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((more citations needed|date=November 2007))
((use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=March 2021))
((Infobox settlement
|name               = Tiaret
|native_name        = تيارت
|settlement_type    =[[City]] 
|image_skyline      = Tiaret in night.jpg
|image_size         = 
|image_caption      =
|image_flag         = 
|image_seal         =
|image_map          =
|mapsize                = 120px
|map_caption        = Location of Tiaret within [[Algeria]]
|pushpin_map        = Algeria
|subdivision_type   = Country
|subdivision_name   = ((flag|Algeria))
|subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Algeria|Province]]
|subdivision_name1  = [[Tiaret Province]]
|subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Algeria|District]]
|subdivision_name2  = [[Tiaret District]]
|leader_title       = 
|leader_name        = 
|established_title  = Founded
|established_date   = 778
|area_magnitude     = 
|area_total_km2     = 111.45
|area_land_km2      = 
|area_water_km2     = 
|population_as_of   = 2008 census
|population_note    = 
|population_total   = 178915
|population_metro   = 
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset         = +1
|timezone_DST       = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|coordinates        = ((coord|35|22|N|1|19|E|region:DZ|display=inline,title))
|elevation_m        = 978
|postal_code_type   = Postal code
|postal_code        = 14000
|area_code          =
|blank_name         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info         = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer mediterranean climate|Csa]]
|website            =
|footnotes          = 
))

'''Tiaret''' (((lang-ar|تيارت))) or '''Tahert''' (((Lang-ar|تاهرت))) is a major city in northwestern [[Algeria]] that gives its name to the wider farming region of [[Tiaret Province]]. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of [[Algiers]] in the western region of the [[Hautes Plaines]], in the [[Tell Atlas]], and about ((convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on)) from the Mediterranean coast. It is served by [[Abdelhafid Boussouf Bou Chekif Airport]].

==Etymology==
The name means "Lioness" in the Berber language, a reference to the [[Barbary lion]]s that lived in this region. [[Maghreb]]ian [[toponymy|place names]] like [[Oran]] (''Uhran'') which means "lion", and [[Souk Ahras]] which means "Market of Lions" have the same etymological source.((Citation needed|date=October 2023))

==Population==
The town had a population of 178,915 in 2008.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html|title=Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|website=citypopulation.de|language=en|access-date=2018-01-29))</ref> The town covered around 20.086.62&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>

==Infrastructure & industry==
A 1992 study by the [[University of Nice Sophia Antipolis]] reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery.

The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal at [[Abdelhafid Boussouf]].

The Institute of National Studies of Tiaret holds 25,000 volumes in its library.<ref>((Cite book|last1=Gall|first1=Timothy L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZgRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22tiaret%22|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations|last2=Hobby|first2=Jeneen M.|date=November 2006|publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-1089-0|language=en))</ref>

==Politics==
The province suffered massacres (the largest being the [[Sid El-Antri massacre]] in 1997), killings, and bombings during the [[Algerian Civil War]], though less so than areas closer to [[Algiers]]. The Africa Institute reported in a May 2004 monograph<ref>((cite web |title=The Africa Institute monograph |url=http://www.ai.org.za/electronic_monograph.asp?ID=23/ |access-date=June 10, 2006))((Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no))</ref> that Tiaret's more "arid and mountainous landscape has facilitated terrorist activities". The [[MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base]] reports that Tiaret "is a frequent site of attacks by the Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)" (now known as [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]]). The GSPC is "believed to have close ties to [[Osama bin Laden]]" (''Paris AFX News Agency'', Jul 13, 2005) and [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] (''Asharq Alaswat'' Jul 3 2005), and is reported to be active in [[Italy]] (''Deutsche Welle'', Jul 15 2005).

==History==
The province has been inhabited since antiquity, and there are numerous megalithic monuments. It served as a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] station and fort, [[Tingartia]].<ref name="EB1911B">((EB1911|wstitle=Tiaret|volume=26|page=912))</ref> Near Tiaret are the [[jedars]], which are ancient [[mausoleum]]s. The edifices demonstrate that the area was inhabited during the [[Late Antiquity]] by a [[Berbers|Berber]] tribe(s) that could build in stone.

Tiaret grew up as a site under the domination of small Berber tribal kingdoms; the first of these being the [[Rustamid dynasty]] between 761 and 909 when Tiaret served as the capital of the area.  However, this capital may have been 10&nbsp;km (6 or 7 miles) west of the present-day Tiaret. It was first founded by [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam]], an [[Ibadi]] theologian from [[Greater Iran]]. Tiaret was said to be relatively free-thinking and democratic, being a centre for scholarship that permitted a wide range of sects and movements, notably the [[Mu'tazila]]. There were many [[Jews]] living in the area until at least the 10th century, including the scholar and doctor [[Judah ibn Kuraish]] who became the doctor to the [[Emir]] of [[Fes]]. Tiaret was [[Capture of Tahert (909)|captured by the Fatimids]] in 909.

Tiaret occupies a strategic mountain pass at ((convert|3552|ft|m)), and was thus a key to dominating the central [[Maghreb]]. Later, from the start of the 8th century, it was the key northern terminus of the [[West Africa]]n branch of the [[Slavery in Africa|slave trade]]. As such, it offered a lucrative income from taxes on the trade, and was a desirable prize.

The Rustamid empire, which during the reign of [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam|Abdurrahman]] (766–784) and his son [[Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman|Abdul Wahab]] (784–823) extended over the greater part of the modern Algeria, was known as the Ibadite Empire from [[Abdallah ibn Ibad]], the founder of the sect to which Abdurrahman belonged. Seven princes of the Rustamite house succeeded Abdul Wahab until they were overthrown by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimite]] general [[Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i]] in 909.<ref name="EB1911B"/>

From the year 911 Tiaret was fought over by a number of tribes, being first captured by Massala ibn Habbus of the [[Miknasa]]s in the year 911, in alliance with the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. Finally, in 933, it was in the hands of the Fatimids. After 933 Tiaret ceased to be the capital of a separate state. Most of the population was banished to [[Ouargla]] and then escaped to the inhospitable [[M'zab]].<ref name="EB1911B"/><!--EB1911 calculates 911 because it is "Two years later [than 909]"--><ref>((cite web |author=Pietro Laureand |title=Desert Cities |url=https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article2.html |access-date=2005-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519073358/https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article2.html |archive-date=2005-05-19 |url-status=dead))</ref> From 933 Tiaret attracted many [[Khawarij]] Muslim settlers from [[Iraq]].

From 933 it was administered as part of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]], and in the 16th century fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="EB1911B"/> In 1843 it fell to the [[France|French]] after they defeated Emir [[Abdelkader El Djezairi]].

The modern town of Tiaret is built around a French redoubt of 1845.  The new town attracted many [[settler]]s from France and the area flourished. A ((convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on)) [[narrow gauge railway]] arrived in 1889, connecting the town to [[Mostaganem]] - today, this rail line is defunct.

==Archeological attractions==

Thirty kilometres (18 miles) S.S.W. of Tiaret are the sepulchral monuments known as the Jedars.<ref name="EB1911B"/> The name is given to a number of sepulchral monuments placed on hill-tops. A rectangular or square podium is in each case surmounted by a pyramid. The tombs date from the 5th to the 7th century, and lie in two distinct groups between Tiaret and [[Frenda]].<ref name="EB1911A">((EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Algeria|display=Algeria § Archaeology|volume=1|page=646))</ref>

At [[Mechra-Sfa]] ("ford of the flat stones"), a peninsula in the valley of the river [[Mina River (Algeria)|Mina]] not far from Tiaret, are said to be "vast numbers" of megalithic monuments.<ref name="EB1911A"/>

==Climate==
In Tiaret, there is a Mediterranean climate. In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Csa. The average annual temperature in Tiaret is ((convert|15.2|°C|1)). About ((convert|380|mm|2|abbr=on)) of precipitation falls annually.

((Weather box|location = Tiaret (1991–2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

| Jan record high C = 23.0
| Feb record high C = 25.8
| Mar record high C = 30.0
| Apr record high C = 31.3
| May record high C = 40.0
| Jun record high C = 41.6
| Jul record high C = 43.0
| Aug record high C = 41.4
| Sep record high C = 40.1
| Oct record high C = 36.3
| Nov record high C = 28.1
| Dec record high C = 25.0

|Jan high C = 11.6
|Feb high C = 12.7
|Mar high C = 16.0
|Apr high C = 19.1
|May high C = 24.5
|Jun high C = 30.8
|Jul high C = 35.4
|Aug high C = 34.7
|Sep high C = 28.8
|Oct high C = 23.2
|Nov high C = 16.0
|Dec high C = 12.4
|year high C = 22.1

| Jan mean C  = 6.2
| Feb mean C  = 6.9
| Mar mean C  = 9.7
| Apr mean C  = 12.2
| May mean C  = 16.7
| Jun mean C  = 22.2
| Jul mean C  = 26.5
| Aug mean C  = 26.1
| Sep mean C  = 21.3
| Oct mean C  = 16.5
| Nov mean C  = 10.5
| Dec mean C  = 7.3
| year mean C = 15.2

|Jan low C = 0.8
|Feb low C = 1.2
|Mar low C = 3.4
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.0
|Jun low C = 13.6
|Jul low C = 17.6
|Aug low C = 17.6
|Sep low C = 13.8
|Oct low C = 9.9
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 2.2
|year low C = 8.3

| Jan record low C  = -11.4
| Feb record low C  = -12.0
| Mar record low C  = -6.2
| Apr record low C  = -3.5
| May record low C  = -3.1
| Jun record low C  = 3.1 
| Jul record low C  = 7.7
| Aug record low C  = 5.1
| Sep record low C  = 5.0
| Oct record low C  = -2.0
| Nov record low C  = -6.8
| Dec record low C  = -7.6

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 44.4			
|Feb precipitation mm = 42.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 43.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.6
|May precipitation mm = 29.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 11.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 3.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 10.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 31.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 35.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 40.5
|year precipitation mm= 378.0

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  = 8.1
| Feb precipitation days  = 7.6
| Mar precipitation days  = 6.9
| Apr precipitation days  = 6.3
| May precipitation days  = 4.7
| Jun precipitation days  = 1.9
| Jul precipitation days  = 1.0
| Aug precipitation days  = 2.2
| Sep precipitation days  = 4.4
| Oct precipitation days  = 5.5
| Nov precipitation days  = 7.1
| Dec precipitation days  = 7.4
| year precipitation days = 63.1

| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>((cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230928180902/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Tiaret_60511.csv
| archive-date = 28 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Tiaret_60511.csv
| title = Tiaret Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 28 September 2023))</ref>
|date=18 January 2018))

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Bourouiba, Rachid (1982). ''Cités disparus: Tahert, Sedrata, Achir, Kalaâ des Béni-Hammad''. Collection Art et Culture, 14. Algiers Ministère de l'information. '''(About notable cultural artifacts and architecture)'''.
* Belkhodja, A. (1998). ''Tiaret, memoire d'une ville''. Tiaret, A. Belkhodja. '''(A personal memoir)'''.
* Blanchard, Raoul. (1992). ''Amenagement & Gestion Du Territoire, Ou, L'apport Des Images-Satellite, De La Geoinfographique Et Du Terrain : Applications Aux Paysages Vegetaux De L'Algerie Steppique & Substeppique (Wilaya De Tiaret) Et Aux Espaces Construits (Tiaret Et Alger) 1990-1992''. Laboratoire d'analyse spatiale. Nice, France. '''(Plant ecology of the Wilaya De Tiaret region, evidenced using photos from space)'''.
* Cadenat, Pierre. (1938). ''Indication de quelques stations préhistoriques de la région de Tiaret Société de géographie et d'archéologie de la Province d'Oran''. Extrait de son Bulletin, tome 59, fascicule 209, 1938.  '''(12 pages booklet about the prehistoric monuments in the region)'''.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408060601/http://images.airliners.net/open.file?id=866491&size=L&width=1280&height=866&sok=JURER%20%20%28pbhagel%20%3D%20%27Nytrevn%27%29%20%20BEQRE%20OL%20cubgb_vq%20QRFP&photo_nr=3&prev_id=867353&next_id=866430 Tiaret seen from the air]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412022443/http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/libserv12.princeton.edu/oai:libserv12.princeton.edu:PUmap_963 Tiaret city plan]
* [http://tihert-tiaret-dz.over-blog.com Old photos and postcards of French Tiaret].

((Province seats of Algeria))
((Tiaret Province))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Communes of Tiaret Province]]
[[Category:Province seats of Algeria]]

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