Theophan the Recluse | |
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| Born | January 10, 1815 Chernavsk, Oryol Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | January 6, 1894 (aged 78) Vysha Monastery, Russian Empire |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Canonized | 6 June 1988, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius by 1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, (Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow) |
| Feast | 29 June 19 January 23 January[1] |
Theophan the Recluse (Russian: Феофан Затворник, romanized: Feofan Zatvornik), also known as Theophanes the Recluse or the Enlightener Theophan the Recluse of Vysha (Russian: святитель Феофан Затворник Вышенский;[2] January 10, 1815 – January 6, 1894) was a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and theologian, recognized as a saint in 1988.
He is best known today through the books and letters he wrote concerning spiritual life, especially on the subjects of the Christian life and the training of youth in the faith. He also played an important role in translating the Philokalia from Church Slavonic into Russian. The Philokalia is a classic of Orthodox spirituality, composed of the collected works of a number of Church Fathers which were edited and placed in a four volume set in the 17th and 18th centuries. A persistent theme is developing an interior life of continuous prayer,[3] learning to "pray without ceasing" as St. Paul teaches in his first letter to the Thessalonians.
He was born on January 10, 1815, as Georgy Vasilievich Govorov (Russian: Георгий Васильевич Говоров), in the village of Chernavsk, in the Oryol Governorate of the Russian Empire. His father was a Russian Orthodox priest.
In 1823, he was sent to study at the Theological College in Livny. The moral and spiritual climate in the school was the most favorable. A capable, well-trained boy easily passed the course of the theological school and six years later (in 1829), among the best students, he was transferred to the Oryol Theological Seminary. At that time, Archimandrite Isidore (Nikolsky) was appointed rector of the seminary; the philosophical sciences were taught by Evfimy Ostromyslensky, the literature teacher was Hieromonk Platon (Gorodetsky), later Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galicia. Georgy Govorov studied at the seminary successfully. It was here that the young man first began to consciously work on himself. Already at this time, his characteristic feature was a love of seclusion. The seminary bulletin noted that he is distinguished by "a penchant for solitude; edifying in his treatment of comrades; sets an example of diligence and good morals; meek and silent." After graduating from the seminary, in 1837, as the best of the pupils of his course, he was sent to the Kyiv Theological Academy.
During his studies in Kyiv, events occurred that influenced the choice of Georgy Govorov's life path: in 1838, his mother died, and a year later, his father. On October 1, 1840, he submitted to the academic authorities a petition for monastic tonsure; on February 15, 1841, 26-year-old Georgy Govorov received monastic tonsure from the rector of the Kyiv Theological Academy, Archimandrite Jeremiah Solovyov with the name Theophanes in honor of the Theophanes the Confessor. On April 6 of the same year, on the day of his episcopal consecration, Jeremiah ordained him to the hierodeacon, and on July 1 of the same year to the hieromonk.
In 1841, Hieromonk Theophan was among the first to graduate from the Academy with a master's degree in theology for a course essay "Review of Sublaw Religion" (Обозрение подзаконной религии), which, among the best works, was sent to the Most Holy Synod, a permanent member of which Metropolitan Philaret Drozdov of Moscow indicated in his review: "This work contains so much information and considerations about the law of Moses that they serve as sufficient evidence of the knowledge of the writer, giving him the right to a master's degree." Immediately after graduating from the Academy, Theophan was appointed rector of the Kyiv-Sofia Theological College, where he began to teach Latin.
On December 7, 1842, he was appointed an inspector and teacher of psychology and logic at the Novgorod Theological Seminary. On December 18 of the same year he was confirmed in the degree of Master of Divinity.
On October 16, 1844, he was appointed teacher of the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy in the Department of Moral and Pastoral Theology. Since March 22, 1845, Hieromonk Theophan has been an assistant inspector of the Academy. On July 3, 1845, he was appointed a member of the committee to review the summaries of academic subjects taught at the seminary.
However, at this time he was already attracted to a solitary monastic life; in a letter to his spiritual father Jeremiah, who tonsured and ordained him, he wrote: "I am beginning to be burdened by my academic position to the point of unbearability. I would like to go to church, and sit there". On August 21, 1847, at his request, he was appointed a member of the Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem, headed by Archimandrite Porphyrius (Uspensky). In Jerusalem, Theophan learned iconography, studied Greek, French, Hebrew and Arabic. In Palestine, he became acquainted with the ancient asceticism of the Eastern monasteries, with the monuments of ascetic writing of the past centuries; engaged in the translation of the works of the holy fathers of the Philokalia. In addition, he became intimately acquainted with the non-Orthodox Christian beliefs, knowing both the strength and weakness of their propaganda. Theophan's works did not go unnoticed: on May 5, 1851, he was awarded the gold pectoral cross.
In 1853, the Crimean War began, and on May 3, 1854, the mission was withdrawn to Russia. The return took place through Western Europe: Theophan visited many cities, visited churches, museums, libraries, educational institutions; Archimandrite Porphyrius and Hieromonk Theophan had an audience with Pope Pius IX.
Upon his return to Russia, he was appointed a teacher of canon law at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy; on April 14, 1855, he was elevated to the rank of Archimandrite. In September of the same year, he was appointed rector of the Olonets Theological Seminary, which was located in the building of the Petrozavodsk Theological College; Archimandrite Theophan had to organize the construction of his own building for the seminary. At this time he was writing: "We don't have a seminary. By right of the strong, we live in a building bought for a school, and it is in an apartment. The seminary bursa is also in the apartment, which is very, very inconvenient". In October 1855, he was appointed a member of the Olonets Ecclesiastical Consistory. At the suggestion of Archbishop Arcadius (Fyodorov), he was appointed censor of the sermons of the Olonets diocese. At the seminary, he organized an anti-schismatic library.
Less than a year later, on May 21, 1856, he was appointed rector of the Russian embassy church in Constantinople (Ottoman Empire), as he was well acquainted with the Orthodox East. Theophan was charged with collecting information about the Greco-Bulgarian Schism that was brewing at that time. For his labors, on April 17, 1857, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree.
In May 1857, he was appointed rector of the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy. In addition to the rector's office, he was entrusted with overseeing the teaching of the Law of God in secular educational institutions of the St. Petersburg district; he was chairman of the committee at the Academy of Sciences for the publication of works of Byzantine historians, and since 1858 he was a chairman of the committee for the translation of Holy Scripture into Russian.
On May 29, 1859, Archimandrite Theophan was elected Bishop of Tambov and Shatsk, and on June 1, in the Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, he was consecrated bishop. On July 5, he took over the diocese. The Tambov diocese was one of the most extensive and populous: there were only 1,172 priests, 681 deacons, several hundred monastics; there were many sectarians and Old Believers among the population. Bishop Theophan paid special attention to preaching; he accompanied almost every service with a sermon. Bishop Theophan and the clergy were convinced "that preaching is his first, direct and sacred duty, and at the same time should be an internal need, if only to properly and consciously treat his high ministry". The Tambov male monastery of Our Lady of Kazan at the bishop's house became the center of preaching. In the Tambov Diocesan Gazette, Bishop Theophan published his homiletic treatise "How to compose a sermon", in which he pointed out the distinctive features of the sermon, gave practical advice on how to compose it, gave his own example: "the peculiarity of my sermons is that they are not composed […] These are written impromptu."
On July 22, 1863, Bishop Theophan was moved to the ancient Vladimir diocese. At the Diocese of Vladimir, which needed Orthodox missionary work, since there were many schismatics and sectarians here, Theophan's fame as a preacher finally strengthened. Of great importance was his "Instruction for Preaching the Word of God", published on November 27, 1864 in the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette; in the same year he sent Hieromonk Moses to Moscow to verify old printed books; in Vyazniki county he opened the "Epiphany Orthodox Brotherhood". In 1865, a women's diocesan school was opened under his care. For his archpastoral activity, on April 19, 1864, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.
The petition for his retirement was granted on June 17, 1866, with his appointment as rector in the Vysha Hermitage in the Tambov Governorate. But already on September 19, at his request, he was dismissed from the management of the monastery. While living in Vysha, he read and wrote a lot.
In his later years, he suffered from rheumatism, neuralgia, cardiac arrhythmia and dizziness, as well as progressive cataracts, as a result of which he became blind in his right eye in 1888.
Theophan the Recluse died on January 6, 1894, and lay in state for three days in his church. Even after that length of time there was no sign of decay in his unembalmed body. He was buried in the Kazan church of the Vysha Monastery.[4]
The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It was originally written in response to Theophan's encounter with a young woman. While at a ball, this upper class Moscow woman began having irrational thoughts about the meaning of life and the immortality of man. After contacting Theophan, the two began corresponding through letters, the lady writing on her spiritual difficulties and Theophan responding with spiritual advice. This correspondence had a significant impact on the woman; she later became a nun.[5] The Saint Herman Press, the publisher of the illustrated edition of The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned to It, notes that it was of great importance to Theophan that the young woman should "be able to keenly hear the right 'tone' of spiritual life".[6]
Theophan was canonized by the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of 1988. The act of canonization declared that his "deep theological understanding of the Christian teaching, as well as its performance in practice, and, as a consequence of this, the loftiness and holiness of the life of the sviatitel' allow for his writings to be regarded as a development of the teaching of the Holy Fathers, preserving the same Orthodox purity and Divine enlightenment." His feast day is celebrated January 6 or January 10.
