Tex Willer
Publication information
Publisher	Sergio Bonelli Editore
First appearance	(vol. 1) #15 (September 1948)
Created by	Gian Luigi Bonelli Aurelio Galleppini
In-story information
Notable aliases	Aquila della Notte (Eagle of the Night)

Tex Willer is the main fictional character of the Italian comics series Tex, created by writer Gian Luigi Bonelli and illustrator Aurelio Galleppini, and first published in Italy on 30 September 1948. It is among the most popular characters of Italian comics, with translations to numerous languages all around the world. The fan base in Brazil is especially large, but it is very popular also in Finland, Norway, Greece, Turkey, Croatia, France, India, Serbia, Bosnia, Israel and Spain.^[1] Issues have also been published in the United Kingdom and the United States.

The Tex series is an Italian-made interpretation of the American Old West, inspired by the classical characters and stories of old American Western movies, and occasionally by American history. The author took inspiration from Sardinia, where he grew up as a kid.

Tex is depicted as a tough man with a strong personal sense of justice, who becomes a Texas ranger (even if living in Arizona) and defends Native Americans and any other honest character from exaction and greed of bandits, unscrupulous merchants and corrupt politicians and tycoons.

Native Americans are portrayed in a complex way, emphasizing positive and negative aspects of their culture. The same can be said of the American authorities, like the U.S. Army, the politicians, the business-men, the sheriffs or the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tex had a son, named Kit (who became a ranger too), with a Native American woman, named Lilyth, the daughter of a Navajo Chief; Lilyth died of smallpox early in the series, but remain a recurring character in flashbacks. Later, Tex himself went on to become the Chief of the Navajo tribe.

Tex is not only featured in a monthly comic book series, but also in a special series called Tex Albo Speciale (sometimes called Texone, meaning 'big Tex', because of their bigger size). The Texone have around 240 pages and some artists known outside the Tex universe have been involved, like Jordi Bernet, Joe Kubert and Ivo Milazzo.

Fictional character background

Tex Willer's first adventure appeared on 30 September 1948, as a comic strip. The "first" Tex is an unwillingly outlaw with a strong code of honour: he kills only for self-defence. Almost immediately, however, Tex becomes a ranger. Thanks to the marriage with the beautiful Navajo girl Lilyth, he becomes Chief of the Navajos, known as Aquila della Notte (Eagle of the Night), and a defender of Native American rights. He also becomes the respected Indian agent of the Navajo tribe. Tough, loyal, infallible with guns, enemy of prejudice and discrimination, Tex is very quick and smart, and has a marked disregard for strict rules; on the other side, he has no pity for criminals, of every race and census, nor regard for their rights, if they do not immediately cooperate with the law.

Tex's closest friend in almost every adventure, since he became a ranger, is Kit Carson, loosely inspired by the historic figure of the same name. A main role has been held by Tex Willer's son, Kit Willer, and by the Navajo warrior Tiger Jack; though importance of last two has been diminishing in recent stories. Other recurring characters include El Morisco (a kind of warlock-scientist of Egyptian origin, living in the north-east of Mexico), the Mexican Montales (originally a bandido that fought against a corrupted government, and after a successful politician), the Canadian trapper Gros-Jean, the Irish boxer Pat Mac Ryan, the Mounties Colonel Jim Brandon, San Francisco Police Department Captain Tom Devlin, the Apache chief Cochise, and the Navajo wizard Nuvola Rossa (Red Cloud).

Tex Willer's nemesis is Mefisto, an evil magician and illusionist. Other enemies include Yama (Mefisto's son), The Black Tiger (a Malay prince who hates the white race and wants its annihilation in the United States), and Proteus (able to shapeshift his own face, and impersonate other people).

During the American Civil War Tex fought for the Union, although his home state, Texas, sided with the Confederacy. He participated in the battle of Glorieta Pass and briefly served in the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry.

Characters

Main characters

• Tex Willer, the protagonist, Texas ranger, chief of the Navajo tribe and also the Bureau of Indian Affairs agent of the Navajo Reservation (Tex Willer is modeled after actor Gary Cooper).
• Kit Carson, Tex's best friend and mentor as a ranger, loosely based on the historical Kit Carson. He is older than Tex (his real age is never revealed, but he's described and drawn as being around 55 years old) and a well-known, brave frontiersman, respected both by Americans and Native Americans — the latter know him by the name Capelli d'Argento (Silver Hair) because of his grey hair. He has a lifelong experience as explorer and pioneer of the Western frontier, but he travelled nearly the whole U.S. territory and has a deep knowledge of its Native people and geography, which made him a sort of living legend. He, as a former military man, is also the tactically most skilled among the main characters.
• Kit Willer, Tex's son, named after his godfather Kit Carson. He is around 25 years old. He was born in the Navajo village where Tex resides and his father sent him to a Christian mission near the Navajo reserve. Initially, Tex wanted him to attend a military academy, but as Kit wanted to live freely among the Natives, Tex and Tiger Jack taught him the frontier's life and how to deal with guns and outlaws. Later, Kit became a Texas ranger himself. He is young and sometimes reckless, but also the most learned among the characters: for example, he once recognized the Greek 'pi' (π) used by a criminal as his sign and connected it to the name of the Greek god Proteus.
• Tiger Jack, the most respected Navajo warrior and the second-in-command of the Navajo people, after Tex. He is a brave warrior, proud of his origins and faithful to the Navajo people's traditions and culture. He is the greyest of the main characters: he is the only one who, in the entire series (supplements included), knowingly opened fire towards an unarmed enemy, and it has repeatedly been implied that he would torture or kill women if needed — something nor Tex, nor Kit Carson, not Kit Willer would do.

Recurring friends and allies

• Montales, former Mexican bandido and current governor of the state of Chihuahua and vice-president of Mexico
• El Morisco (Ahmed Jamal), a warlock, scientist, naturalist and doctor from Memphis, Egypt, who lives in Pilares, Mexico
• Gros-Jean, Canadian metis, former outlaw and current trapper working in Canada
• Jim Brandon, Colonel of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Canada
• Cochise, chief of the Apache Chiricahua tribe
• Tom Devlin, Police captain in San Francisco, California
• Pat MacRyan, an Irish boxer
• Lefty Potrero, owner of a gym and health club in San Francisco
• Nat MacKennet, sheriff in New Orleans
• Ely Parker, head of the Federal Commission on Indian Affairs from 1869 to 1871
• Ulysses S. Grant, General of the US Army and President of the United States from 1869 to 1877
• Nuvola Rossa (Red Cloud), a Navajo shaman
• Lilyth, Tex's deceased Navajo wife and Kit's mother
• Lena and her daughter Donna Parker: Lena is a former singer in the saloon of Bannock, Montana, who now runs an inn in Heaven, Nevada; she is a former love interest to Kit Carson and it is implied that her daughter Donna — who she raised alone for twenty years — may in fact be Kit Carson's daughter. Donna Parker, on her hand, is a love interest to Kit Willer.

Main enemies or recurring

• La Mano Rossa (The Red Hand), a criminal cartel of five people, the first enemies faced by Tex
• Fred Brennan and Jim Teller, two Arizonian businessmen who used to sell guns and whiskey to Navajos; seeking revenge upon Tex for having taken down their business, they sent smallpox-infected blankets to the Navajo village, killing tens of people. As Tex himself was absent from the village with his young son Kit, the two Willers avoided the infection, but the disease killed Lilyth, Tex's wife.
• Mefisto (Steve Dickart), a powerful and evil warlock and illusionist, Tex's nemesis
• Yama (Blacky Dickart), a powerful warlock, the son of Mefisto. Seen four times so far
• Proteus (Perry Drayton), a man who can camouflage himself and change appearance with ease
• El Muerto (Paco Ordoñez), a Mexican pistolero, one of three brothers, who were killed by Tex
• The Black Tiger (Prince Sumankan), a Malay prince from Borneo
• The Master (Andrew Liddell), a mad scientist and a chemical genius, who tried to blackmail the cities of San Francisco, New Orleans, and New York, under the menace of a lethal poison developed by himself
• Jack Thunder, a blind gunslinger who once led a group of psychotic killers to Heaven, where Lena and Donna Parker reside
• Zhenda, a Navajo witch, banished from the tribe by Tex because she used to drug young Navajos in order to subjugate their will
• The Arctic People, a mysterious, primitive and cannibalistic tribe of people who live in the Arctic circle; insofar, they are confirmed to live in Alaska and in the northern territories of Canada

Authors

Illustrators

Foreign versions

In Argentina, Tex was published in the 1950s by Editorial Abril in his weekly magazine Rayo Rojo, with the name of Colt Miller.

In Brazil, Tex has been published uninterruptedly since 1971. Currently, it is being published by Mythos Editora.^[2]

In Finland, Tex Willer was published in 1953–1965. After a break of five years, Tex Willer has been published continuously since 1971. The series is still popular and 16 numbers are published a year. ^{[3] [4]}

In Greece, Tex was published in the 1970s, 1980s and 2010s under three different titles.

In India, Tex was published in the 1980s by the South Indian Tamil Comics publisher, Lion comics. The series is regularly being published in Lion Comics, due to its wide popularity among the generations.^[5]

In Israel, Tex was published in the 1970s, reprinted several times since in limited editions, the latest one in 2007.

In Norway, Tex Willer has also run continuously since 1971, with from 11 to 17 numbers (each on 114 pages) issued a year.

In former Yugoslavia, Tex was published in the late 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s, and was very popular among other Bonelli characters such as Zagor. In the 1990s after the break-up of Yugoslavia Tex Willer starts publishing in Croatia ^[6] Serbia^[7] and Slovenia.^[8]

In Turkey, Tex was published by a large number of publishers and it is still being published in irregular hardcover book formats. Ceylan Yayınları (1961 - 1969) (1978 - 1986), Zuhal Yayınları (1970 - 1978), Inter, Alfa Yayıncılık (1991), Galaksi Yayıncılık, Doğan/Egmont (AD, DE - 1996), Aksoy Yayınları (2000), Maceraperest (200? - ), Oğlak Yayınları are the numerous publishers who made Tex hundreds of thousands of fans in Turkish language.[1]

In the United Kingdom, fourteen Tex Willer albums were published monthly since 1971 by Top Sellers Ltd.^[9]

In the United States, Tex Willer appeared in an original book called The Four Killers, later published as Tex: The Lonesome Rider, written by Claudio Nizzi and illustrated by American comic artist Joe Kubert; it was published by Dark Horse Comics and Strip Art Features. Additional issues were also published in the USA by Epicenter Comics, with the stories and graphic novels Tex: Patagonia in 2017, Tex: The Magnificent Outlaw, Tex: In the Land of the Seminoles and the Zagor crossover Tex & Zagor: Bandera in 2022, and Tex: Captain Jack in 2023.^[10]

Other media

Attempts had been made to adapt Tex into a film in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Italy.^[11] The film was eventually made in 1985 by director Duccio Tessari as Tex and the Lord of the Deep.^[12] The film was adapted from three Tex comics: El Morisco, Sierra Encantada and Il signore dell'abisso.^[13] The film was intended as a pilot for a television series, but poor critical and box office reception of the film led to no television series being produced.^[14][15]

In 1993 several Tex computer games (thirteen known ones) were released for the Amiga and IBM PC compatibles by Italian published Simulmondo. These games were only officially released in Italy and only had Italian text, which has made them quite rare and collectable by today.