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((Short description|Laboratory apparatus used to determine melting point))
((More citations needed|date=December 2022))
[[Image:Thiele Tube V3.png|thumb|150px|right|Drawing of a Thiele tube with red arrows showing convection current]]
[[File:Thiele Tube.jpg|thumb|A photograph of a Thiele tube. The oil level is a little low now to compensate for expansion when heating commences.]]

The '''Thiele tube''', named after the German chemist [[Johannes Thiele (chemist)|Johannes Thiele]], is a [[laboratory glassware]] designed to contain and [[heat]] an [[oil bath]]. Such a setup is commonly used in the determination of the [[melting point]] or [[boiling point]] of a [[Chemical substance|substance]]. The apparatus resembles a glass [[test tube]] with an attached handle.

== Operation ==
Oil is poured into the tube, and then the "handle" is heated, either by a small flame or some other heating element.  The shape of the Thiele tube allows for formation of [[convection]] currents in the oil when it is  heated.  These currents maintain a fairly uniform temperature  distribution throughout the oil in the tube.  The side arm of the tube is designed  to generate these convection  currents and thus transfer the heat  from the flame evenly and rapidly throughout the heating  oil.  The sample, packed in a capillary tube, is  attached  to the thermometer, and held by means of a rubber band or a small slice of  rubber tubing. The Thiele tube is usually heated using a microburner with a small flame.

== Melting point determination ==
A sample in a sealed capillary, attached to a [[thermometer]] with a rubber band, is immersed in the tube. Heating is commenced, and the temperature ranges at which the sample melts can then be observed. During heating, the point at which melting is observed and the temperature constant is the melting point of the sample.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/meltingpoint.pdf |title=Melting point determination |date=2013-09-23 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=[[University of Calgary]] |last=Hunt |first=Ian R. |format=PDF))</ref> A more modern method uses dedicated equipment, known as a [[melting point apparatus]]. A slow heating rate  at the melting point is needed in order to get an accurate measurement.  Record the temperature on the thermometer when the sample starts to melt and  record the temperature again when all of the sample has melted (this gives you the melting point range, which is what is usually quoted in chemical literature).

== Boiling point determination ==
((main|Siwoloboff method))
A Thiele tube can be used to measure the boiling point of a liquid by the Siwoloboff method. A sample in a [[fusion tube]] is attached to a thermometer with a rubber band, and immersed in the tube. A sealed capillary, open end pointing down, is placed in the fusion tube. The Thiele tube is heated; dissolved gases evolve from the sample first. Once the sample starts to boil, heating is stopped, and the temperature starts to fall. The temperature at which the liquid sample is sucked into the sealed capillary is the boiling point of the sample.<ref>((cite journal| title = Ueber die Siedepunktbestimmung kleiner Mengen Flüssigkeiten| trans-title = About determining the boiling point of small amounts of liquids| date = 1886| last1 = Siwoloboff| first1 = A.| journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 795–796| doi = 10.1002/cber.188601901181| url = https://archive.org/download/crossref-pre-1909-scholarly-works/10.1002%252Fcber.188501802220.zip/10.1002%252Fcber.188601901181.pdf))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/boilingpoint.pdf |title=Micro-boiling point measurement |date=2021-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=[[University of Calgary]] |last=Hunt |first=Ian R. ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals |url=https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/1948145.pdf |access-date=2023-10-22))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/06%3A_Miscellaneous_Techniques/6.02%3A_Boiling_Point/6.2B%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Boiling_Point_Determination |title=Step-by-Step Procedures for Boiling Point Determination |date=2022-05-05 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=LibreTexts|last=Nichols |first=Lisa ))</ref>

== References ==
((reflist))

((Laboratory equipment))
((Analytical chemistry))

((DEFAULTSORT:Thiele Tube))
[[Category:Laboratory glassware]]

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