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((short description|1858 poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow))
((italic title))
((for|the silent film|The Courtship of Miles Standish (1923 film)))

[[File:Courtship of Miles Standish a Plymouth Pilgrim.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from ''The Courtship of Miles Standish'', showing Standish looking upon Alden and Mullins during the bridal procession]]
'''''The Courtship of Miles Standish''''' is an 1858 [[narrative poem]] by American poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] about the early days of [[Plymouth Colony]], the colonial settlement established in America by the [[Mayflower Pilgrims|''Mayflower'' Pilgrims]].

==Overview==
((refimprove section|date=February 2017))
((original research|section|date=February 2017))
[[File:The courtship of Miles Standish (1903) (14776920651).jpg|thumb|left|<!-- John Alden ??? and --> Priscilla Mullins, illustration from a 1903 printing]]

''The Courtship of Miles Standish'' is set in the year 1621 against the backdrop of a fierce Indian war and focuses on a [[love triangle]] among three [[Pilgrim Fathers|Mayflower passengers]]: [[Miles Standish]], [[Priscilla Alden|Priscilla Mullins]], and [[John Alden]]. Longfellow said that the story was true, but the historical evidence is inconclusive.

The poem was a literary counterpoint to Longfellow's earlier ''[[Evangeline]]'' (1847), the tragic tale of a woman whose lover disappears during the deportation of the Acadian people in 1755. Together, ''Evangeline'' and ''The Courtship of Miles Standish'' captured the bittersweet quality of America's colonial era. However, the plot of ''The Courtship of Miles Standish'' deliberately varies in emotional tone, unlike the steady tragedy of Longfellow's ''Evangeline''. The Pilgrims grimly battle against disease and Indians, but are also obsessed with an eccentric love triangle, creating a curious mix of drama and comedy.  Bumbling, feuding roommates Miles Standish and John Alden vie for the affections of the beautiful Priscilla Mullins, who slyly tweaks the noses of her undiplomatic suitors.  The independent-minded woman utters the famous retort, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John?" The saga has a surprise ending, one full of optimism for the American future.

==Fictionalized history==
A debate persists as to whether the tale is fact or fiction. Main characters Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins are based upon real ''Mayflower'' passengers. Longfellow was a descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins through his mother Zilpah Wadsworth<ref>Wagenknecht, Edward. ''Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 3.</ref> and he claimed that he was relating oral history.((citation needed|date=April 2019)) Skeptics dismiss his narrative as a folktale. At minimum, Longfellow used [[poetic license]], condensing several years of events. Scholars have confirmed the cherished place of [[romantic love]] in Pilgrim culture,<ref>((cite book| first= Bruce C. |last= Daniels |title= Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Early New England |year= 1995 | publisher= Palgrave Macmillan | isbn= 0312125003 ))</ref> and have documented the Indian war described by Longfellow.<ref name="Philbrick 2006">((cite book |first= Nathaniel |last= Philbrick |title= Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War |year= 2006 |publisher= Penguin |isbn= 0670037605 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/mayflowerstoryof00phil ))</ref> Miles Standish and John Alden were likely roommates in Plymouth;<ref>((cite book| first= John A. |last= Goodwin |title= The Pilgrim Republic| url= https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublic01goodgoog | publisher= Houghton Mifflin |year= 1888 |edition= 1920))</ref> Priscilla Mullins was the only single woman of marriageable age in the young colony at that time and did in fact marry Alden.<ref name="Philbrick 2006" /> Standish's first wife, Rose Handley, died aboard the Mayflower in January 1621.<ref>William T. Davis, Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth, The Pilgrim Society, Boston, 1883.</ref> Two years later, Standish married a woman named Barbara in Plymouth in 1623. The Standish and Alden families both moved from Plymouth to adjacent [[Duxbury, Massachusetts|Duxbury]], Massachusetts in the late 1620s, where they lived in close proximity, intermarried, and remained close for several generations.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006.</ref> Upon his death in 1656, Standish's widow, Barbara, appointed John Alden to take inventory of Standish's estate.<ref>The Inventory of Miles Standish, deceased, 2 December, 1656, exhibited to the Plymouth Court, 4 May 1657.</ref>

==Composition and publication history==
The first reference to the poem recorded in Longfellow's journal is dated December 29, 1857, where the project is referred to as "Priscilla". By March 1 the next year, it was renamed ''The Courtship of Miles Standish''.<ref name=Wms1964>Williams, Cecil B. ''Henry Wadsworth Longfellow'', New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964.</ref>((rp|88))

The ballad was very popular in nineteenth-century America. It was published in book form on October 16, 1858,<ref name=Wms1964 />((rp|89)) and it sold 25,000 copies after two months.<ref>Blake, David Haven. ''Walt Whitman and the Culture of American Celebrity''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006: 73. ((ISBN|0-300-11017-0))</ref> Reportedly, 10,000 copies were sold in London in a single day.<ref>Brooks, Van Wyck. ''The Flowering of New England''. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1952: 523.</ref>

Standish is memorialized in a low relief sculpture of six characters from Longfellow's epic poems executed by [[Daniel Chester French]] and installed at Longfellow Park, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, located in front of [[Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site|Longfellow's former home]], now a U.S. National Historic Site maintained by the National Park Service.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/long/index.htm|title = Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.yeodoug.com/resources/dc_french/longfellow/dcfrench_longfellow.html|title=Daniel Chester French: The Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial))</ref>

==Poetic meter==
''Courtship of Miles Standish'' is written in [[dactylic hexameter]], the same meter used in classical epic poetry such as [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'' and [[Vergil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]''. Longfellow used the same meter in his poem ''[[Evangeline]]''.

== Cultural references ==
The story of Standish, Alden, and Mullins is referenced in ''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]''.

A 1940 [[Merrie Melodies]] cartoon depicts their own version of the story in ''[[The Hardship of Miles Standish]]''. The [[Krazy Kat]] episode "The Pilgrim's Regress" depicts a comedic version of the story.

==See also==
*[[The Courtship of Miles Standish (1923 film)|''The Courtship of Miles Standish'' (1923 film)]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((wikisource))
*[https://archive.org/details/courtshipmiless07longgoog/page/n51 <!-- pg=1 --> ''The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems''], 1858 edition, at books.google.com.
((Gutenberg|no=1365|name=The Complete Poems of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)) &mdash; includes this poem.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081228144053/http://www.pilgrimhall.org/love%26leg.htm Plot summary and historic background]
* ((librivox book | title=The Courtship of Miles Standish | author=Henry Wadsworth LONGFELLOW))

((Henry Wadsworth Longfellow))
((Authority control))
((DEFAULTSORT:Courtship Of Miles Standish, The))
[[Category:1858 poems]]
[[Category:American poems]]
[[Category:Poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]
[[Category:Narrative poems]]
[[Category:Plymouth Colony]]
[[Category:Poems adapted into films]]

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