"The king is dead, long live the king!"[a] is a traditional proclamation made following the accession of a new monarch in various countries. The seemingly contradictory phrase simultaneously announces the death of the previous monarch and asserts continuity by saluting the new monarch.[1]
This phrase has become a popular phrasal template.[2][3][4][5] Given the memorable nature of the phrase (owing, in part, to epanalepsis), as well as its historic significance, the phrase crops up regularly as a headline for articles, editorials, or advertisements on themes of succession or replacement. Robert Cecil, one of the architects of the League of Nations, concluded his speech at the final session of the League of Nations with the statement: "The League is dead. Long live the United Nations."[6]
The original phrase was translated from the French: Le roi est mort, vive le roi!, which was first declared upon the accession to the French throne of Charles VII after the death of his father Charles VI in 1422.[7] In France the declaration was traditionally made by the Duke of Uzès, a senior peer of France, as soon as the coffin containing the remains of the previous king descended into the vault of the Basilica of Saint-Denis in northern Paris. The phrase arose from the law of le mort saisit le vif—that the transfer of sovereignty occurs instantaneously upon the moment of death of the previous monarch. "The King is dead" is the announcement of a monarch who has just died. "Long live The King!" refers to the heir who immediately succeeds to a throne upon the death of the preceding monarch.
At the time French was the primary language of the nobility in England, and the proclamation was quickly taken up as ideally representing the same tradition—which in England dates back to 1272, when Henry III died while his son, Edward I, was fighting in the Crusades. To avoid any chance of a war of succession erupting over the order of succession, the Royal Council proclaimed: "The throne shall never be empty; the country shall never be without a monarch." Thus, Edward was declared king immediately, and he reigned in absentia until news of his father's death reached him and he returned to England. Another example is among the French royalty. In France, Louis XV was the predecessor of Louis XVI. Upon Louis XV's death at around 11:00 pm on 10 May 1774, heir-apparent Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France, immediately became King Louis XVI of France.
In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided by using the idea of immediate transfer of power behind the phrase (i.e., the heir to the throne becomes the new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death). This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty, attached to a personal form of power named Auctoritas. This is not so in some other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for instance, kings were elected, which often led to relatively long interregna. During that time the Polish primate served as an interrex (ruler between kings). Ernst Kantorowicz's famous theory of the king's two bodies (1957) showed how auctoritas (Kantorowicz used the synonym term—here—of dignitas) was transferred from the defunct sovereign to the new one.
In the Kingdom of Thailand, to conclude the national televised address on 13 October 2016, regarding the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the Prime Minister proclaimed "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, is dead. Long live His Majesty the new King."[8] However, the royal succession in Thailand is not automatic, and Vajiralongkorn continued to function as the Crown Prince until his formal accession and proclamation ceremony on 1 December 2016.
In the United Kingdom and other realms which permit female succession to the throne, "king" can be replaced by "queen" where appropriate.
