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((Short description|German publisher and journalist (1852–1933)))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=May 2016))
((more footnotes|date=May 2016))
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((Use dmy dates|date=November 2021))
[[File:Theodor Fritsch 1.jpg|thumb|Theodor Fritsch about 1920]]
((Antisemitism))
'''Theodor Fritsch''' (born '''Emil Theodor Fritsche'''; 28 October 1852 – 8 September 1933) was a German publisher and [[journalist]]. His [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] writings did much to influence popular German opinion against [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jews]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His writings also appeared under the pen names Thomas Frey, Fritz Thor, and Ferdinand Roderich-Stoltheim.

He is not to be confused with his son, also Theodor Fritsch (1895–1946), likewise a bookseller and member of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]].

==Life==
Fritsch was born Emil Theodor Fritsche, the sixth of seven children to Johann Friedrich Fritsche, a farmer in the village of Wiesenena (present-day [[Wiedemar]]) in the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] province of [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]], and his wife August Wilhelmine, née Ohme. Four of his siblings died in childhood. He attended vocational school (''[[Realschule]]'') in [[Delitzsch]] where he learned casting and machine building. He then undertook study at the [[Technical University of Berlin|Royal Trade Academy]] (''Königliche Gewerbeakademie'') in [[Berlin]], graduating as a technician in 1875.

In the same year Fritsche found employment in a Berlin machine shop. He gained independence in 1879 through the founding of a technical bureau associated with a publishing firm. In 1880 he founded the ''Deutscher Müllerbund'' (Miller's League) which issued the publication ''Der Deutsche Müller'' (The German Miller). In 1905 he founded the "Saxon Small Business Association." He devoted himself to this organization and to the interests of crafts and small businesses (''[[Mittelstand]]''), as well as to the spread of antisemitic propaganda. When he changed his name to Fritsch is unclear.

===Publishing===
[[File:Deutsche Sieben - Antisemiten.JPG|thumb|"A German Seven", montage of portraits of German antisemites ((circa|1880/1881)). Centre: Otto Glagau, around him clockwise: Adolf König, [[Bernhard Förster]], [[Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg]], Theodor Fritsch, Paul Förster, and [[Otto Böckel]].]] 
Fritsch created an early discussion forum, "Antisemitic Correspondence" in 1885 for antisemites of various political persuasions. In 1887 he sent several editions to [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] but was brusquely dismissed. Nietzsche sent Fritsch a letter in which he thanked him to be permitted "to cast a glance at the muddle of principles that lie at the heart of this strange movement", but requested not to be sent again such writings, for he was afraid that he might lose his patience.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.consciencia.org/nietzsches-letters-1887 |title=Nietzsche's Letters: 1887 |website=www.consciencia.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230113158/http://www.consciencia.org/nietzsches-letters-1887 |archive-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead))</ref> Fritsch offered editorship to right-wing politician [[Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg]] in 1894, whereafter it became an organ for Sonnenberg's [[German Social Party (German Empire)|German Social Party]] under the name "German Social Articles." Fritsch' 1896 book ''The City of the Future'' became a blueprint of the German [[garden city movement]] which was adopted by ''[[Völkisch movement|Völkisch]] circles.

In 1902 Fritsch founded a [[Leipzig]] publishing house, ''Hammer-Verlag'', whose flagship publication was ''The Hammer: Pages for German Sense'' (1902–1940). The firm issued German translations of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' and ''[[The International Jew]]'' (collected writings of [[Henry Ford]] from ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]'') as well as many of Fritsch's own works. An inflammatory article published in 1910 earned him a charge of [[defamation]] of religious societies and disturbing the public peace. Fritsch was sentenced to one week in prison, and received another ten-day term in 1911.

===Political activities===
In 1890, Fritsch became, along with [[Otto Böckel]], a candidate of the [[German Reform Party]], founded by Böckel and Oswald Zimmermann, to the German [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]. He was not elected. The party was renamed German Reform Party in 1893, achieving sixteen seats. The party failed, however, to achieve significant public recognition. One of Fritsch's major goals was to unite all antisemitic political parties under a single banner; he wished for antisemitism to permeate the agenda of every German social and political organization. This effort proved largely to be a failure, as by 1890 there were over 190 various antisemitic parties in Germany. He also had a powerful rival for the leadership of the antisemites in Otto Böckel, with whom he had a strong personal rivalry.

In 1912 Fritsch founded the ''[[Reichshammerbund]]'' (Reich's Hammer League) as an antisemitic collective movement. He also established the secret ''[[Germanenorden]]'' in that year. Influenced by racist [[Ariosophy|Ariosophic]] theories, it was one of the first political groups to adopt the [[swastika]] symbol. Members of these groups formed the [[Thule Society]] in 1918, which eventually sponsored the creation of the [[Nazi Party]].

The ''Reichshammerbund'' was eventually folded into the ''[[Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund]]'' (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation), on whose advisory board Fritsch sat. He later became a member of the [[German Völkisch Freedom Party]] (DFVP). In the [[May 1924 German federal election|general election of May 1924]], Fritsch was elected to serve as a member of the [[National Socialist Freedom Movement]], a party formed in alliance with the DFVP by the Nazis as a legal means to election after the Nazi Party had been banned in the aftermath of the Munich [[Beer Hall Putsch]]. He only served until the next election in December, 1924.

In February 1927, Fritsch left the Völkisch Freedom Party in protest. He died shortly after the 1933 [[Nazi seizure of power]] at the age of 80 in Gautzsch (today part of [[Markkleeberg]]).

A memorial to Fritsch, described as "the first antisemitic memorial in Germany", was erected in [[Zehlendorf (Berlin)]] in 1935. The memorial was the idea of Zehlendorf's mayor, Walter Helfenstein (1890–1945), and the work of [[Arthur Wellmann]] (1885–1960). The memorial was melted down in 1943 to make armaments for the war.<ref>W. Benz, B. Mihok, et al. - ''Literatur, Film, Theater und Kunst'' Theodor-Fritsch Denkmal (Berlin, 1935-1943 (De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2014)</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://m.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/steglitz-zehlendorf/politik-des-hasses-zehlendorf-im-nationalsozialismus-das-erste-antisemitische-denkmal-deutschlands/9057034.html|title = Das "erste antisemitische Denkmal Deutschlands"| newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online ))</ref>

==Works==
A believer in the absolute superiority of the [[Aryan race]], Fritsch was upset by the changes brought on by rapid [[industrialization]] and [[urbanization]], and called for a return to the traditional peasant values and customs of the distant past, which he believed exemplified the essence of the ''[[Volk]]''.

In 1893, Fritsch published his most famous work, ''The Handbook of the Jewish Question'', which leveled a number of conspiratorial charges at European Jews and called upon Germans to refrain from intermingling with them. Vastly popular, the book was read by millions and was in its 49th edition by 1944 (330,000 copies). The ideas espoused by the work greatly influenced [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazis]] during their rise to power after [[World War I]].((citation needed|date=September 2014)) Fritsch also founded an anti-semitic journal – the ''Hammer'' – in 1902, and this became the basis of a movement, the [[Reichshammerbund]], in 1912.

Fritsch was an opponent of Albert Einstein's [[theory of relativity]].<ref>Pulzer, Peter. (1988). ''The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany & Austria''. Harvard University Press. p. 51</ref> He published ''Einsteins Truglehre'' (Einstein's Fraudulent Teachings) in 1921, under the pseudonym F. Roderich-Stoltheim (an anagram of his full name).<ref>Stachel, John J. (1987). ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: The Berlin Years: Writings, 1918-1921''. Princeton University Press. p. 121</ref>

Another work, ''The Riddle of the Jew's Success'', was published in English in 1927 under the pseudonym F. Roderich-Stoltheim.

==References==
<references />
* [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]], 1985: ''[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]]'', pp.&nbsp;123–126.

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/FritshTheodorAntisemitenKatechismus ''Antisemiten-Katechismus'' by Theodore Fritsch at archive.org]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Fritsch, Theodor))
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nordsachsen]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Saxony]]
[[Category:German Protestants]]
[[Category:German Reform Party politicians]]
[[Category:German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians]]
[[Category:National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Reichstag 1924]]
[[Category:German political scientists]]
[[Category:Relativity critics]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Germany]]

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