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((refimprove|date=August 2021))
'''Temporal resolution''' ('''TR''') refers to the discrete [[Sensor#Resolution|resolution]] of a [[measurement]] with respect to [[time]].

== Physics ==
Often there is a trade-off between the temporal resolution of a measurement and its [[angular resolution|spatial resolution]], due to [[Heisenberg's uncertainty principle]]. In some contexts, such as [[particle physics]], this trade-off can be attributed to the finite [[speed of light]] and the fact that it takes a certain period of time for the [[photons]] carrying information to reach the observer. In this time, the system might have undergone changes itself. Thus, the longer the light has to travel, the lower the temporal resolution.

== Technology ==

=== Computing ===
In another context, there is often a tradeoff between temporal resolution and [[computer storage]]. A [[transducer]] may be able to record data every [[millisecond]],<ref>Pierce, D. [http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/ara/arc/cp/0747.pdf A Microsecond Response Pressure Transducer for Blast Wave Measurements] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605152114/http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/ara/arc/cp/0747.pdf |date=June 5, 2012 ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.piceramic.com/piezo_actuator.php|title=Piezoceramic Actuators|first=PI Ceramic|last=GmbH))</ref><ref>((deadlink|date=June 2020))((cite web|url=http://sensing.honeywell.com/index.cfm?ci_id=140301.|title=Honeywell Sensing and Internet of Things))</ref> but available storage may not allow this, and in the case of 4D [[Positron emission tomography|PET imaging]] the resolution may be limited to several minutes.<ref>((Cite book |doi = 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352352|isbn = 0-7803-8257-9|chapter = Interframe filtering for list-mode EM reconstruction in high-resolution 4D PET|title = 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)|year = 2004|last1 = Walledge|first1 = R.J.|last2 = Manavaki|first2 = R.|last3 = Honer|first3 = M.|last4 = Reader|first4 = A.J.|pages = 2278–2282| s2cid=21330314 ))</ref>

=== Electronic displays ===
In some applications, temporal resolution may instead be equated to the [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampling]] period, or its inverse, the [[refresh rate]], or update frequency in [[Hertz]], of a TV, for example.

The temporal resolution is distinct from temporal uncertainty. This would be analogous to conflating [[image resolution]] with [[optical resolution]]. One is discrete, the other, continuous.

The temporal resolution is a resolution somewhat the 'time' dual to the 'space' resolution of an image. In a similar way, the sample rate is equivalent to the pixel pitch on a display screen, whereas the optical resolution of a display screen is equivalent to temporal uncertainty.

Note that both this form of image space and time resolutions are [[Orthogonality|orthogonal]] to measurement resolution, even though space and time are also orthogonal to each other. Both an image or an oscilloscope capture can have a [[signal-to-noise ratio]], since both also have measurement resolution.

=== Oscilloscopy ===
An [[oscilloscope]] is the temporal equivalent of a microscope, and it is limited by temporal uncertainty the same way a microscope is limited by optical resolution. A digital sampling oscilloscope has also a limitation analogous to [[image resolution]], which is the sample rate. A non-digital non-sampling oscilloscope is still limited by temporal uncertainty.

The temporal uncertainty can be related to the maximum frequency of continuous signal the oscilloscope could respond to, called the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] and given in [[Hertz]]. But for oscilloscopes, this figure is not the temporal resolution. To reduce confusion, oscilloscope manufacturers use 'Sa/s' instead of 'Hz' to specify the temporal resolution.

Two cases for oscilloscopes exist: either the probe settling time is much shorter than the real time sampling rate, or it is much larger. The case where the settling time is the same as the sampling time is usually undesirable in an oscilloscope. It is more typical to prefer a larger ratio either way, or if not, to be somewhat longer than two sample periods.

In the case where it is much longer, the most typical case, it dominates the temporal resolution. The shape of the response during the [[settling time]] also has as strong effect on the temporal resolution. For this reason probe leads usually offer an arrangement to 'compensate' the leads to alter the trade off between minimal settling time, and minimal [[Overshoot (signal)|overshoot]].

If it is much shorter, the oscilloscope may be prone to aliasing from radio frequency interference, but this can be removed by repeatedly sampling a repetitive signal and averaging the results together. If the relationship between the 'trigger' time and the sample clock can be controlled with greater accuracy than the sampling time, then it is possible to make a measurement of a repetitive waveform with much higher temporal resolution than the sample period by [[upsampling]] each record before averaging. In this case the temporal uncertainty may be limited by clock [[jitter]].

== References ==
((Reflist|2))

[[Category:Concepts in physics]]
[[Category:Measurement]]
[[Category:Computer data storage]]
[[Category:Computing terminology]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:Electronics]]

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