![Image from the Library of Congress archives, Songs of the Temperance Movement and Prohibition, "The Lips That Touch Liquor Shall Never Touch Mine", by George Evans, 1874[1]](/en/File:Temperance_song_sheet_music_cover_by_M.Evans.PNG)
Temperance songs are those musical compositions that were sung and performed to promote the Temperance Movement from the 1840s to the 1920s. It was a distinct genre of American music. In 1830 the US per capita consumption of alcohol was 9.5 gallons yearly, almost four times the rate of consumption in 2008.[citation needed] In response, many temperance organizations formed over the next eighty years.[2] Some temperance song lyrics were sung with already well-known songs of the period, for example, "Oh! Susanna". This Stephen Foster melody was used with lyrics in support of temperance and the title changed to “There's A Good Time Coming,” in 1857, ten years after the publication of the original lyrics of "Oh! Susanna".
A consistent theme within temperance songs of 19th and 20th century society was that drinking negatively impacted a stable family life and that it was at the center of much suffering. "Molly and the Baby Don't You Know" is about a father promising not to drink for the sake of his young child and suffering wife. Some temperance songs were intended to produce guilt about the consequences of alcohol consumption. Themes including abuse were common, such as "The Drunkard's Child," by Mrs. Parkhurst, 1870. In this song, a mother hears her child decry that her father's drinking and their poverty leads to her being ignored by her peers. An archived field-recording of this song, sung by John McCready, relates the song of a dying child of an alcoholic. The child fears he or she will not be allowed to enter heaven.[3] Stephen Foster was considered to be the best-known of the Temperance songwriters.
Many of the songs in support of temperance are not completely documented, but a partial listing follows:
| Title | Year | Composer | Lyricist | Known vocalists/recording | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Come Home, Father" | 1864 | Henry Clay Work | Henry Clay Work | The Peerless Quartet | |
| "The Drunkard's Child" | 1870 | Mrs Parkhurst | John McCready | [3] | |
| "The Lips That Touch Liquor Will Never Touch Mine" | 1874 | George T. Evans | Sam Booth | [1] | |
| De brewer's big hosses | 1913 | J.B. Herbert | H.S. Taylor | Wilfred Glenn, Harry Macdonough, Lambert Murphy | [4] |
| "Molly and the Baby Don't You Know" | 1916 | J. B. Herbert | H. S. Taylor | Homer Rodeheaver | |
| "Alcoholic blues" | 1919 | Albert Von Tilzer | Edward Laska | Edward Laska, All Star Trio | [5] |
| I'll see you in C-U-B-A | 1920 | Irving Berlin, Cecil Arnold | Rudy Wiedoeft's Palace Trio | [6] | |
| What-cha gonna do when there ain't no jazz? | 1920 | Pete Wendling | Edgar Leslie | Ester Walker | [7] |
| How are you goin' to wet your whistle | 1920 | Percy Wenrich | Francis Barry Byrne | Bill Murray | [8] |
Foster's Temperance song, “Comrades, Fill No Glass for Me” (1855), is thought to be a narrative of his own drinking struggle.[9] The melody to these lyrics is unknown.
This temperance song was sung to the tune of "Oh! Susanna", and was written in response to abolitionist and legislative developments of the times. In 1851, the state of Maine established statewide prohibition. Other states subsequently adopted similar legislation. "A License Party Trick" specifically refers to legislation passed in 1883 in Ohio when Republicans lost the governorship and the majority in the state House and senate. An attempt by the ousted legislators and Governor Charles Foster (no relation to Stephen) to tax and regulate alcohol sales resulted in the loss of support of temperance supporters. Voters found the politician's attempts at legislation as too liberal. The legislative defeat was also attributed to the lack of support of German and Irish voters who believed the proposed liquor policies to be overly restrictive.
From the 1840s to 1920, the American Temperance Movement produced a large number of songs. Some of the more notable composers were Stephen Foster, Mrs. E.A. Parkhurst, M. Evans, George F. Root, and Henry Work. Another specific example of a popular song of the times is "The Drunkard's Child," by Mrs. Parkhurst written in 1870. In the song a child complains to her mother that she is ignored by others because she is poor and her father drinks.[citation needed]
The temperance songwriters tended to write songs sympathetic to the Union cause. This is in contrast to Stephen Foster who wrote minstrel songs. This genre is seen as racist today, even though Foster also provided music for We Are Coming, Father Abra'am, a song encouraging Northerners to enlist in the Union Army. Foster differed from the other temperance composers in that he also wrote drinking songs. Some historians believe that Foster drank heavily.[9]
James Lord Pierpont, composer of “Jingle Bells,” created temperance songs with the melody of this still popular holiday tune.[9]
Some locally organized temperance organizations printed and published their own temperance songs, some of which were derived from hymns. For example, the doxology has been modified with the following lyrics: