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((short description|South African sports researcher))
((EngvarB|date=January 2019))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2019))
((Infobox scientist
|name              = Tim Noakes
|image             = Dr. Tim Noakes at West Point 13 Nov 09.JPG
|image_size        = 200px
|caption           = Tim Noakes at [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 2009
|birth_name        = Timothy David Noakes
|birth_date        = ((birth year and age|1949))
|birth_place       = [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]<br/><small>(today Harare, [[Zimbabwe]])</small>
|residence         = 
|citizenship       = 
|nationality       = [[South Africa]]n
|religion          = 
|ethnicity         = 
|fields            = [[Exercise physiology]]
|workplaces        = [[University of Cape Town]]
|alma_mater        = [[University of Cape Town]]<br />[[Diocesan College]]
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|academic_advisors = 
|doctoral_students = 
|notable_students  = 
|known_for         = [[Central governor]] Theory of Fatigue<br/>[[Hyponatremia]] research<br/>The "Noakes Diet"
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|awards            = *((Timeline-event|date=2002 |event= Doctor of Science [[University of Cape Town|(UCT)]]))
*((Timeline-event|date=2002 |event= International Cannes Grand Prix Award))
*((Timeline-event|date=2008 |event= [[Order of Mapungubwe]] (Silver)))
*((Timeline-event|date=2011 |event= honorary doctorate, [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]))
*((Timeline-event|date=2012 |event= Lifetime Achievement Award [[National Research Foundation of South Africa|(South Africa's NRF)]]))
*((Timeline-event|date=2014 |event= South Africa Medal (gold) [[Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science|(S2A3)]]))
|signature         =  
|footnotes         = 
))

'''Timothy David Noakes''' (born 1949) is a South African [[scientist]], and an [[emeritus]] [[professor]] in the Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine at the [[University of Cape Town]]. 

He has run more than 70 [[marathon]]s and [[ultramarathon]]s,<ref name="RunnerAcademyPodcast">((cite web |url=http://runneracademy.com/ra024-tim-noakes/ |title=RA024 Dr. Tim Noakes: A Lifetime of Running and Research))</ref> and is the author of several books on exercise and diet. He is known for his work in [[sports science]] and for his support of a [[low-carbohydrate diet|low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF, Banting) diet]], as set out in his books ''The Real Meal Revolution'' and ''Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs''.

==Background==
Noakes was born in Salisbury, [[Southern Rhodesia]] (today [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]) in 1949 as the son of a third-generation tobacco exporter<ref name="CrossFit">((cite web|url=https://journal.crossfit.com/article/noakes-trial-2|title=Tim Noakes: Nutritional Fascism and the "Twitter Trial"))</ref> and moved to South Africa at the age of five.<ref name="how">((cite web|url=http://www.health24.com/fitness/Specific_Sports/16-2175-2181-2277,50688.asp|title=How Tim wants you to train|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614091149/http://www.health24.com/fitness/Specific_Sports/16-2175-2181-2277,50688.asp|archive-date=14 June 2011))</ref> As a young boy his main sporting interest was cricket. Noakes attended boarding school at Monterey Preparatory School in [[Constantia, Cape Town]].<ref name="how"/> One year was spent as a foreign exchange student at [[Huntington Park High School]] in [[Huntington Park, California]]. Prep school was followed by [[Diocesan College]], from which he matriculated in 1966.<ref name="sagov">((cite web | last=Official Site| first= SA Government | title=Timothy David Noakes (1949 – ) The Order of Mapungubwe | website=The Presidency | url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/timothy-david-noakes-1949-%E2%80%93 | access-date=2023-05-31))</ref> He has earned an [[MBChB]] (1974), [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] (1981), and [[DSc]] (Med) (2002).

==Career==
In 1980 Noakes was tasked to start a sports science course at the [[University of Cape Town]].  Noakes went on to head the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]]-funded Bioenergetics of Exercise Research Unit, which was later changed to the MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine.<ref name="ESSM">[http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/essm/ MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine] ((webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121224222317/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/essm/ |date=24 December 2012 ))</ref>

In the early 1990s Noakes co-founded the Sports Science Institute of South Africa,<ref name="SSISA">[http://www.ssisa.com/ Sports Science Institute of South Africa]</ref> with former South African rugby player [[Morne du Plessis]].

He is a leading researcher on the condition now known as [[exercise-associated hyponatremia]] (EAH).<ref>((cite journal|last=Speedy|first=DB|author2=Noakes TD |author3=Schneider C |title=Exercise-associated Hyponatremia: A review.|journal=Emerg Med|year=2001|volume=13|issue=1|pages=17–27|url=http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/2/1/151.full|access-date=6 January 2014|doi=10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00173.x|pmid=11476407))</ref> He first recognised this condition in a female runner during the 1984 [[Comrades Marathon]], and published his findings in 1985 in the journal ''Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise''. Noakes wrote the consensus statement for the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference in [[Cape Town]] in May 2005.

In 1996 Noakes published his theory of the "[[central governor]]".<ref name="Gifford 2016" /> The theory proposed that fatigue is a "protective emotion" rather than a physiological state.<ref>Hutchinson, Alex. (12 December 2014). "[https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-is-fatigue What Is Fatigue?]", ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</ref>

Noakes served on the selection panel for the [[International Olympic Committee]]’s Science Prize between 1995 and 2002.<ref name="sagov"/> Noakes is a fellow of the [[American College of Sports Medicine]].

In 2005 he undertook a series of experiments in the Arctic and Antarctic on South African (British-born) swimmer [[Lewis Gordon Pugh]] to understand human capability in extreme cold.  He discovered that Pugh had the ability to raise his core body temperature before entering the water in anticipation of the cold and coined the phrase 'anticipatory thermo-genesis' to describe it.<ref>"[https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Sport/MoreSport/Pugh-will-be-the-guinea-pig-20060302 Pugh will be the guinea pig]", (2 March 2006). ''[[News24 (website)|News24]]''. Retrieved 24 January 2019.</ref><ref>Knott, Jonathan (29 November 2013). "[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-swimming-blog/2013/nov/29/cold-water-swimming Dipping my toe into cold-water swimming]", ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 24 January 2019.</ref> In 2007, Noakes was the expedition doctor for Pugh's one kilometre swim at the [[Geographic North Pole]].<ref>Cramb, Auslan. (16 July 2007) "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1557610/North-Pole-swimmers-unique-body-heat-trick.html North Pole swimmer's unique body heat trick]", ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 24 January 2019.</ref>

==The Noakes Diet==
Noakes has characterised mainstream dietary advice, which emphasizes carbohydrate consumption, as "genocide",<ref name=genocide>((cite news |newspaper=Sunday Times |location=South Africa |date=16 October 2017 |author=Child K |title=Noakes calls traditional food pyramid 'genocide' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-10-16-noakes-calls-traditional-food-pyramid-genocide/))</ref> and instead advocates a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet — a variation of the [[low-carbohydrate diet]] — often referred to in South Africa as the "Noakes Diet" (or, less commonly, the "[[William Banting|Banting]]" diet). Noakes founded the Noakes Foundation in 2012 to help promote the diet,<ref name="diab">((cite web |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/in-depth/tim-noakes-challenging-dietary-guidelines/ |title=Professor Tim Noakes: Challenging conventional dietary guidelines |accessdate=2023-05-31 ))</ref> which is described in detail in Noakes's 2014 book ''The Real Meal Revolution''.<ref name="Whiting 2015">((cite web | last=Whiting | first=Kate | title=The Real Meal Revolution | website=Press and Journal | date=2015-08-12 | url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/food-and-drink/recipes/664746/664746/ | access-date=2023-06-03))</ref> Noakes' father died from diabetes.<ref name="Gifford 2016" /> Noakes believes his father's diet was instrumental in his decline,<ref name="Gifford 2016" /> so following his own diagnosis with diabetes, Noakes changed his diet to a LCHF diet. He also reversed the carbohydrate-loading advice he had given previously to athletes, and which had featured extensively in his book ''Lore of Running''.<ref name="Gifford 2016" /> He has cited the effects of diabetes on his father and his father's life regrets as important motivation for his efforts to promulgate his dietary advice.<ref name="CrossFit">((cite web|url=https://journal.crossfit.com/article/noakes-trial-2|title=Tim Noakes: Nutritional Fascism and the "Twitter Trial"))</ref>

Despite following his diet, Noakes's fasting glucose levels barely budged, and he started taking the diabetes management drug [[metformin]] and [[dietary supplement]]s to control the condition. He now describes himself as "cured" as long as he follows this regimen.<ref name="Gifford 2016">((cite web | last=Gifford | first=Bill | title=The Silencing of a Low-Carb Rebel | website=Outside Online | date=2016-12-09 | url=https://www.outsideonline.com/health/nutrition/silencing-low-carb-rebel/ | access-date=2023-06-01))</ref>

Registered dietician Megan Pentz-Kluyts said that omitting food groups, as Noakes's diet does, is the hallmark of [[Fad diet|fad diets]] not backed up by scientific evidence.<ref>((Cite web |last=Health |first=Mens |date=2012-02-17 |title=The Tim Noakes Diet |url=https://mh.co.za/the-tim-noakes-diet/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US))</ref> After members of the [[Parliament of South Africa]] expressed support for his diet, fellow faculty members at the [[University of Cape Town]] accused him of making “outrageous, unproven claims about disease prevention” in an open letter they sent to the ''[[Cape Times]]''. [[Wim de Villiers]], dean of the faculty, accused Noakes of having no real scientific evidence to back up his assertions.<ref>((Cite news |last=Villette |first=Francesca |date=25 August 2014 |title=UCT doctors slam Noakes |work=Cape Times |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/uct-doctors-slam-noakes-1740144#.U_xZuPmSzlY))</ref>

In February 2014 a [[Registered dietitian|registered dietician]] complained to the [[Health Professions Council of South Africa]] (HPCSA) that Noakes tweeted to a mother that she should wean her baby onto low-carbohydrate, high-fat foods, which he described as real foods.  The HPCSA held a hearing about the allegation against Noakes over the next few years.  Controversially, on 28 October 2016, the HPSCA incorrectly released a statement announcing that Noakes had been found guilty of misconduct, namely "giving unconventional advice over social media". In a second press release issued over three hours later, the HPSCA apologised for the mistake.<ref>((Cite news |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |title=No ruling from Tim Noakes hearing, matter adjourned until April 2017 |work=Mail & Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-10-28-tim-noakes-not-guilty-of-unprofessional-conduct-matter-adjourned-until-april-2017/ |access-date=25 April 2017))</ref> Noakes was cleared of misconduct in April 2017.<ref>((Cite web |last=Digital |first=TMG |title=Tim Noakes cleared of misconduct over 'baby Banting' tweet |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/04/21/Tim-Noakes-cleared-of-misconduct-over-%E2%80%98baby-Banting%E2%80%99-tweet |access-date=25 April 2017 |website=Times LIVE))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Noakes cleared of misconduct. Full HPCSA judgment |url=http://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/oakes-cleared-misconduct-full-hpcsa-judgment/ |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=Medical Brief))</ref> The HPSCA lost its appeal in June 2018 and the appeal committee dismissed the HPSCA's case by unanimous decision.<ref name="News24 2018 e555">((cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=Noakes clears final hurdle, not guilty says HPCSA appeal committee |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/noakes-clears-final-hurdle-not-guilty-says-hpcsa-appeal-committee-20180609 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=News24))</ref> Noakes commented: "Acquitted on all counts, twice, by two different judging panels".<ref name="News24 2018 e555" />

Noakes co-wrote the 2017 book ''Lore of Nutrition'' with journalist Marika Sboros.<ref name="aa" /> In it Noakes describes his conversion to LCHF dieting, and writes that in his view the [[lipid hypothesis]] is the "biggest mistake in modern medicine". He details his struggles with the medical establishment.<ref name="aa" /> Paediatrician Alastair McAlpine criticised Noakes's ''Lore of Nutrition'' book as "bad science" in a review,<ref name=aa>((cite journal |title=Less lore and more science, please, Prof Noakes |journal=Medical Brief |author=McAlpine A |date=10 January 2018 |url=https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/less-lore-science-please/))</ref> to which Noakes responded.<ref name="Juta MedicalBrief 2018">((cite web | title=Noakes: 'A litany of specious comments and errors' | website=Juta MedicalBrief | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/noakes-litany-specious-comments-errors/ | access-date=2023-05-27))</ref>

Clinical dietitian Ingrid Schloss, citing a 2018 study,<ref name="pmid29466592">((cite journal| author=Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, Hauser ME, Rigdon J, Ioannidis JPA | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2018 | volume= 319 | issue= 7 | pages= 667–679 | pmid=29466592 | doi=10.1001/jama.2018.0245 | pmc=5839290 )) </ref> pointed out that no significant differences were found between low-fat and low-carb diets, and suggested that instead of the "fundamentalism" of the Noakes diet, people should be encouraged to reduce added sugar and refined grains; choose more whole foods, and include a wide variety of vegetables.<ref name="Juta MedicalBrief 2018a">((cite web | title='End the vilification of the dietetic profession' - dietician | website=Juta MedicalBrief | date=2018-02-28 | url=https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/end-vilification-dietetic-profession-dietician/ | access-date=2023-05-31))</ref>

==Other controversies over public statements==
In August 2014, Noakes tweeted: "Dishonest science. Proven link between autism and early immunisation covered up?".<ref name="gu" /> The tweet included a link to a video from disgraced ex-doctor and [[anti-vaccine]] activist [[Andrew Wakefield]], in which Wakefield was repeating the [[conspiracy theory]] that the CDC is covering-up a link between vaccination and [[autism]].<ref name="gu" /> Subsequently asked directly on Twitter if he thought there was a connection between the [[MMR vaccine]] and autism, Noakes responded:  “Have no opinion. Focus of video was on wilful distortion of science and importance of whistleblowers. How did you miss it?”<ref name="gu">((cite news |newspaper=GroundUp |author=Geffen N |title=Tim Noakes and the responsibility of experts |date=27 August 2014 |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/tim-noakes-and-responsibility-experts_2175/))</ref>

In a 2021 opinion piece published by [[News24 (website)|News24]] Eduard Grebe, an epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist, wrote that Noakes had "a long history of making misleading and false claims", including support for the [[MMR Hoax|false claim that MMR vaccines can cause autism]] and claiming that [[hydroxychloroquine]] was an effective treatment for [[COVID-19]].<ref name=misleading>((cite news |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |date=6 June 2021 |type=Opinion |title=Tim Noakes and BizNews are spreading dangerous falsehoods |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/opinion-tim-noakes-and-biznews-are-spreading-dangerous-falsehoods-20210606 ))</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
In 1996 he was honoured by the [[American College of Sports Medicine]] when he was asked to present the J.B. Wolfe Memorial Lecture, the college's keynote address at its annual meeting. In 2002 he was awarded a Doctorate in Science (DSc). In 2002 Noakes was awarded the International Cannes Grand Prix Award for Research in Medicine and Water, for his work on [[Exercise-associated hyponatremia]] (EAH). In 2004 Runner's World (USA) included this work as one of the 40 most important "persons or events" in the sport of running in the past 40 years. In 2008 he was elected an honorary fellow of the Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine (UK), the first foreigner to be so recognised. In that year he also received the [[Order of Mapungubwe]] (Silver), from the President of South Africa for his "excellent contribution in the field of sports and the science of physical exercise". In 2011 Noakes was awarded an honorary doctorate by the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]], Netherlands.<ref name="Vrije Universiteit">((cite web|title=Honorary doctorates|url=https://www.vu.nl/en/research/topresearchers-at-vu/honorary-doctorates/index.aspx|website=VU University: Research|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam|access-date=23 February 2016))</ref> In 2012 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from [[National Research Foundation of South Africa|South Africa's National Research Foundation]] for his contribution to sports science research. In 2014 the [[Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science]] (S2A3) awarded Noakes their prestigious South Africa Medal (gold) for his outstanding contributions to sport physiology.<ref>Plug, C. (2015). [http://s2a3.org.za/joomla/files/archives/2015_Marloth_Brochure.pdf "The 2014 South Africa Medal (gold): Awarded to Professor Timothy Noakes"], ''Rudolf Marloth Brochure'' 2015: 1–3.</ref>

==Selected publications==
Noakes has written several books detailing his research in sports science and nutrition. A selected bibliography is given below.

*''Lore of Running'' (1986)<ref name="Noakes">Noakes, Tim. 2003. ''The Lore of Running''. (4th edition) [[Oxford University Press]] ((ISBN|0-87322-959-2))</ref>
*''Running Injuries: How to Prevent and Overcome Them'' (1990)
*''Lore of Cycling'' (1990)
*''Running your Best'' (1995)
*''Rugby without Risk'' (1996)
*''Bob Woolmer’s Art and Science of Cricket'' (2008) with the late [[Bob Woolmer]].<ref name="sagov"/>
*''Challenging Beliefs: Memoirs of a Career'' (2012)<ref>((Cite book|title=Challenging beliefs : memoirs of a career|last=Noakes, Timothy, 1949-|date=2012|publisher=Zebra Press|others=Vlismas, Michael.|isbn=9781770224599|edition= New |location=Cape Town|oclc=785373938))</ref>
*''Waterlogged: The Serious Problem of Overhydration in Endurance Sports'' (2012)
*''The Real Meal Revolution'' (2014)
*''Raising Superheroes'' (2015)
*''Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs'', with Marika Sboros (2017)<ref>((Cite book|title=Lore of nutrition : challenging conventional dietary beliefs|last=Noakes, Timothy, 1949-|others=Sboros, Marika.|date = 22 January 2018|isbn=9781776092611|location=Cape Town|oclc=1013165315))</ref>
*''Real Food On Trial: How the diet dictators tried to destroy a top scientist'', with Marika Sboros (2019)<ref>((Cite book|title=Real Food On Trial: How the diet dictators tried to destroy a top scientist|last=Noakes, Timothy, 1949-|others=Sboros, Marika.|year=2019|isbn=978-1907797651|location=Cape Town))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

((Low-carbohydrate diets))
((Order of Mapungubwe|state=collapsed))
((Authority control))
((DEFAULTSORT:Noakes, Timothy))

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Diocesan College, Cape Town]]
[[Category:Exercise physiologists]]
[[Category:High-fat diet advocates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Low-carbohydrate diet advocates]]
[[Category:People from Harare]]
[[Category:Sports scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Cape Town]]
[[Category:University of Cape Town alumni]]
[[Category:South African scientists]]
[[Category:White South African people]]

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Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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