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((Short description|Period when temperature rises after cold weather))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=October 2006))
((globalize||US|date=December 2022))
))
[[File:Thawing of snow on a pond in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (2023).jpg|thumb|Thawing of snow on a pond in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (2023)]]
[[File:Tauwetter.jpg|thumb|Thaw]]
'''Thaw''' is the period when the [[snow]] and [[ice]] [[melting|melt]], at the end of the winter, in [[Cold climate (disambiguation)|cold climates]].

== January thaw ==
'''January thaw''' is a term applied to a [[wikt:thaw|thaw]] or rise in temperature in mid-winter found in mid-[[latitude]] [[North America]].

[[Sine wave|Sinusoid]]al estimates of [[mean|expected]] temperatures, for northern locales, usually place the lowest temperatures around January 23 and the highest around July 24, and provide fairly accurate estimates of temperature expectations. Actual average temperatures in North America usually significantly differ twice over the course of the year

* Mid-autumn temperatures tend to be warmer than predicted by the [[sinusoidal model]], creating the impression of extended summer warmth known as [[Indian summer]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/glossary.php?word=indian+summer|title=NOAA Glossary|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=))</ref>  ((Citation needed|date=February 2017))
* For five days around January 25, temperatures are usually significantly warmer than predicted by the sinusoidal estimate, and also warmer than neighboring temperatures on both sides. ((Citation needed|date=January 2011))

During this "thaw" period, usually lasting for about a week, temperatures are generally about 6&nbsp;°C (10&nbsp;°F) above normal.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.farmersalmanac.com/what-is-a-january-thaw-10671|title=What Is A January Thaw?|date=2010-01-25|website=Farmers’ Almanac|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15))</ref> This varies from year to year, and temperatures fluctuate enough that such a rise in late-January temperature would be unremarkable; what is remarkable (and unexplained) is the tendency for such rises to occur more commonly in late January than in mid-January or early February, which sinusoidal estimates have to be slightly warmer.

In some regions (such as northern [[Canada]]) this phenomenon will not be manifest as a "thaw" in the technical sense, since temperatures will remain below freezing.

The January thaw is believed to be a weather [[singularity (climate)|singularity]]. A possible physical mechanism for such phenomena was offered in the 1950s by [[Edward George Bowen|E.G. Bowen]]: he suggested that some "calendaricities" (as he called them) might be explicable in terms of meteoric particles from cometary orbits acting as ice nuclei in terrestrial clouds;<ref name="Bowen">((Cite journal|title=The influence of meteoric dust on rainfall|journal=Australian Journal of Physics|year=1953|volume=6|pages=490–497|author=Bowen, E.G.|issue=4|doi=10.1071/ph530490|bibcode = 1953AuJPh...6..490B |doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|title=The relation between rainfall and meteor showers|journal=Journal of Meteorology|year=1956|volume=13|pages=142–151|author=Bowen, E.G.|issue=2|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1956)013<0142:trbram>2.0.co;2|bibcode = 1956JAtS...13..142B |doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|title=A relation between meteor showers and the rainfall of November and December|journal=Tellus|year=1956|volume=8|pages=394–402|author=Bowen, E.G.|issue=3|bibcode = 1956Tell....8..394B|doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01237.x))</ref> his theory then received some support from several sources.<ref>((Cite journal|title=Meteor Streams and Rainfall|journal=1980 Yearbook of Astronomy|publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson, London|year=1979|pages=144–154|author=McNaughton, D.L.|isbn=0-283-98565-8|url=http://DLMcN.com/metrain.html))</ref> However, Bowen's ideas later fell out of favour with the development of atmospheric dynamic modelling techniques, although one of his rainfall peaks does seem to correspond with the date of the January thaw.<ref name="Bowen"/><ref>((Cite journal|title=Singularities in daily rainfall|journal=Australian Journal of Physics|year=1962|volume=15|pages=301–326|author=O'Mahoney, G.|issue=3|bibcode = 1962AuJPh..15..301O |doi = 10.1071/PH620301 |doi-access=free))</ref>

Data analysis has not found statistically significant support for the supposed January thaw.<ref>((Cite journal|title=Is the January Thaw a Statistical Phantom?|journal=Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.|year=2002|volume=83|pages=53–62|author=Godfrey, C.M., Wilks, D.S., & Schultz, D.M.|issue=1 |url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schultz/thaw/thaw.html|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0053:itjtas>2.3.co;2|bibcode = 2002BAMS...83...53G |doi-access=free))</ref> The authors of this study state that "the effects of sampling in finite climate records are wholly adequate to account for the existence of January thaw 'features' in northeastern U.S. temperature data."

==See also==
*[[Chinook wind]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((wiktionary|thaw))
*[http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/arc2002/alm02jan2.htm "January Thaw: Winter Cold Relief"]
*[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/january-thaw "January Thaw"] ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''

((Authority control))

[[Category:Weather lore]]
[[Category:Winter phenomena]]
[[Category:Snow]]

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