the 12th century, although the size of the settlement declined.

Zooarchaeology and archaeobotany

In the Halaf period, Tell Sabi Abyad had a fully developed farming economy with animal domestication of predominantly goats, but also sheep, cattle and pigs. A small number of gazelle were also hunted, although evidence for hunting and fishing is not well attested at the site.^[16]

Trees that would have grown at the time included poplar, willow and ash.^[16]

Domesticated emmer wheat was the primary crop grown, along with domesticated einkorn, barley and flax. A low number of peas and lentils were found compared to similar sites.^[16]

Tell Sabi Abyad II

Tell Sabi Abyad II measured 75 metres (246 ft) by 125 metres (410 ft) by 4.5 metres (15 ft) high. Artefacts found evidenced a very early occupation with calibrated dates of around 7550 and 6850 BC.^[5][17]

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B horizon is present; later the site shows an uninterrupted sequence from the pre-pottery to ceramic phase.^[9]

2014 destruction

In 2014, Peter Akkermans revealed that the site and some storage facilities had been plundered as the result of the Syrian Civil War.^[18] The site has suffered significant damage from military activity during the Syrian Civil War.^[19]