You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.244.194. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Irish-American soldier in the Continental Army; executed for treason))
((Infobox military person
| name          = Thomas Hickey
| birth_place   = [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date    = ((Death date|1776|06|28))
| death_place = [[Bowery]], [[New York City]]
| allegiance    = ((flag|Kingdom of Great Britain)) (pre-1765)<br/>((Flag|United States|1776)) (post-1765)
| branch        = ((army|Kingdom of Great Britain))<br/>((flagicon image|Gadsden flag.svg)) [[Continental Army]]
| commands      = [[Commander-in-Chief's Guard]]
| battles       = [[Seven Years' War]]<br/>[[American Revolutionary War]]
* ))

'''Thomas Hickey''' (died June 28, 1776) was a [[Continental Army]] soldier in the [[American Revolutionary War]], and the first person to be executed by the Continental Army for "mutiny, sedition, and treachery".

Born in Ireland, Hickey came to America as a soldier in the [[British Army]] and fought as a [[Batman (military)|combat field servant]] to Major General [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]] in the [[Seven Years' War]].  He later joined the Patriot cause when the [[American Revolution]] broke out, and became part of the [[Commander-in-Chief's Guard|Life Guard]], which protected General [[George Washington]], his staff, and the Continental Army's payroll. Hickey was briefly jailed for passing counterfeit money; during this incarceration, he told another prisoner he was part of a conspiracy. He was later tried and executed for [[mutiny]] and [[sedition]] against the Continental Army.  Plausible, but unverified, reports suggest that he may have been involved in an assassination plot against Washington in 1776.

Washington made a general announcement:

<blockquote>The unhappy fate of Thomas Hickey, executed this day for mutiny, sedition, and treachery, the General hopes will be a warning to every soldier in the Army to avoid those crimes, and all others, so disgraceful to the character of a soldier, and pernicious to his country, whose pay he receives and bread he eats. And in order to avoid those crimes, the most certain method is to keep out of the temptation of them, and particularly to avoid lewd women, who, by the dying confession of this poor criminal, first led him into practices which ended in an untimely and ignominious death.<ref>Washington's general order, June 28, 1776 in ((cite book|author=Lawrence J. Morris|title=Military Justice: A Guide to the Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SERsEA9uHtUC&pg=PA15|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=15|isbn=9780275993665))</ref></blockquote>

==Conspiracy==
((more citations needed section|date=June 2013))
In April 1776, after the conclusion of the [[Boston campaign]], General Washington and the Continental Army marched to [[New York City]] and prepared for an anticipated assault on the city by the British Army. The [[List of colonial governors of New York|Royal Governor of New York]], [[William Tryon]], had been driven out of the city by revolutionary forces and was compelled to seek refuge on a ship in New York Harbor. Nevertheless, the city had many [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] residents who favored the British side.

Thomas Hickey was a private in the [[Commander-in-Chief's Guard]], a unit formed on March 12, 1776, to protect George Washington, his official papers, and the Continental Army's cash. That spring, Hickey and another soldier were arrested for passing [[counterfeit money]]. While incarcerated in [[Bridewell (New York City jail)|Bridewell prison]], Hickey revealed to another prisoner, Isaac Ketchum, (possibly overheard by two others, Isaac and Israel Youngs) that he was part of a wider conspiracy of soldiers who were prepared to defect to the British once the expected invasion came.<ref>Freeman, Douglas S. ''George Washington: A Biography''. 7 vols. New York: Scribners, 1948–57, 4:119.</ref>

Arrested by civilian authorities, Hickey was turned over to the Continental Army for trial. He was [[court-martial]]ed and found guilty of mutiny and sedition. He was [[hanging|hanged]] on June 28, 1776, at the corner of [[Chrystie Street|Chrystie]] and Grand Streets before a crowd of 20,000 spectators in New York. Hickey was the only person put on trial for the conspiracy. During the trial, [[David Mathews]], the [[Mayor of New York City]] and a Loyalist, was accused of funding the operation to bribe soldiers to join the British. Although the charge was never proven, Mathews and 12 others were briefly imprisoned. The initial plan was alleged to include plans to kidnap Washington, assassinate his officers, and blow up the Continental Army's ammunition magazines. These rumors greatly damaged the reputation of Loyalists throughout the nascent United States.<ref>((cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/17/plot-assassinate-george-washington-how-it-was-foiled/ |title= The plot to assassinate George Washington — and how it was foiled |author= Gillian Brockell |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date= February 17, 2019 |accessdate= August 2, 2020))</ref>

===Military rank===
In the transcript of ''Court Martial for the Trial of Thomas Hickey and Others'' on June 26, 1776, Hickey is referred to as a "private sentinel" in Washington's Life Guards, under the command of "Maj. Gibbs". There is reason to suspect this transcript is a copy made shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War when many official papers were being copied for preservation. In Harry Ward's ''George Washington's Enforcers'' (2006), he gives Hickey's rank as sergeant, and notes that Captain [[Caleb Gibbs]] was not promoted to major until June 29, 1778, two years after Hickey's trial.<ref>Ward, Harry M. ''George Washington's Enforcers: Policing the Continental Army''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001. Chapt. 5, "Washington's Life Guard". p. 60.</ref> When enlisted soldiers are convicted, it is normal for their punishment to include a reduction to the lowest rank, private. A postwar transcript would explain why Hickey is listed at his lowest rank and Gibbs is identified at his highest rank.((Citation needed|date=July 2013))

==Assassination plot==

[[File:Richmond Hill Mansion crop.jpeg|thumb|Richmond Hill (built ((circa|1760)), demolished 1849)]]
Washington's headquarters from May to June 1776 was at [[Richmond Hill (Manhattan)|Richmond Hill]], a suburban villa outside the city. [[Samuel Fraunces]], a tavern keeper whose establishment was about two miles away, provided meals for the general and his officers. Washington hired a housekeeper, a 72-year-old widow named Elizabeth Thompson, who worked at Richmond Hill from June 1776 to December 1781.<ref>''Papers of George Washington. Revolutionary War Series, Volume 5'', ed. Philander D. Chase [Charlottesville; London: University Press of Virginia, 1993], p. 132n((clarify|date=March 2018|reason=Typo?)).</ref><ref>In a 1783 letter to his aide, Washington asks to be remembered to Samuel Fraunces, and writes: "Pray let me know whether old Mrs. Thompson (our former Housekeeper) is in Town or not." Gen. Washington to Lt. Col. William Stephens Smith, June 18, 1783, in ''Writings of George Washington 27 (June 1783-November 1784)'', John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. (1931-44), p. 22. [https://archive.today/20120709075627/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WasFi27.xml&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=24&division=div1]</ref>

Although Hickey was jailed for passing counterfeit money, and then charged with sedition and conspiracy while in prison, [[William Spohn Baker]], a late 19th-century Washingtonian, believed that the real reason for his execution was involvement in a plot to kill or kidnap Washington:

<blockquote>Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's Guard, was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to death, being found implicated in a plot to murder the American general officers on the arrival of the British, or at best to capture Washington and deliver him to Sir [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]]. The plot had been traced to Governor Tryon, the mayor ([[David Mathews]]) having been a principal agent between him and the persons concerned in it.<ref>William Spohn Baker, ''Itinerary of General Washington from June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783'' (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1892), p. 41.</ref></blockquote>

Baker was wrong about the specific crimes of which Hickey was convicted, but in 1776 there was a real rumor of an assassination plot:

((Quote|[June 24, 1776.] A most infernal plot has lately been discovered here, which, had it been put into execution, would have made America tremble, and been as fatal a stroke to us, this Country, as [[Gunpowder Plot|Gun Powder Treason]] would to England, had it succeeded. The hellish conspirators were a number of Tories (the Mayor of ye City among them) and three of General Washington's Life Guards. The plan was to kill Generals Washington and Putnam, and as many other Commanding Officers as possible.<ref>
[[Solomon Drowne|Dr. Solomon Drowne]] to his sister Sally Drowne, New York, June 24, 1776; quoted in Henry Russell Drowne, ''A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History'' (New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), p. 8.</ref>

[July 13, 1776.] I suppose you have heard of ye execution of one of the General's Guards, concerned in ye hellish plot, discovered here some time past. There was a vast concourse of people to see ye poor fellow hanged.<ref>[[Solomon Drowne|Dr.Solomon Drowne]] to his brother William Drowne, New York, July 13, 1776; ''ibid.'', p. 10.</ref>))

Two other contemporaneous references to an assassination plot have been published.<ref>Peter T. Curtenius to Richard Varick, New York, June 22, 1776, quoted in Robert Hughes' ''George Washington'' (New York: 1927), p. 392; and Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnson, Philadelphia, July 8, 1776, in William Powell, ed., ''Correspondence of William Tryon 2 (1768-1818)'' (Raleigh, NC: 1981), p. 862.</ref> A garbled account of an assassination attempt appeared over two years later in a provincial English newspaper, ''The Ipswich Journal'', on October 31, 1778:

<blockquote>Advise is received from America that two persons, a man and a woman who lived as servants with General Washing ton ((sic)), have been executed in the presence of the army for conspiring to poison their master.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.foxearth.org.uk/1778-1779IpswichJournal.html|title=1778-1779 Ipswich Journal FDLHS Newspaper Archive|website=The Foxearth and District Local History Society|access-date=2019-01-23))</ref></blockquote>

===Fraunces' petition to Congress===
[[File:Sam Fraunces.jpg|thumb|''Sam Fraunces'', ((circa)) 1900 engraving, based on an undated ink sketch attributed to [[John Trumbull]]. The ink sketch is privately owned.<ref>"Portrait of Samuel Fraunces" in Rice, Kym S. (1985). ''A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century''. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum. Appendix B, pp. 33-34.</ref>]]

In a March 5, 1785, sworn petition to the U.S. Congress, Samuel Fraunces claimed that it was ''he'' who discovered the assassination plot, that he was falsely accused of being part of it and was jailed until his name was cleared. He wrote (in the third person):

<blockquote>That he [Fraunces] was the Person that first discovered the Conspiracy which was formed in the Year 1776 against the Life of his Excellency General Washington and that the Suspicions Which were Entertained of his agency in that Important Discovery occasioned [''sic'', occasioned] a public Enquiry after he was made a Prisoner on which the want of positive Proof alone preserved his Life.<ref>"Memorials Addressed to Congress, 1775-88", ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', Record Group 360, M.247, Reel 49, National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref></blockquote>

Congress' response to Fraunces' petition downplayed the plot but accepted his role as "instrumental in discovering and defeating" it.<ref>"Report on Samuel Fraunces Memorial," printed in ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 28'' (Washington, DC: 1933).</ref> For debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, Congress awarded him £2000,<ref>"Report of the Committee on Samuel Fraunces", March 28, 1785. ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, DC.</ref> a later payment covered accumulated interest,<ref>"Report of the Board of the Treasury", March 21, 1786. ''Papers of  the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref> and Congress paid $1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices.<ref>Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785. ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, D.C.</ref>

==Phoebe Fraunces legend==
Martha Washington's grandson, [[George Washington Parke Custis]], died in 1857. Two years later, his daughter, [[Mary Anna Custis Lee]], published his memoirs, to which were added extended notes by the antiquarian [[Benson J. Lossing]]. One of these notes told the story of an attempt by Hickey to poison Washington:

<blockquote>When Washington and his army occupied the city, in the summer of 1776, the chief resided at Richmond Hill, a little out of town, afterward the seat of [[Aaron Burr]]. [Samuel] Fraunces's daughter was Washington's housekeeper, and she saved his life on one occasion, by exposing the intentions of Hickey, one of the Life-Guard (already mentioned), who was about to murder the general, by putting poison in a dish of peas prepared for his table.<ref>George Washington Parke Custis and Benson J. Lossing, ''Private Memoirs of Washington'' (New York: Edgewood Publishing Co, 1859), p. 411.</ref></blockquote>

Custis' actual memoirs did not contain the story—it was added by Lossing—but this distinction is easy for the reader to miss. Lossing repeated the story in an 1870 book, claiming that Washington's housekeeper had testified at Hickey's court-martial:

((Quote|The guardsman was tried by a court-martial, and on the testimony of the housekeeper and one of the corps, whom the culprit had unsuccessfully attempted to corrupt, he was found guilty of 'mutiny and sedition and of holding a treacherous correspondence with the enemies of the colonies' and was sentenced to be hanged.[*]

[*]These facts were related to a friend of the writer (Mr. W.J. Davis), by the late Peter Embury, of New York, who resided in the city at the time, was well acquainted with the general's housekeeper, and was present at the execution of Hickey.<ref>Benson J. Lossing, ''Washington and the American Republic'' (New York: Virtue & Yorston, 1870), vol. 1, p. 176.</ref>))

Lossing's information was third-hand (as he freely admitted). This story is undermined by the trial minutes of Hickey's court-martial, which contain no housekeeper's testimony.<ref>((cite web |url=http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.17512 |title=Court Martial for the trial of Thomas Hickey and others |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135526/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fphilologic%2Fdatabases%2Famarch%2F.17512 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |work=[[Northern Illinois University Libraries]] |last=Vandecreek |first=Drew E. |year=2001 |publisher=[[The University of Chicago]] |access-date=29 June 2018))</ref> In the January 1876 issue of ''[[Scribner's Monthly]]'', John F. Mines repeated Lossing's story and identified the housekeeper. This was more than 99 years after Hickey's execution and was the first time that the name "Phoebe Fraunces" appeared in print. Mines listed no sources for the magazine article. It was nationally read in the patriotic build-up to the [[1876 Centennial Exposition|1876 Centennial]] celebration:

<blockquote>A daughter of "Black Sam", Phoebe Fraunces, was Washington's housekeeper when he had his headquarters in New York in the spring of 1776, and was the means of defeating a conspiracy against his life. Its immediate agent was to be Thomas Hickey, a deserter from the British army, who had become a member of Washington's bodyguard, and had made himself a general favorite at headquarters. Fortunately, the would-be conspirator fell desperately in love with Phoebe Fraunces, and made her his confidant. She revealed the plot to her father, and at an opportune moment the ''denouement'' came. Hickey was arrested and tried by court-martial.<ref>John F. Mines, "New York in the Revolution," ''Scribner's Monthly'', vol. XI, no. 3 (January 1876), p. 311.</ref></blockquote>

In 1919, Henry Russell Drowne (great-grandson of [[Solomon Drowne|Dr. Solomon Drowne]], the 1776 chronicler above) repeated the Phoebe Fraunces legend in his history of [[Fraunces Tavern]]:

<blockquote>His [Samuel Fraunces's] daughter Phoebe was Washington's housekeeper in the Mortier House on Richmond Hill, occupied by the Commander-in-Chief as Headquarters, in June, 1776, and it was she who revealed the plot to assassinate Generals Washington and Putnam, which led to the apprehension of her lover, an Irishman named Thomas Hickey, a British deserter, then a member of Washington's bodyguard, in consequence of which he was promptly executed on June 28, 1776.
<ref>Drowne, H.R. ''A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern'', p. 8.</ref></blockquote>

===Legend refuted===
There is no record of Samuel Fraunces having had a daughter named Phoebe. The name does not appear with those of his children in the baptismal records of Christ Church, Philadelphia, or Trinity Church, New York. His will, dated September 11, 1795, also does not mention a "Phoebe".<ref>Philadelphia county records, proven October 22, 1795, Will book X p. 348</ref>

It is well documented that Fraunces' nickname was "Black Sam",<ref>"At first we supposed it was only a sham,/Till he drove a round ball thro' the roof of black Sam-", ''The Poems of Philip Freneau, Written Chiefly During the Late War'' (1786) p. 321. This refers to the August 23, 1775, night bombardment of Lower Manhattan by the British frigate ''Asia''. Fraunces Tavern was hit by a cannonball.</ref> but the [[1790 U.S. Census]] for New York lists him as a "Free white male" and a slaveholder.<ref>''Heads of Families, First Census of the United States: 1790, State of New York'' (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, reprinted 1908), p. 117.</ref> New York tax records list both slaves and indentured servants in his household,<ref>G. Kurt Piehler, "Samuel Fraunces," ''American National Biography'' (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), vol. 8, pp. 414–415.</ref> and he advertised the sale of a slave in a New York newspaper.<ref>''The Royal Gazette'', August 29, 1778.</ref> If a "Phoebe" ever existed, she may have been a servant employed or enslaved by Fraunces, rather than his daughter.

Self-published author Charles L. Blockson states that "Phoebe" was the nickname of Fraunces' eldest daughter Elizabeth, but he provides no evidence to support this claim.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://library.temple.edu/collections/blockson/fraunces.jsp;jsessionid=7AD45DD0005D138631079C7D46A5A3A4?bhcp=1 |title=Elizabeth Fraunces as "Phoebe" |access-date=2009-04-12 |archive-date=2018-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184450/https://library.temple.edu/collections/blockson/fraunces.jsp;jsessionid=7AD45DD0005D138631079C7D46A5A3A4?bhcp=1 |url-status=dead ))</ref> If the woman in the legend had been Elizabeth Fraunces, she would have been rather young for wartime espionage or a clandestine love affair. Elizabeth's birth date of December 26, 1765,<ref>Records of Christ Church, Philadelphia, list Elizabeth Fraunces' birth, 26 December 1765, baptism, January 27, 1766.</ref> means that at the time of Hickey's execution, she was 10((frac|2)) years old.

==In popular culture==
* Hickey is the villain in the 1977 children's book ''Phoebe the Spy'' by Judith Berry Griffin.
* Hickey is hanged for trying to kill Washington and mentioned in the 2008 historical novel ''Chains'' by [[Laurie Halse Anderson]].
* Hickey appears as an antagonist in the 2012 video game ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''. Though a member of the [[Templar Order]], he joined solely for profit. In the game, he plots to assassinate Washington so that [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]] would be promoted to Commander-in-Chief, but is killed by the game's protagonist, Connor. He is voiced by [[Allen Leech]].
* In the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] television series ''[[Turn: Washington's Spies]]'', Hickey appears serving as a life guard to General Washington and part of a plot to assassinate him at the end of Season 2. Hickey is subsequently hanged for his treachery in the premiere episode of Season 3.
* Hickey is detailed as one of the conspirators to assassinate General Washington in the book ''The First Conspiracy'' by Brad Metzler & Josh Mensch.
* The Hickey plot is one of the storylines in the 1993 historical novel ''[[The Kingsbridge Plot]]'' by [[Maan Meyers]].

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==Further reading==
*[[Carl Van Doren|Van Doren, Carl]]. ''Secret History of the American Revolution''. New York: Viking Press, 1941.
*Ward, Harry M. ''George Washington's Enforcers: Policing the Continental Army''. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.<!-- isbn needed -->

Primary documents from ''The American Archives'', published online by the [[Northern Illinois University|Northern Illinois University Libraries]]:
*[https://archive.today/20121212034015/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.18046] Complaint by Mr. Jay of the handbill published by General Scott, June 17, 1776 ("Whereas Michael Lynch and Thomas Hickey, two Soldiers in the Continental Army, are now confined in the City Hall under guard by order of this Congress...") Minutes of New York State Congress (?) disavowing jurisdiction in Lynch and Hickey cases and transferring them to Continental Army for court-martial proceedings.
*[https://archive.today/20121211141932/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.18040] Thomas Hickey committed to prison, Letter to General Washington, enclosing Affidavits relating to Lynch and Hickey
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135526/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fphilologic%2Fdatabases%2Famarch%2F.17512] Thomas Hickey Court-martial (transcribed text)
*[https://archive.today/20121214195230/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.17713] Deposition of Israel Youngs (Sworn the 26th day of June, 1776; witnessed and signed  by John Jay and Gouverneur Morris - a damning testimony in the Hickey case, presented by two of the top leaders of the American Revolution, not mentioned in proceedings of Hickey's court-martial) 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001709/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fphilologic%2Fdatabases%2Famarch%2F.17553] At a Council of General Officers, held at Headquarters, June 27, 1776
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001828/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.17582:1.amarch] Warrant for the execution of Thomas Hickey, at Headquarters, New-York, June 28, 1776, from George Washington
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195549/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fphilologic%2Fdatabases%2Famarch%2F.17661] General Orders, Headquarters, New-York, June 27, 1776 ("Thomas Hickey... [to] be hanged to-morrow at eleven o'clock")
*[https://archive.today/20121210105156/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.17579] GENERAL WASHINGTON TO PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS, New-York, June 28, 1776. [Read July 1, 1776.] (Written on the morning of June 28, just a few hours before the execution of Thomas Hickey).
*[https://archive.today/20121212212725/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.17583] Return of warrant of execution from the Provost-Marshal to Gen. George Washington indicating that Hickey had been executed as directed
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140805185411/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fphilologic%2Fdatabases%2Famarch%2F.17662] General Orders, Headquarters, New-York, June 28, 1776 (On the "unhappy fate of Thomas Hickey")

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Hickey, Thomas))
[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:1776 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century executions by New York (state)]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War executions]]
[[Category:Continental Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)]]
[[Category:1776 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:18th-century executions of American people]]
[[Category:People executed for treason against the United States]]
[[Category:People executed by the United States military by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for mutiny]]
[[Category:People convicted of sedition]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Irish soldiers in the Continental Army]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Irish people executed abroad]]
[[Category:British spies during the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Thomas Hickey (soldier) (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Army (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Army/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Both (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Br separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Circa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Clarify (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Kingdom of Great Britain (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data United States (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Death date (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix-span (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Flag (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flag/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon image (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Frac (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox military person (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Quote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sic (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Thomas Hickey (soldier).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hickey_(soldier)"