Part of a series on the
History of Belgium
Leo Belgicus
Prehistory
Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes 4300–2200 BC
Ancient
Belgae, Eburones & Treveri ~51 BC
Gallic Wars 58–50 BC
 • Ambiorix's revolt 54–53 BC
Roman rule 51 BC–c.500 AD
Early Middle Ages
Franks  
Merovingians 481–751
Carolingians 751–987
Prince-Bishopric of Liège 980–1789
Middle Ages
Franco-Flemish War 1297–1305
Burgundian rule 1384–1482
 • Wars of Liège 1465–68
Habsburg rule 1482–1556
Early Modern
Northern Renaissance 15th–16th century
Spanish rule 1556–1714
 • Seventeen Provinces 1549–81
 • Dutch Revolt 1568–1648
 • Southern Netherlands
Austrian rule 1714–93
 • Brabant Revolution 1789–90
 • Liège Revolution 1789–91
French rule 1793–1815
19th century
Dutch rule 1815–30
Belgian Revolution 1830–31
Reign of Leopold I 1831–65
 • Treaty of London1839
Reign of Leopold II 1865–1909
 • School War 1879–84
 • Congo Free State 1885–1908
20th and 21st centuries
Belgian Congo1908–60
Reign of Albert I1909–34
World War I1914–18
 • Invasion1914
 • Atrocities1914
 • German occupation1914–18
Ruanda-Urundi1922–62
Reign of Leopold III1934–51
World War II 1940–45
 • Invasion 1940
 • German occupation1940–44
 • Holocaust1941–44
Royal Question1944–50
Reign of Baudouin1951–93
Reign of Albert II1993–2013
Reign of Philippe 2013~
Timeline • Military • Jewish history • LGBT
flag Belgium portal

This is a timeline of Belgian history, including important legal and territorial changes and political events in Belgium and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Belgium. See also the list of Belgian monarchs.

Centuries BC: 1st  · Centuries AD: 1st  · 2nd  · 3rd  · 4th  · 5th  · 6th  · 7th  · 8th  · 9th  · 10th  · 11th  · 12th  · 13th  · 14th  · 15th  · 16th  · 17th  · 18th  · 19th  · 20th  · 21st  · Further: See also  · References  · Further reading

1st century BC

Year Date Event
57 BC Roman General Julius Caesar invades and conquers the lands of the Belgae: Battle of the Sabis; Siege of the Atuatuci
56 BC Julius Caesar campaigns unsuccessfully against the coastal tribes of the Morini and Menapii.[1]: 44 
55 BC Julius Caesar subdues the Morini.[1]: 45 
54–53 BC Revolt of the Eburones under Ambiorix and Cativolcus.
53–51 BC Punitive campaigns subdue Nervii and Treveri; exterminate Eburoni.[1]: 44 
50 BC Julius Caesar completes writing Commentarii de Bello Gallico, his account of his campaigns in Gaul.[1]: 45 
29 BC Marcus Nonius Gallus suppresses revolt among Treveri.[1]: 48 
27 BC Augustus creates the province Gallia Belgica.[1]: 48 
ca. 15 BC Probable origins of the city of Tongeren.[1]: 49 
12 BC Augusta Treverorum becomes a city.[1]: 49 
Nero Claudius Drusus, commander in chief of Roman forces in Gallia Belgica, has a series of canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta.[1]: 49 
ca. 10 BC Probable origins of the city of Aarlen.[1]: 50 
9 BC Nero Claudius Drusus dies after falling from his horse. Command of Rome's northern armies passes to Tiberius.[1]: 50 
4 BC Monument honouring Tiberius erected in Bagacum.[1]: 50 

1st century

Year Date Event
13 Germanicus becomes commander of the Roman army of the Rhine.[1]: 51 
16 Roman invasion of Germany under command of Germanicus launched from Fectio in Gallia Belgica.[1]: 51 
19 10 October Death of Germanicus.[1]: 51 
21 Treveri revolt at high taxes.[1]: 52-53 
39 October Galba becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany.[1]: 52 
47 Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany. Orders canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta.[1]: 53 
47–48 Roman law replaces customary law in Gallia Belgica; druids outlawed; Gaulish aristocracy given senatorial rank.[1]: 53-54 
69 January Armies of the Rhine proclaim Aulus Vitellius as emperor.[1]: 55 
July Batavian Revolt begins.[1]: 55 
70 Treveri, Menapii, Nervii and Tungrii come out in support of the Batavian Revolt, some under compulsion.[1]: 56-57 
77 Pliny the Elder starts writing his Historia Naturalis, book 4 of which contains a description of Gallia Belgica.[1]: 57 
ca. 85 Northern border fortified with series of castra.[1]: 59 
ca. 90 Domitian restructures provinces of the Roman Empire: Gallia Belgica divided into the provinces of Belgica Prima, Belgica Secunda, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior.

2nd century

Year Date Event
172–174 Chauci launch maritime raids on the coasts of Gallia Belgica.[2]

3rd century

Year Date Event
286 Carausius, a Menapian general in the Roman army, declares himself emperor of Britain and Gaul.[3]: 9 
293 Death of Carausius

4th century

Year Date Event
343 Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Sardica.
357 Land south of the Rhine delta ceded to Frankish foederati
359 Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Ariminum.[3]: 7 

5th century

Year Date Event
431 Salian Franks take possession of Tournai.[3]: 7 
482 Childeric I buried in Tournai.

6th century

Year Date Event
561 Sigebert I inherits the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia.

7th century

Year Date Event
659 17 March Death of Gertrude of Nivelles
675 Death of Amandus
679 23 December Murder of Dagobert II in the Ardennes Forest.
687 Pepin of Herstal and his wife Plectrude found what will become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[4]
693 17 December Death of Begga of Andenne

8th century

Year Date Event
705 17 September Death of Lambert of Maastricht: murdered at a site that would become Liège.[3]: 17 [5]
717 See of Maastricht moved to the location of Lambert of Maastricht's murder, now Liège.
727 30 May Death of Hubertus, Bishop of Liège.[3]: 17 
748 2 April Birth of Charlemagne, first Holy Roman Emperor.[6]

9th century

Year Date Event
819 13 April Louis the Pious confirms the liberties granted to St Bavo's Abbey by Charlemagne (oldest extant original charter in a Belgian archive).[7]
820 First recorded Viking raid on the Flemish coast.[3]: 38 
825 30 September The remains of St Hubert (died 727) installed in the monastery that would become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[8]
843 August Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the three sons of Louis the Pious: Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, creating the kingdom of Middle Francia (including most of the Low Countries) for Lothair and assigning Flanders to Charles the Bald.
850 Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]: 38 
855 Treaty of Prüm divides Middle Francia into the kingdom of Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries), the Kingdom of Provence and the kingdom of Italy.
861 Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]: 38 
864 Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]: 38 
870 Treaty of Meerssen partitions Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries) between East Francia (Germany) and West Francia (France).
879 Norsemen raid Taxandria.[3]: 38 
880 Norsemen raid Tournaisis.[3]: 38 
881 Norsemen plunder Cambrai and encamp near Maastricht, extorting tribute from Maastricht, Tongeren, Liège, Sint-Truiden, Malmedy, Stavelot, and Prüm.[3]: 38 
891 September or October Norse invaders defeated in Battle on the Dijle.[3]: 39 
895 Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia appoints his illegitimate son Zwentibold as king of Lotharingia.[3]: 42-43 
900 13 August Zwentibold slain by Count Reginar I of Hainault; Lotharingia reincorporated into East Francia.

10th century

Year Date Event
908 Bishop of Liège granted right to levy a toll in Maastricht.[3]: 57 
910 Count Reginar I of Hainault appointed margrave of Lotharingia; historically regarded as the first Duke of Lorraine.
915 Death of Reginar, Duke of Lorraine, at his palace in Meerssen; succeeded by his son Giselbert.[3]: 45 
918 10 September Death of Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders at Blandijnberg; succeeded by his son Arnulf.
925 Henry the Fowler invades Lotharingia and receives oaths of loyalty from the local aristocracy.[3]: 46 
936 7 August Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, attends the coronation of Otto I in Aachen.[3]: 47 
939 2 October Battle of Andernach: death of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine; end of independence of Lotharingia (referred to as "Belgica" in the 10th-century histories of Richer of Rheims).[3]: 46n2 [9]
around 940 Saint-Ghislain Abbey reformed by Gérard of Brogne
948 Death of Isaac, Count of Cambrai; powers of count transferred to Fulbert, Bishop of Cambrai.[3]: 55 
953 Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne, appointed Duke of Lotharingia.[3]: 55 
954 Hungarian attackers raid Lower Lotharingia, besiege Cambrai.[3]: 55 
959 Bruno the Great divides Lotharingia into Upper Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lorraine) and Lower Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lothier).[10]: 318–319 
3 October Death of Gerard of Brogne.
964 Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in Italy; no immediate successor.
965 28 March Death of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
2 June Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms Godfrey of Lower Lotharingia's gift to Saint-Ghislain Abbey of 18 mansi of land in Villers-Saint-Ghislain.[11]
11 October Death of Bruno the Great, Duke of Lotharingia.
966 5 May Lothar, King of the Franks, confirms the possessions of St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent, including those bequeathed by Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and contested by his heirs.[12]
968 Richar, Count of Mons, appointed Duke of Lower Lotharingia.
973 Richar, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, dies; no immediate successor.
977 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, appoints Charles, brother of Lothair of France, as Duke of Lower Lotharingia.[10]: 319 
980 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms all previous endowments to Notker, Bishop of Liège, and issues a general immunity for the bishopric's lands: beginning of the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[10]: 323 
985 Otto III, King of Germany, endows Notker, Bishop of Liège, with the County of Huy: full establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[10]: 323 
987 30 March Death of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders.

11th century

Year Date Event
1008 Baldrick II succeeds Notger as prince-bishop of Liège
1018 29 July Battle of Vlaardingen: imperial forces commanded by Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Baldrick II, bishop of Liège, defeated by the army of Dirk III, Count of Holland. Baldrick died after a sudden illness on the journey; Godfrey was captured in the battle.
November Wolbodo consecrated bishop of Liège.[13]
1021 Durandus succeeds Wolbodo as prince-bishop of Liège
1025 Reginard succeeds Durandus as prince-bishop of Liège
1035 30 May Death of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
1037 Nithard succeeds Reginard as prince-bishop of Liège
1042 Wazo succeeds Nithard as prince-bishop of Liège
1047 Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, seizes control of the imperial castle at Ename
1048 Theodwin succeeds Wazo as prince-bishop of Liège
1049 13 January Forces of Theodwin of Liège defeat forces of Dirk IV, Count of Holland, killing Dirk and restoring imperial authority in the Rhine delta.[14]
1059 Treaty of Andernach ends conflict between Flanders and the Empire, with Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, ceding territory around Valenciennes to Herman, Count of Hainaut, in order to retain undisputed control of Ename.
1060 Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, becomes regent of France
1063 Ename Abbey founded
1066 Theodwin of Liège grants city rights to Huy, the oldest such charter to survive from what is now Belgium.[14]
1067 1 September Death of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders
c.1067 Genealogia comitum Flandrensium compiled.[15]
1070 17 July Death of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf III, Count of Flanders
1071 22 February Battle of Cassel between Robert the Frisian and his nephew, Arnulf III, Count of Flanders. Arnulf was killed in the battle and Robert succeeded him as count.
1074 29 April Pope Gregory VII issues bull of protection for the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[16]
1075 23 March Pope Gregory VII writes to Theodwin, bishop of Liège, urging him to leave the abbot of Saint-Hubert unmolested.[16]
23 June Death of Theodwin of Liège
1077 28 April Pope Gregory VII issues bull of protection for Watten Abbey.[16]
1081 1 February Traditional date of the first apparition of Our Lady of Tongre.
1087 Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Duke of Lower Lorraine
1093 13 October Death of Robert I, Count of Flanders; succession of Robert II, Count of Flanders
1096 August Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, sets off as one of the leaders of the First Crusade.[17]
1100 18 July Death of Godfrey of Bouillon

12th century

Year Date Event
1105 Baldric of Noyon, Bishop of Tournai, awards the right of presentment for Tielt to the chapter of St Salvator in Harelbeke[18]
1106 13 May Godfrey I, Count of Louvain, invested as Duke of Lower Lotharingia in Worms Cathedral.[19]
1107 The hermit Ligerius founds a community that would become Ten Duinen Abbey (the Abbey of Dunes).[20]
1111 5 October Death of Robert II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders
1119 17 July Death of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders; succession of Charles I, Count of Flanders (Charles the Good)
1125 Godfrey I, Count of Louvain confirms the agreement of Ava of Waver and her sons with the priory of Forest, transferring ownership of an allod in Woluwe.[21]
1127 2 March Murder of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders
30 March William Clito claims countship of Flanders
1128 1 January Albero I of Louvain, prince-bishop of Liège, dies; succeeded by Alexander of Jülich
28 July William Clito dies while laying siege to Aalst; Thierry of Alsace established his claim to the countship of Flanders
1129 Foundation of Park Abbey.[22]
1139 25 January Godfrey I, Count of Louvain, dies; succeeded by Godfrey II
1141 17 August to 22 September Siege of Bouillon Castle by Albero, prince-bishop of Liège.
1142 13 June Godfrey II, Count of Louvain dies; succeeded by Godfrey III
1146 24 June Pope Eugene III confirms Wibald, Abbot of Stavelot and Malmedy, in possession of the goods of the abbey.[23]
1147 after 11 May Henry II of Leez, Bishop of Liège, confirms Affligem Abbey in possession of its property in the diocese of Liège.[24]
Arnout IV, Count of Aarschot, and Christian of Ghistelles, leaders of forces from the Low Countries on the Second Crusade, are diverted to the Siege of Lisbon
1159 1 October Godfrey III, Count of Louvain, takes Grimbergen
1163 June Henry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his sister Alice of Namur with her husband Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, and their son Baldwin, as heirs of all his allodial possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[25]
1164 4 September Henry II of Leez, prince-bishop of Liège, dies
1167 Rudolf of Zähringen becomes prince-bishop of Liège
1168 17 January Death of Thierry, Count of Flanders; succession of Philip of Alsace as count of Flanders
Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, confirms the privileges of the borough of Tienen (oldest extant civic charter from the Duchy of Brabant)[26]
1171 8 November Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, dies; succeeded by Baldwin V
1178 Gislebert of Mons becomes chancellor to Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.[27]
1183 Godfrey III, Count of Louvain, departs for Jerusalem
1184 1 April Henry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his nephew, Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, already heir to all his allodial possessions, as heir equally to all his feudal possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[25]
1185 28 to 29 April Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège, destroyed by fire.[28]
1186 July birth of Ermesinde, later countess of Luxembourg, only child of Henry the Blind. As a female heir she would inherit his allodial possessions, but not his feudal possessions.[25]
1190 21 August Godfrey III, Count of Louvain dies; succeeded by Henry I, Duke of Brabant
1191 1 August Death of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders; succession of his daughter Margaret I, Countess of Flanders, and her husband and co-ruler Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
5 August Rudolf of Zähringen, prince-bishop of Liège, dies
8 September Albert of Louvain elected prince-bishop of Liège
1192 24 November Murder of Albert of Louvain, prince-bishop of Liège, by supporters of Emperor Henry VI
1193 19 May Relics of Saint Alena enshrined in Forest Priory.[29]
1194 20 August Peace treaty between Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, ending twelve years of conflict between the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Hainaut.[30]
15 November Death of Margaret I, Countess of Flanders; her husband Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut continues to rule as Baldwin VIII of Flanders
1195 17 December Death of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut; succession of his son Baldwin VI as count of Flanders and Hainaut
1197 Henry I, Duke of Brabant, departs for Jerusalem.[28]
1198 Baldwin VI, Count of Hainaut, donates all his possessions in the village of Horrues to the collegiate church of Soignies to endow a Lady chapel and a chantry.[27]

13th century

Year Date Event
1205 14 April Battle of Adrianople: Baldwin I of Constantinople, count of Flanders and Hainaut, captured by the Bulgarians
1213 22 April Henry I, Duke of Brabant, marries Marie of France in Soissons.
30 to 31 May Battle of Damme: English fleet destroys French fleet at anchor near Damme.[31]
13 October Battle of Steppes: army and allies of Hugh Pierrepont, Bishop of Liège, defeat the forces of Henry I, Duke of Brabant.[32]
1214 27 July Battle of Bouvines: decisive French victory against the forces of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Count of Flanders carried captive to Paris.[33]
1224 12 August Guy of Saint-Pol and his brother, Hugo of Saint-Pol, stand surety for a loan of 3693 pounds borrowed from citizens of Arras by Daniel, Lord of Béthune: an early example of the use of French rather than Latin in legal documents.[34]
1229 10 June Henry I, Duke of Brabant, issues charter of city rights for Brussels.[35]
1232 20 September Ferdinand, Count of Flanders and Joan, Countess of Flanders release inhabitants of the Brugse Vrije from the feudal relief of "best beast".[36]
1235 5 September Henry I, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Henry II
1236 Statutes of the Ghent Leper Hospital translated from Latin: the earliest known example of a legal document entirely in Dutch.[37]
1237 Charters of the city of Ghent translated into Dutch.[38]
1238 Benedictine priory at Vorst, a dependency of Affligem Abbey, becomes the independent Forest Abbey.[29]
1245 14 June Pope Innocent IV authorizes the canons regular of St Augustine to establish a grammar school in Leuven.[39]
1248 1 February Henry II, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Henry III
1255 Gothic choir of Tournai Cathedral completed
1261 28 February Henry III, Duke of Brabant, dies; succeeded by Henry IV
1270 1 September Margaret of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, impounds wares of English merchants in Flanders in retaliation for their king's non-payment of a money fief, sparking a trade war between Flanders and England.[40]
1272 after 29 April Henry IV, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by John I
1274 28 July Treaty of Montreuil-sur-Mer between Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders, ending four years of economic warfare and providing for free movement of merchants between their territories.[40]
1275 27 September Future John II, Duke of Brabant, born.
1281 21 August Guy de Thourout does homage to Guy, Count of Flanders for lands in Wervik, Reninge and Rollegem. He also held land in Menen and Rekkem, a manor in Varsenare, and owned a number of houses within the city of Ypres.[41]
1284 24 August John of Enghien, prince-bishop of Liège, dies of wounds sustained during an abduction attempt.
1288 5 June Battle of Worringen
1293 7 May Aldermen of Nieuwpoort accept the mediation of Guy, Count of Flanders in their dispute with the abbeys of Duinen and Bourbourg concerning a dyke built near the town.[42]
1294 3 May John I, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by John II
1296 2 November Edward I of England grants Flemish merchants the right to buy wool for export anywhere in the British Isles, rather than being limited to the wool staple.[43]
1297 12 June Treaties of alliance between Philip IV of France and John of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut, culminate in a trade treaty allowing merchants from Hainaut to trade freely in the kingdom of France.[44]
5 November Guy, Count of Flanders and Marquis of Namur transfers government of Namur to John of Namur, his eldest son by Isabelle of Luxembourg, breaking the personal union of Namur with the County of Flanders (which would pass to Robert, Guy's son by Matilda of Béthune).[45]

14th century

Year Date Event
1302 11 July Battle of the Golden Spurs: Flemish forces defeat knights of Philip IV of France near Kortrijk
1303 9 July Aldermen of the city of Namur authorize formation of a butchers' guild with militia obligations, requiring members to arm themselves, follow their own banner, and bury their own dead.[46]
1312 27 September The Charter of Kortenberg finalised at Kortenberg Abbey, establishing fundamental rights for the inhabitants of the Duchy of Brabant such as no punishment without due process. Council of four knights and ten representatives of the boroughs established (beginnings of representative institutions in the duchy).
27 October John II, Duke of Brabant, dies; succeeded by John III
1313 24 August Henry of Luxembourg died in Buonconvento while besieging Siena, reputedly of poison put in the chalice during mass.[47]
1317 11 April Works begins on a new cloth hall in Leuven, which is now University Hall.[48]
1322 24 June Joanna of Brabant born.
1323 June Rebellion of the commoners in maritime Flanders, sparked by Louis I, Count of Flanders, ceding Sluis to John I, Marquis of Namur.[49]
1327 30 August Pope John XXII provides a dispensation for the marriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England. The marriage itself took place by proxy in Valenciennes in October.[50]
1328 24 January Marriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England celebrated in York Minster.[50]
1328 23 August Battle of Cassel: Philip VI of France defeats Flemish rebels led by Nicolaas Zannekin.[51]
1339 3 December Treaty of mutual support between John III, Duke of Brabant and Louis I, Count of Flanders, and the cities subject to them, providing for offensive and defensive alliance and free trade between their territories.[52]
1340 24 June Battle of Sluys
1345 24 July Jacob van Artevelde killed in Ghent.[53]
1355 8 March The boroughs of the Duchy of Brabant and the Duchy of Limburg undertake to remain united under a single prince after the death of John III, Duke of Brabant, not allowing the territory to be divided among his heirs.[54]
5 December John III, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Joanna
1356 3 January Joyous Entry of 1356: Joanna, Duchess of Brabant and her husband Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg sign the great charter of liberties of the Duchy of Brabant.[55]
1370 Extirpation of small Jewish population of Brabant after accusations of profaning eucharistic hosts.
1379 Ghent Revolt led by Philip van Artevelde begins
1382 3 May Battle of Beverhoutsveld – men of Ghent take Bruges and gain control over most of the county of Flanders
27 November Men of Ghent defeated in Battle of Roosebeke; Philip van Artevelde slain
1383 25 May Battle of Dunkirk
8 June to 8 August Siege of Ypres
1384 30 January Louis II, Count of Flanders, last count of the House of Dampierre, dies; succeeded by his daughter Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, whose husband Philip the Bold ruled on her behalf: beginning of period of Burgundian rule in the Low Countries
1385 18 December Peace of Tournai ends the Ghent Revolt
1386 15 February Philip the Bold founds the Lille Chamber of Accounts to audit the accounts of his functionaries in the county of Flanders.[56]
1387 2 November Oldest record of the incorporation of the Brussels guild of painters, goldbeaters and glassmakers.[57]
1389 John of Bavaria elected Prince-Bishop of Liège (resigned 1418).
1390 28 September Joanna, Duchess of Brabant secretly relinquishes possession of the Duchy of Brabant to her niece, Margaret of Male, and offspring thereof.[58]
1392 1 November John of Bavaria, bishop-elect of Liège, writes to Philip the Bold to intercede for merchants from Liège arrested by the officers of Rethel.[59]

15th century

Year Date Event
1408 9 September John the Fearless takes fiscal measures to pay Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar's archers joining him on the Liège campaign. (Letter bearing only known surviving signature of John the Fearless).[60]
28 September Battle of Othée: forces of John the Fearless and John of Bavaria defeat Liège rebels.
1421 23 April Philip the Good transfers usufruct of the County of Namur to John of Flanders, Lord of Béthune, for the duration of his life.[61]
1425 9 December Pope Martin V issues papal bull founding University of Leuven.
1441 Tapestry weavers of Oudenaarde form the Guild of St Barbara.[62]
1450 28 February Tournament held on the main square in Leuven in the presence of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and Brabant.[63]
1451 28 October Guilds of Ghent take up arms against the Count of Flanders, Philip the Good.
1452 31 May Philip the Good declares war on the city of Ghent.
7 September Writer and translator Jean Wauquelin dies in Mons.
1453 23 July Battle of Gavere: forces of Philip the Good defeat rebels of Ghent, ending their rebellion.
1454 17 February The Feast of the Pheasant, a banquet given by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, held in Lille.
1458 3 August Tower of St. Peter's Church, Leuven, catches fire.
1464 9 January–12 February Estates General of 1464: first joint meeting of representatives of various territories of the Burgundian Netherlands.[64]
1465 20 October Battle of Montenaken: forces of Philip the Good defeat Liège militiamen.[65]: 72–73 
22 December Treaty of Saint-Trond ends hostilities between Liège and Burgundy, subjecting the prince-bishopric of Liège to Burgundian control.[65]: 72-73 
1466 19 to 25 August 1466 Dinant sacked by the forces of Philip the Good, commanded by Charles the Bold
1467 15 June Death of Philip the Good; Charles the Bold succeeds as Duke of Burgundy.
28 October Battle of Brustem: forces of Charles the Bold defeat forces of Liège.
12 November City of Liège surrenders to Charles the Bold.
1468 3 July Marriage of Charles the Bold and Margaret of York (Now commemorated with the five-yearly Procession of the Golden Tree)
September Liège again rises against Burgundian rule.[65]: 74 
27 October Army of Charles the Bold reaches Liège.[65]: 78 
29 October Six hundred Franchimontois raid the Burgundian encampment outside Liège, failing to dislodge besiegers.[65]: 79 
30 October to 2 November City of Liège pillaged by Burgundian troops.
3 November Charles the Bold orders the city of Liège systematically razed, sparing only the churches and the houses of canons.[65]: 84 
1469 1 July Charles the Bold grants Prince-Bishop Louis of Bourbon permission to begin rebuilding Liège.[65]: 86-87 
1473 24 April Charles the Bold appointed mediator in the peace negotiations between Poland and Hungary.[66]
December Charles the Bold overhauls the administrative structures of the Burgundian Netherlands: establishes Great Council of Mechelen; orders the chambers of accounts of Lille and Brussels be combined and sit in Mechelen.[67]
1477 5 January Charles the Bold dies in the Battle of Nancy.
29 May Joyous Entry of Mary of Burgundy in Leuven as Duchess of Brabant.[68]
18 August Maximilian of Austria makes his entry into Ghent.
19 August Marriage between Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Austria celebrated.
1478 22 July Birth of Philip the Fair
1479 7 August Battle of Guinegate: forces of Mary of Burgundy and her husband Maximilian I of Habsburg defeat forces of Louis XI of France.
1480 10 January Birth of Margaret of Burgundy
1482 27 March Mary of Burgundy dies as a result of having fallen from her horse while hawking some weeks earlier. Leaving an infant heir and a foreign husband, this set the scene for the Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria (1483–1485).
3 April Funeral of Mary of Burgundy in Church of Our Lady, Bruges
30 August Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège assassinated by William de La Marck.
19 November Six women burned at the stake in Bruges for having committed "sodomy" with women.[69]
23 December Treaty of Arras between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I of Habsburg as heir of the Burgundian Netherlands, ceding Burgundy and Artois to France.
Oldest surviving parish register from the territory of what is now Belgium: marriage register from the Church of St Gudula in Brussels.[70]
1493 23 May Treaty of Senlis: Charles VIII of France cedes the County of Flanders and County of Artois to the House of Habsburg.[71]
1495 20 January Wedding contracts concluded for the double marriage of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[72]
5 November Double wedding by proxy of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[72]
1500 24 February Birth of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent.
7 March Christening of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, with Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria, Charles, Prince of Chimay, and John, Lord of Bergen op Zoom as godparents.[73]: 3 
May Philip of Burgundy received as ruler in Béthune, Saint-Omer and Dunkirk.[73]: 4 
9 June Conference outside Calais between Henry VII of England and Philip of Burgundy.[73]: 4 

16th century

Year Date Event
1501 18 July Birth of Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, future Queen of Christian II of Denmark.
1509 25 June Pope Julius II grants indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant, equal to the indulgence for a pilgrimage to Rome.[74]
1511 2 April Érard de La Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liège, orders publication of Julius II's bull granting an indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant.[74]
1521 8 May Charles V issues decree for the Habsburg Netherlands prohibiting Lutheran preaching, teaching, printing or disputation, largely parallel to the Edict of Worms that he was to sign for the Empire as a whole on 26 May but providing more repressive powers to secular authorities.[75]
1523 1 July Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes burned at the stake in Brussels for their adherence to Lutheran doctrines.[76]
8 September Pope Adrian VI draws up a last will and testament to dispose of his possessions in the Habsburg Netherlands, among other bequests founding a papal college for students of Theology at the University of Leuven.[77]
1526 14 January Peace of Madrid temporarily ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, with France briefly relinquishing all claim to the County of Flanders, County of Artois, Tournai and the Tournaisis, and the Duchy of Burgundy.[78]
1531 26 September Mary of Hungary appointed regent over the Habsburg Netherlands.[79]
1532 11 September Charles V issues decree establishing protocols and procedure of the reorganized Council of Luxembourg.[80]
1540 4 October New edict requiring printers and booksellers to provide local magistrates with inventories of their stock.[76]
1546 9 May University of Leuven issues the first index of prohibited books.[76]
1542 August French forces plunder Arlon.[81]
1 September Francis I of France appoints Claude, Duke of Guise as governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg.
1544 Peace of Crépy ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, returning status quo of 1538: Duchy of Luxembourg restored to the Habsburg Netherlands.[81]
1549 12 September Edict regulating the organization of markets throughout the Habsburg Netherlands.[81]
1559 12 April King Philip establishes the Royal Library of the Low Countries.[82]
1566 5 April Compromise of Nobles petition Margaret of Parma to suspend the laws on heresy.[83]
31 July Philip II of Spain authorises Margaret of Parma to abolish the inquisition in the Habsburg Netherlands.[83]
August to September Iconoclastic Fury: churches and monasteries vandalised and plundered in many parts of the Habsburg Netherlands.
1567 15 March Attempted Calvinist coup in Antwerp.[84]
June Margaret of Parma reinstitutes suspended edicts against heresy.[83]
1568 18 May Duke of Alva banishes thirty inhabitants of the city of Antwerp and their spouses, with forfeiture of property, for supporting or disseminating Calvinism – including the pensionary of the city, Jacques van Wesenbeke, and the head of the Calvinist consistory in Antwerp, the Portuguese merchant Marcus Perez.[84]
5 June Lamoral, Count of Egmont, and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn, executed in Brussels.
20 October Battle of Jodoigne
1569 17 May Maximilien Morillon founds the first diocesan seminary in Mechelen.[85]
1570 30 May Abraham Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum published in Antwerp.
1572 3 July Gerard van Groesbeeck, Prince-Bishop of Liège, promulgates a new codification of the legal procedures in the principality's courts.[86]
1574 6 June Don Luis de Requesens, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, issues general pardon to rebels willing to return to loyalty.[83]
1575 16 June Philip II of Spain decrees that the change of year is to be counted from 1 January throughout the Habsburg Netherlands, rather than from Christmas (25 December), the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March) or Easter day, as was the custom in various parts.[87]
1576 4 November Sack of Antwerp by Spanish mutineers from the Army of Flanders.
8 November Pacification of Ghent: alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands to drive mutineers from the Army of Flanders from the country and promote a peace treaty with the rebellious provinces Holland and Zeeland.
1577 1 May John of Austria makes his formal entry into Brussels as Governor General of the Low Countries.[88]
1578 1 October Governor General John of Austria dies near Namur.
1579 6 January Union of Arras concluded.[89]
17 May Treaty of Arras signed between the Union of Arras and Philip II of Spain.
1596 24 April Archduke Albert takes Calais.[90]
18 August Archduke Albert takes Hulst.[90]
1597 11 March Army of Flanders takes Amiens.[90]
10 September Philip II of Spain decides to bequeath his lands in the Low Countries and Burgundy to his daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia.[91]
1598 2 May Peace of Vervins signed.[90]
6 May Philip II of Spain signs the Act of Cession bequeathing the Habsburg Netherlands to his daughter, the Infanta Isabella.[90]
13 September Philip II of Spain dies.
14 September Archduke Albert departs from Brussels to marry the Infanta Isabella.[90]
1599 9 February Edict prohibiting all trade with the enemy issued.[92]
18 April Archduke Albert marries Infanta Isabella.[90]
20 August Archduke Albert and Infanta Isabella arrive in the Low Countries.[90]
28 August Archduke Albert and Infanta Isabella make their Joyous Entry into Brussels.[90]
1600 5 February Battle of Lekkerbeetje in the countryside outside 's-Hertogenbosch
28 April Estates General meet in Brussels.[93]
2 July Battle of Nieuwpoort between the armies of Maurice of Nassau and the Archduke Albert.

17th century

Year Date Event
1601 5 July Siege of Ostend begins.
1602 7 January General assault on Ostend launched.[94]
July Ambrogio Spinola arrives in the Low Countries with 8,000 men to reinforce the Army of Flanders
18 July to 20 September Siege of Grave
September Mutiny of Hoogstraten begins.
November Military engineer Pompeo Targone arrives in the camp before Ostend.[95]
1603 26 May Federico Spinola dies in the Battle of Sluis.[96]
2 June Tanneken Sconyncx, suspected witch, dies under torture.[97]
October Ambrogio Spinola appointed commander-in-chief of the army besieging Ostend.[98]
1604 19 May Maurice of Nassau lays siege to Sluis.[99]
20 September Negotiations for the surrender of Ostend begin.[100]
22 September Siege of Ostend concludes.[100]
1605 17 May Don Íñigo de Borja repulses attempted Dutch landing at Blokkersdijk, near Antwerp.[101]
1 July Foundation of Liège College, Leuven
1607 August Beginning of a series of six witch trials in Laarne (ending May 1608).[102]
1609 9 January Death of Joannes Bochius, secretary to the city of Antwerp
9 April Twelve Years' Truce agreed in Antwerp
1611 12 July Perpetual Edict (1611) reforming the basic rules of criminal and civil procedure in the courts of the Habsburg Netherlands.[103]
1614 6 May Aylid, wife of Giele le Hayverlin, sentenced to death for witchcraft by the magistrates of Ouffet: one of the first trials in a local spate of witchcraft accusations.[104]
27 December Death of Maximiliaan de Vriendt, secretary to the city of Ghent
1617 Fund-raising lottery held to fund the opening of Mounts of piety in the Low Countries.[105]
1618 28 September Opening of Mount of piety (low-interest loan bank) in Brussels, founded by Wenceslas Cobergher.[106]
1619 May to September Tax resistance by Guilds of Brussels.[107]
1620 19 February First Flemish newspaper, Nieuwe Tijdinghen, begins regular publication.[108]
3 May Chamber of Rhetoric De Peoene hosts a rhetoric competition in Mechelen.[109]
1621 April Twelve Years' Truce expires.
13 July Death of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria; Spanish Netherlands revert to Philip IV of Spain; Isabella Clara Eugenia remains in Brussels as Governess General
1622 29 August Battle of Fleurus: Army of Flanders defeats Protestant German invasion force.
1624 Lent Fr Charles of Brussels preaches the Forty Hours' Devotion at the court chapel in Brussels.[110]
1629 30 April to 14 September Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch: one of the four chief cities of the Duchy of Brabant falls to the Dutch Republic.
1632 Political crisis: Conspiracy of Nobles and Siege of Maastricht prompt Isabella Clara Eugenia, Governess General of the Spanish Netherlands, to summon the final session of the Estates General.[111]
1633 1 December Death of Isabella Clara Eugenia
1634 4 November Arrival of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria as new governor general.[112]
1635 May to July Beginning of hostilities in the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59): Battle of Les Avins, Sack of Tienen, Siege of Leuven
1637 17 April Exiled Dutch nobleman René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée, has the mayor of Liège, Sébastien de La Ruelle, murdered by Spanish soldiers.[113]
1638 24 May to 16 July Siege of Saint-Omer: French army fails to take the city of Saint-Omer
20 June Battle of Kallo: Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria prevents Dutch forces from encircling Antwerp.
1639 7 June Relief of Thionville: imperial forces under Ottavio Piccolomini break the French siege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg
1642 26 May Army of Flanders victorious in the Battle of Honnecourt
1643 David Teniers the Younger, The Guard Room (painting)
19 May Army of Flanders defeated in the Battle of Rocroi
1643 David Teniers the Younger, The Oude Voetboog Guild in the Grote Markt )painting)
1644 Pieter and François Hemony cast the first tuned carillon
28 July Gravelines taken by the French after a two-month siege
1648 15 May Peace of Münster ends the war with the Dutch Republic.
1651 20 March Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria lays the foundation stone of the Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.[114]
1652 14 July Jacobus de la Torre consecrates the new Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.[115]
1658 14 June Battle of the Dunes: the Army of Flanders and British Royalist allies fail to raise the French-Cromwellian Siege of Dunkirk, leading to the loss of the city.
1666 2 October Charles II of Great Britain issues the city of Bruges with a Fisheries Privilege in gratitude for the hospitality shown him by the city during his exile.
1669 5 June Death of Fr Charles of Brussels at the Capuchin house in Brussels.[116]
1671 27 June Marguerite Tiste, a native of Jemappes convicted of witchcraft, strangled and burned at the stake on the main square in Mons.[117]
1695 2 July to 1 September Siege of Namur
13–15 August Bombardment of Brussels by the army of Louis XIV

18th century

Year Date Event
1704 20 June Edict in the name of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, reorganises office of notary in the Habsburg Netherlands.[118]
1711 30 September Art school established in Brussels, later to become the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels.[119]
1713 29 January Second Barrier Treaty confirms the closing of the Scheldt.[120]
1714 6 March Treaty of Rastatt signed: hostilities between France and Austria arising from War of the Spanish Succession cease; Spanish Netherlands become Austrian Netherlands.[121]
1715 Start of Flemish China trade.[120]
1719 5 February to 3 August The Saint-Joseph sails from Ostend to Canton.[120]
19 September Frans Anneessens, dean of the masons' guild, beheaded in Brussels for resisting innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the guilds of Brussels.[122]
1720 3 June The Saint-Joseph reaches its home port of Ostend after a voyage to Canton, bringing a cargo of tea, porcelain, silk, and Chinese roots.[120]
1722 19 December Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor grants a charter to the Ostend Company to trade with the Indies.[123]
1723 22 April Work starts on Henri-Joseph Rega's new wing on the University Hall (Leuven).[124]
11–12 August Shares in the Ostend Company issued on Antwerp Exchange.[120]
1725 14 March Henri-Joseph Rega's new wing on the University Hall (Leuven), taken into use.[124]
1727 18 July Ostend Company petitions for the harbour of Ostend to be deepened.[125]
1734 16 February Ostend Company officially ceases trading in accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1731).[126]
1737 16 February Ostend Company officially wound up.[120]
1738 Henri-Joseph Rega establishes Leuven's botanical garden.[127]
1744 Henri-Joseph Rega establishes Leuven University's anatomical theatre.[128]
1745 11 May Battle of Fontenoy
9 July Battle of Melle
15 July Fall of Ghent
August Siege of Ostend
1746 January to February Siege of Brussels
11 October Battle of Rocoux
1748 24 April Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle convenes in Aachen to negotiate an end to the War of the Austrian Succession
18 October Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession
1771 7 January Privy Council grants necessary permits for artillery general Joseph de Ferraris to chart Mechelen and Brabant.[129]
1775 François-Charles de Velbrück establishes an academy of fine arts in Liège
1778 6 August Government edict regulating registration of baptisms, weddings and funerals: parish priests ordered to ensure that registrations of baptisms include the child's date of birth and the parents' places of birth; of weddings include the full names, status, place of birth and place of residence of the parties; of funerals include the date and time of death; and that a copy of each year's new entries in the parish register be deposited with the provincial authorities every January.[70]
1779 5 April François-Charles de Velbrück founds the Société littéraire de Liège.
1780 29 November Death of Maria Theresa.
1782 1 August Council of Luxembourg becomes a "sovereign" court: its legal decisions can no longer be appealed to the Great Council of Mechelen.[80]
1787 1 January Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees the abolition of the Council of Brabant and the institution of new law courts for the Duchy of Brabant,[130] to take effect from 1 May 1787.[131]
20 April Council of Brabant declares its abolition unconstitutional.[130]
21 September Joseph II's interim minister plenipotentiary, Sir Joseph Murray, 3rd Baronet, postpones the abolition of the Council of Brabant.[130]
1788 22 January Council of Brabant refuses to issue a new decree by Joseph II's minister plenipotentiary, Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff.[130]
1789 26 August Republic of Liège proclaimed.[132]
October Army of émigré volunteers invades the Austrian Netherlands.[130] Manifesto of the People of Brabant published. Government forces defeated in Battle of Turnhout (1789).
1790 4 January Manifesto of the Province of Flanders: States of Flanders repudiate loyalty to the count of Flanders and the House of Austria and declare the old County of Flanders an independent sovereign state
11 January United States of Belgium proclaimed.
22 September Battle of Falmagne: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries
1791 13 February Austrian military intervention restores César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck as prince-bishop of Liège
1792 16 November Battle of Jemappes: French gain control of Belgium and Liège.
1793 18 March Battle of Neerwinden: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries.
12–13 September Battle of Menin between French and Dutch forces
15 September First Battle of Courtrai between French and Austrian forces
1794 26 June Battle of Fleurus: decisive French victory in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars.
17–18 September Battle of Sprimont: final Austrian defeat in the Low Countries
1795 1 October Former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric of Liège unilaterally annexed to the French First Republic.[133]
6 November Decree of 14 Brumaire, Year IV brings into force in Belgium the Le Chapelier Law 1791 abolishing craft guilds and prohibiting membership of trade unions.[134]
1796 17 June Decree of 29 Prairial, Year IV establishes civil registration of births, marriages and deaths throughout what is now Belgium.[70]
August Moveables and archives of the guilds of Brussels sold at public auction on the Grand-Place.[134]
1797 Suppression of religious life begins in earnest.[133]
28 June École Centrale for the Department of the Scheldt inaugurated in Ghent.[135]
18 October By the Treaty of Campo Formio the Austrian monarchy accepts the French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[136]
1798 October to December Peasants' War (Boerenkrijg) in Flanders and Brabant; peasant army defeated near Hasselt on 5 December.
1799 21 June Execution of Pieter Corbeels, one of the leaders of the Peasant Army, in Tournai.

19th century

Year Date Event
1801 9 February Treaty of Lunéville reaffirms French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[137]
1806 27 May Minor Seminary, Roeselare, opens.
1810 2 May Napoleon Bonaparte attends the launching of the warship Friedland in Antwerp.[138]
1814 31 March Battle of Courtrai between French and Saxon forces.
21 July Belgium made part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.[139]
1815 16 June Battle of Ligny: Napoleon Bonaparte's last victory.
18 June Battle of Waterloo: final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.
1822 Société Générale founded
1830 25 August Belgian Revolution begins
26 December Allied powers recognise Belgian independence.[139]
1831 21 July Leopold, Prince of Coburg, sworn in as king of the Belgians.[140]
2–12 August Ten Days' Campaign: Dutch attempt to re-establish rule over Belgium fails, but Dutch forces retain control of Antwerp Citadel.
1832 20 October Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella replaces Félix de Muelenaere as Prime Minister
15 November to 23 December Siege of Antwerp by Belgian army with French support forces Dutch from Antwerp Citadel.
1834 4 August Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella as Prime Minister
1835 9 June Partial legislative elections held.
1836 18 June Belgium adopts the metric system.[1]: 627 
1837 28 December Pastoral letter of Belgian bishops deprecates Catholic membership of masonic lodges.[1]: 628 
1838 Hendrik Conscience's De Leeuw van Vlaenderen published.
1839 4 February The Kingdom of the Netherlands recognises Belgian independence.[140]
19 April Treaty of London signed, finalising international guarantees of Belgian independence and neutrality.[141]: 39 
1840 18 April Joseph Lebeau replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister
1841 13 April Jean-Baptiste Nothomb replaces Joseph Lebeau as Prime Minister
1845 30 July Sylvain Van de Weyer replaces Jean-Baptiste Nothomb as Prime Minister
1846 31 March Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Sylvain Van de Weyer as Prime Minister
1847 12 August Charles Rogier replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister
1848 1 April French Republican agitators seeking to foment revolution in Belgium arrested at Quiévrain.[141]: 244 
13 June Belgian general election, 1848
1850 5 May National Bank of Belgium founded
11 June Partial legislative elections
1851 27 October Commercial treaty between Belgium and the United Kingdom concluded in London.[141]: 338 [142]
1852 8 June Partial legislative elections of 1852
31 October Henri de Brouckère replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister
1853 22 August Marriage of Leopold, Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne, and Marie Henriette of Austria.[141]: 389 
1854 27 February Commercial treaty with France on tariffs, transit and navigation for five years.[143]
13 June Partial legislative elections of 1854
1855 30 March Pierre de Decker replaces Henri de Brouckère as Prime Minister
1856 10 June Partial legislative elections of 1856
1857 9 November Charles Rogier replaces Pierre de Decker as Prime Minister
10 December Belgian general election, 1857
1859 18 April Five-year commercial treaty with France (1854) extended for two more years.[144]
14 June Partial legislative elections of 1859
31 August Lower House of the Belgian Parliament passes a motion for the fortification of Antwerp.[141]: 556 
1860 9 July Belgian consulate in Damascus destroyed during anti-Christian pogroms.[141]: 577 
18 July Civic customs duties abolished.[145]
1861 11 June Partial legislative elections of 1861
1863 12 May Dutch government agrees to perpetual abolition of tolls on the Scheldt river in return for a payment of 17 million guilders[146]
9 June Partial legislative elections of 1863
1864 11 August Belgian general election, 1864
1865 10 December Death of Leopold I; succeeded by Leopold II
1866 12 June Partial legislative elections of 1866
1867 13 February Work begins on covering of the Senne in Brussels.[147]
1868 3 January Walthère Frère-Orban replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister
9 June Partial legislative elections of 1868
1869 April Violent repression of strikes in Belgium inspires Karl Marx to write The Belgian Massacres.
1870 11 June Partial legislative elections of 1870 return a hung parliament
2 July Jules d'Anethan replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister
2 August Belgian general election, August 1870, to break impasse of hung parliament
23 September Sumptuous public celebration of the 40th anniversary of Belgian independence.[141]: 949 
1871 21 February Regular railway services between France and Belgium resumed.[141]: 985 
7 December Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Jules d'Anethan as Prime Minister
1872 11 June Partial legislative elections of 1872
1874 9 June Partial legislative elections of 1874
21 August Prime Minister Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt dies in office; succeeded by Jules Malou
1875 8 April Birth of future king Albert I of Belgium
1876 13 June Partial legislative elections of 1876
1878 June to July Partial legislative elections of 1878
19 June Walthère Frère-Orban replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister
1880 8 June Partial legislative elections of 1880
25 December Pope Leo XIII issues a breve to establish a new chair in Thomist philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain.[148]
1881 6 March Review L'Art Moderne begins publication.[149]
1882 6 May North Sea Fisheries Convention signed, to come into effect in 1884.
13 June Partial legislative elections of 1882
31 July Désiré-Joseph Mercier appointed to the new chair in Thomist philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain.[150]
1883 28 October Founding meeting of the art association Les XX
1884 16 June Jules Malou replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister
June and July Belgian general election, 1884
26 October Auguste Beernaert replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister
1885 6 April Inaugural meeting of the Belgian Labour Party held in Brussels
2 May to 2 November World Exhibition in Antwerp
1886 18–29 March Series of strikes and disturbances in industrial areas of Wallonia
8 June Partial legislative elections of 1886
1888 12 June Partial legislative elections of 1888
1889 15 April Death of Father Damien
1890 10 June Partial legislative elections of 1890
8 November Composer César Franck dies
1892 14 June Belgian general election, 1892
1893 12–18 April General strike demanding an extension of the franchise
15 April Inaugural meeting of the Christene Volkspartij held in Okegem, with a party programme drafted by Adolf Daens
1894 26 March Jules de Burlet replaces Auguste Beernaert as Prime Minister
5 May to 5 November International Exposition (world's fair) in Antwerp
14 October Belgian general election, 1894
1896 25 February Paul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules de Burlet as Prime Minister
5 and 12 July Partial legislative elections of 1896
1897 10 May to 8 November Exposition Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels
1898 22 May Partial legislative elections of 1898
1899 24 January Jules Vandenpeereboom replaces Paul de Smet de Naeyer as Prime Minister
5 August Paul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules Vandenpeereboom as Prime Minister
3 December Antoon Stillemans, bishop of Ghent, suspends Adolf Daens as a diocesan priest due to his political activism[151]
1900 27 May Belgian general election, 1900
2 October Wedding of King Albert I of Belgium and Elisabeth of Bavaria.

20th century

Year Date Event
1901 3 November Birth of future king Leopold III of Belgium.
1902 25 May Partial legislative elections
15 November Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino attempts to assassinate Leopold II
1904 1 May Belgium national football team play their first official game, against France.
29 May Partial legislative elections
1905 27 April to 6 November Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Liège takes place.[152]
1906 27 May Partial legislative elections
1907 23 July Port of Zeebrugge formally opened.
1908 24 May Partial legislative elections
15 November Belgium assumes sovereignty of the Congo under the Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State
1909 17 December Death of Leopold II, King of the Belgians
23 December Accession of Albert I as King of the Belgians
1910 23 April to 1 November Exposition Universelle et Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels.
22 May Partial legislative elections
1911 Stoclet Palace completed
Maurice Maeterlinck awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
1912 2 June Belgian general election, 1912
1913 6 April to 31 October Exposition universelle et internationale (1913), World's Fair in Ghent.
1914 24 May Partial legislative elections
4 August German invasion with attendant atrocities: beginning of Belgian involvement in the First World War.
1918 11 November Armistice ends First World War.
1919 16 November Belgian general election, 1919
1920 14 August to 12 September 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp.
1921 June Crown Prince Hirohito's official visit to Belgium.[153][154]
20 November Belgian general election, 1921
1923 23 May Sabena is founded at Brussels Airport
1925 6 March Annexation of Eupen and Malmedy to the Kingdom of Belgium.
5 April Belgian general election, 1925
Henri de Baillet-Latour is elected President of the International Olympic Committee
1926 20 October Labour Treaty establishing free movement of labour between Belgium and Luxembourg signed at Luxembourg.[155]
10 November Wedding of King Leopold III of Belgium and Astrid of Sweden.
1929 10 January The Adventures of Tintin first published in Le Petit Vingtième
26 May Belgian general election, 1929
1930 3 May to 3 November Exposition internationale held in Liège
7 September Birth of future king Baudouin of Belgium
1931 12 May Eugène Ysaÿe dies.
1932 27 November Belgian general election, 1932
1933 20 February Convention regarding Establishment and Labour signed at Geneva, establishing free movement of labour between Belgium and the Netherlands.[156]
1934 17 February Death of Albert I, King of the Belgians.
6 June Birth of King Albert II of Belgium
1935 27 April to 6 November Brussels International Exposition (1935) held in Heysel, near Brussels.
29 August Queen Astrid dies in a car crash
1936 24 May Belgian general election, 1936
1937 22–25 May King Baudouin makes a state visit to Britain.[157]
1939 2 April Belgian general election, 1939
30 July Exposition internationale de l'eau opens in Liège.
1940 10 May German invasion: beginning of Belgian involvement in the Second World War.
1941 11 September King Leopold III secretly marries Lilian Baels
1944 17–18 August courcelle massacre.
1944 4 September Liberation of Brussels and Antwerp.
5 September Customs Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed.[158]: 978 
16 December German reinvasion: the Battle of the Bulge begins.
1945 25 January Liberation of Belgium completed.
8 May End of World War II in Europe.
1946 17 February Belgian general election, 1946
12 April Flemish nationalist leader August Borms executed by firing squad as a collaborator
1947 8 September Victor Horta dies.
1948 1 January Customs Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg comes into force.[158]: 978 
17 March Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.[158]: 905 
25 August Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence, comes into effect.[158]: 905 
1949 26 June Belgian general election, 1949
1950 12 March Royal Question brought to a head with Belgian monarchy referendum, 1950
4 June Belgian general election, 1950
1951 18 April Treaty of Paris signed, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.[158]: 655 
16 July King Leopold III abdicates
17 July Baudouin of Belgium sworn in as king
1952 25 July Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community comes into force.[158]: 655 
1953 31 January to 1 February North Sea flood damages Belgian coastal defences, killing 28
1954 11 April Belgian general election, 1954
23 October Paris Protocol agreed, transforming the Brussels Pact into the Western European Union (with Germany and Italy joining).[158]: 905 
1955 March–July First phase of the Second School War
1956 7 June Labour Treaty signed at The Hague establishing free movement of labour between Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, to come into force 1 November 1960.[159]
8 August Mining accident of Marcinelle claims 262 lives, including 136 Italian foreign workers
1957 25 March Belgium a signatory to the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community.
1958 17 April to 19 October Expo 58, the first major World's Fair since the Second World War.
1 June 1958 Belgian general election
1960 15 April Birth of future King Philippe of Belgium
June Belgian Congo becomes independent; on the eve of the celebrations Ambroise Boimbo snatches the ceremonial sabre of King Baudouin.
1 November Treaty establishing Benelux Economic Union comes into force, providing for the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.[158]: 978 
1961 17 January Patrice Lumumba killed in Congo
26 March 1961 Belgian general election
1962 14 October Rioting in Brussels between Flemish nationalist and Francophone demonstrators.[160]
1963 Jeanne Deckers, the Singing Nun, becomes world famous.
1964 Salvatore Adamo becomes one of the most commercially successful musicians in the world.
1965 31 March Treaty to establish a Benelux Court of Justice signed.[158]: 978 
23 May 1965 Belgian general election
1966 10 February Belgium ratifies London Fisheries Convention.
15 March London Fisheries Convention regulating fisheries in the North Sea comes into force.
1968 31 March 1968 Belgian general election
24 June Split of the Catholic University of Leuven announced.
1971 29 September to 1 October Emperor Hirohito's state visit to Belgium.[161]
7 November 1971 Belgian general election
1974 10 March 1974 Belgian general election
1977 17 April 1977 Belgian general election
11 October Award of Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ilya Prigogine announced[162]
1978 9 October Jacques Brel dies.
11 October Leo Tindemans resigns as Prime Minister after the failure of the Egmont pact.
17 November 1978 Belgian general election
1981 8 November 1981 Belgian general election
1985 16 to 21 May Pope John Paul II visits Belgium.
13 October 1985 Belgian general election
1986 3 May Sandra Kim wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 singing "J'aime la vie".[163]
1987 13 December 1987 Belgian general election
1988 Stella Artois merges with Piedboeuf Brewery to form Interbrew
1990 4–5 April Constitutional crisis: King Baudouin suspended as king for 36 hours after refusing to sign a law legalising abortion
1991 18 July Assassination of Socialist politician André Cools.[164]
24 November 1991 Belgian general election
1992 Dirk Frimout is the first Belgian in Space
1993 31 July King Baudouin of Belgium dies in Motril
9 August Albert, Prince of Liège becomes 6th King of the Belgians
1995 21 May 1995 Belgian federal election
June Pope John Paul II visits Belgium.
1996 20 October White March: approximately 300,000 people demonstrate to protest police and judicial inefficiency and demand improved child protection in the wake of the Dutroux affair
Famous cyclist Eddy Merckx created baron by King Albert
1999 13 June 1999 Belgian federal election
12 July Verhofstadt I Government sworn in
4 December Wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz
2000 22 September Stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris merge as Euronext.[165]

21st century

Year Date Event
2001 25 October Elisabeth, duchess of Brabant is born in Anderlecht.
6 November Belgian national airline Sabena declared bankrupt
2002 1 January Euro enters into circulation to replace the Belgian franc
November Frank De Winne is the second Belgian in space
Strépy-Thieu boat lift is completed
2003 18 May Belgian federal election, 2003 leads to formation of Verhofstadt II Government (sworn in 12 July)
2004 1–22 March Trial of serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, sentenced to life imprisonment
2005 Celebration of 175 years of Belgian independence and 25 years of federalism
2006 8 October 2006 Belgian local elections
2007 10 June Belgian federal election, 2007
2008 20 March Leterme I Government sworn in
30 December Van Rompuy Government sworn in following Yves Leterme's resignation as Prime Minister
2009 4 January Johan Bonny consecrated as bishop of Antwerp
11 October Father Damien canonised by Pope Benedict XVI
December Herman Van Rompuy becomes the first President of the European Council
2010 27 February André-Joseph Léonard succeeds Godfried Danneels as archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels
22 April Fall of Leterme II Government
23 April Pope Benedict XVI accepts the resignation of child molester Roger Vangheluwe as bishop of Bruges
13 June Belgian federal election, 2010 leads to formation of Di Rupo Government 541 days later
2011 October Sixth Belgian state reform finalised
6 December Di Rupo Government sworn in 541 days after the Belgian federal election, 2010
2012 24 October Closure of Ford Genk announced, to be completed in 2014 with loss of over 4,000 jobs.[166]
2013 21 July Philippe becomes 7th king of the Belgians
2014 24 May Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting kills four
25 May Belgian federal election, 2014
2015 6 November Jozef De Kesel succeeds André-Joseph Léonard as archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels
21 to 25 November Brussels lockdown
2016 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings
20 December Publifin scandal [fr] breaks in Le Vif/L'Express
2017 31 May Samusocial scandal [fr] breaks in Brussels parliament
2018 9 December Michel I Government splits, to be succeeded by Michel II Government, after division over endorsement of the Global Compact for Migration
2019 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
2020 4 February Public confirmation of first patient tested positive for the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium[167]
2021 4 to 5 May DDOS attack on Belnet disrupts accessibility of websites using the .be domain, including those of the Belgian government, parliament, police, educational and research institutions, health care, and public broadcasters,[168][169] forcing the postponement of parliamentary hearings relating to the Uyghur genocide.[170]
History of the Low Countries
Frisii Belgae
Cana–
nefates 		Chamavi,
Tubantes 		Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c. 5th AD)
Germania Inferior (83–c. 5th)
Salian Franks Batavi
unpopulated
(4th–c. 5th) 		Saxons Salian Franks
(4th–c. 5th)
Frisian Kingdom
(c. 6th–734) 		Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843)
Austrasia (511–687)
Middle Francia (843–855) West
Francia
(843–)
Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959)
Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–)
Frisia


Frisian
Freedom
(11–16th
century)
County of
Holland
(880–1432)
Bishopric of
Utrecht
(695–1456)
Duchy of
Brabant
(1183–1430)

Duchy of
Guelders
(1046–1543)
County of
Flanders
(862–1384)
County of
Hainaut
(1071–1432)

County of
Namur
(981–1421)
P.-Bish.
of Liège

(980–1794)
Duchy of
Luxem-
bourg
(1059–1443)
 
Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)

Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795)
(Seventeen Provinces after 1543) 		 

Dutch Republic
(1581–1795)
Spanish Netherlands
(1556–1714) 		 
 
Austrian Netherlands
(1714–1795)
 
United States of Belgium
(1790)
R. Liège
(1789–'91)
     

Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)
associated with French First Republic (1795–1804)
part of First French Empire (1804–1815)
   

Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) 		 
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830)
Gr D. L.
(1815–)

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–)
Kingdom of Belgium (1830–)

Gr D. of
Luxem-
bourg
(1890–)

See also

Cities in Belgium

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Alain de Gueldre et al., Kroniek van België (Antwerp and Zaventem, 1987).
  2. ^ Fred Stevens and Axel Tixhon, L'Histoire de la Belgique pour les nuls (Paris, 2010), p. 31.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, vol. 1 Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Ghent, 1902).
  4. ^ J. Dury and J.-P. Delville, "Liège, 2: L’expansion généralisée du christianisme (viie siècle)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 32 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015), 150–151.
  5. ^ J. Keunen, "Lambertus", Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. 3 (Brussels, 1968), 484–489.
  6. ^ Janet Nelson, King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne (London, Allen Lane, 2019), p. 24.
  7. ^ C. Vleeschouwers, "Diploma van keizer Lodewijk de Vrome voor de Sint-Baafsabdij te Gent, 819", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 3–6.
  8. ^ P. Bertrand, "Hubert (Saint)", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 25 (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1995), 23–24.
  9. ^ Richerus of Rheims, Histoire de son temps, edited by G.-H. Pertz, translated and annotated by J. Guadet, vol. 1 Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Paris, 1845), pp. 72, 82.
  10. ^ a b c d Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", in New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Timothy Reuter, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1999).
  11. ^ D. Van Overstraeten, "Diploma van keizer Otto I voor de abdij van Saint-Ghislain, 965", tr. C. Vleeschouwers, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10–13.
  12. ^ G. Maréchal, "Bekrachtiging van de goederen van de Gentse Sint-Pietersabdij", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 10–13.
  13. ^ Herman Vander Linden, "Wolbodon", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 27 Archived 3 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Brussels, 1938), 392–394.
  14. ^ a b Philibert Schmitz, "Theoduin", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 24 (Brussels, 1929), 757-758.
  15. ^ Georges Declercq, "Genealogia comitum Flandrensium", in Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, edited by R. G. Dunphy (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010), 666–7.
  16. ^ a b c Brigitte Meijns, "Papal Bulls as Instruments of Reform: the Reception of the Protection Bulls of Gregory VII in the Dioceses of Liège and Thérouanne (1074–1077)", Church History, 87:2 (2018), pp. 399–423.
  17. ^ Alan V. Murray, The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099: Structure and dynamics of a contingent on the First Crusade Archived 4 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 70/2 (1992), pp. 301–329.
  18. ^ K. Maddens, "Schenking van het altaar van Tielt aan het Sint-Salvatorskapittel van Harelbeke, 1105", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 15–17.
  19. ^ Raymond van Uytven, "13 mei 1106: Godfried van Leuven wordt hertog van Neder-Lotharingen", De 25 dagen van Vlaanderen, 3 (2005), p. 67.
  20. ^ M.-A. Dimier, "Dunes", in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. 14 (Paris, 1960), 1039–1044.
  21. ^ M. Soenen, "Verkoop allodiaal domein te Woluwe, 1125", tr. C. Vleeschouwers, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 17–21.
  22. ^ Edouard Van Even, "Jaerboeken der Abtdy van Perk van 1077 tot 1316", Mengelingen (1871), pp. 392-393.
  23. ^ G. Hansotte, "Bevestiging van de bezittingen van de abdij van Stavelot, 1146", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 21–22.
  24. ^ M. Grauwen, "Bekrachtiging der goederen van de abdij van Affligem, 1147", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 23–25.
  25. ^ a b c F. Ladrier, "De erfopvolging van Hendrik de Blinde, graaf van Namen, 1163–1184", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 29–33.
  26. ^ A. Graffart, "Godfried III en Tienen, 1168", tr. A. Zoete, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 26–29.
  27. ^ a b G. Wymans, "Oorkonde van het kapittel van Zinnik, geschreven door Gillebert van Bergen, kanselier van Henegouwen, 1198", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 37–39.
  28. ^ a b Edouard Van Even, "Jaerboeken der Abtdy van Perk van 1077 tot 1316", Mengelingen (1871), pp. 398-399.
  29. ^ a b Bart Fransen, "Recherches historiques / Historisch onderzoek", Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, 32 (2006–2008), pp. 95–101.
  30. ^ G. Wymans, "Vredesverdrag tussen Hendrik I, hertog van Brabant, en Boudewijn V, graaf van Henegouwen en Vlaanderen, 1194", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 33–37.
  31. ^ F. W. Brooks, "The Battle of Damme, 1213", Mariner's Mirror 16 (1930), 264–271.
  32. ^ John France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 (London, 2002), p. 166.
  33. ^ Georges Duby, Le Dimanche de Bouvines, 27 juillet 1214 (Gallimard, 1985).
  34. ^ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 43–45.
  35. ^ "De keure van 1229", Brussel: Waar is de Tijd, 6 (1999), pp. 133-135.
  36. ^ J. Mertens, "Vrijstelling van 'beste hoofd', 1232", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 46–48.
  37. ^ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 43–45.
  38. ^ C. Wyffels, "Het verschijnen in ons land van Nederlands en Frans in de ambtelijke schrijftaal", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 45.
  39. ^ M. Grawuen, "Inrichting van een school te Leuven, 1245", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 48–50.
  40. ^ a b C. Wyffels, "Economische oorlog tussen Vlaanderen en Engeland", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 54–56.
  41. ^ François-Louis Ganshof, "Gui de Thourout", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 25 (Brussels, 1932), 141-142.
  42. ^ J. Mertens, "Geschil over een dijk bij Nieuwpoort", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 63–65.
  43. ^ J. Danhieux, "Handel tussen Engeland en Vlaanderen, 1296", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 65–67.
  44. ^ C. Dumont, "Handelsverdrag tussen Filips de Schone, koning van Frankrijk, en Jan van Avesnes, graaf van Henegouwen, 1297", tr. H. Coppens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 68–69.
  45. ^ J. Bovesse, "Verbreking van de persoonlijke dynastieke band tussen de graafschappen Vlaanderen en Namen op het eind van de 13de eeuw", tr. H. Coppens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 70–72.
  46. ^ J. Bovesse, "Statuten van het Naamse beenhouwersambacht, 1303", tr. E. Persoons, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 72–76.
  47. ^ Edouard Van Even, "Jaerboeken der Abtdy van Perk van 1077 tot 1316", Mengelingen (1871), pp. 406-407.
  48. ^ "Universiteitshal" (in Dutch). Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage. 2020.[permanent dead link]
  49. ^ Henri Pirenne, Le Soulèvement de la Flandre Maritime de 1323 à 1328 (Brussels, 1900).
  50. ^ a b W. De Keyzer, "Huwelijksdispensatie voor Edward III, koning van Engeland en Filippa van Henegouwen, 1327", tr. E. Persoons, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 76–78.
  51. ^ L. Danhieux, "Bruggelingen als gijzelaars in Frankrijk, 1328", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 78–82.
  52. ^ A. Graffart, "Verdrag van bondgenootschap tussen Brabant en Vlaanderens, 1339", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 83–87.
  53. ^ Patricia Carson, James Van Artevelde: The Man from Ghent (Ghent, 1980).
  54. ^ R. Wellens, "Verbond der steden, 1355", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 88–89.
  55. ^ R. Wellens, "Blijde Inkomst van Brabant, 1356", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 89–92.
  56. ^ "Pays-Bas espagnols. Chambre des comptes. Lille". data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 7 February 2017.
  57. ^ A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 268.
  58. ^ A. Van Nieuwenhuysen, "De erfopvolging in Brabant, 1392", tr. S. Vervaeck, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1, tr. J. Verhelst, (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 97–99.
  59. ^ G. Hansotte, "De betrekkingen tussen Luikenaren en Bourgondiërs in de XIVde eeuw", tr. J. Verhelst, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 99–100.
  60. ^ A. Zoete, "Brief van Jan zonder Vrees, 1408", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 103–106.
  61. ^ J. Bovesse, "Verkoop van het graafschap Namen wan Filips de Goede, heritage van Bourgondië, 1421", tr. J. Verhelst, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 108–111.
  62. ^ G. gadijn, "Wandtapijtkunst te Oudenaarde, 1596", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 190–192.
  63. ^ Edouard Van Even, "Een steekspel, in 1450, op de Groote Merckt, te Leuven", Mengelingen (1871), pp. 123-128.
  64. ^ Wim Blockmans, "De samenstelling van de staten van de Bourgondische landsheerlijkheden omstreeks 1464", Standen en Landen 47 (1968), pp. 57–112.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g Alain Marchandise, Irène Vrancken-Pirson and Jean-Louis Kupper, "La destruction de la ville de Liège (1468) et sa reconstruction Archived 2 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine", in Destruction et reconstruction de villes, du moyen âge à nos jours (Brussels, 1999).
  66. ^ J. Verhelst, "Vredesonderhandelingen tussen Polen en Hongarije, 1473", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 112–113.
  67. ^ D. Van Derveeghde, "Poging tot reorganisatie en centralisatie van de financiën onder Karel de Stoute, 1473", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 113–115.
  68. ^ R. Wellens, "Blijde Inkomst in Brabant, 1477", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 115–117.
  69. ^ Jonas Roelens (16 September 2019). "Lesbisch in de middeleeuwen? Tamelijk veilig behalve hier". EOS wetenschap (in Dutch).
  70. ^ a b c A. Libois, "Tekening in een parochieregister: het huwelijk", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 179–190.
  71. ^ U. Vermeuelen, "Bekrachtiging van het verdrag van Senlis, 1493", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 118–119.
  72. ^ a b Joni M. Hand, Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550 (Ashgate, 2013), p. 84
  73. ^ a b c Adriaan van Meerbeeck, Chronijcke vande gantsche Werelt (Antwerp, 1620).
  74. ^ a b A. Smolar-Meynart, "Aflaatbul voor de wederopbouw van de collegiale kerk van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw the Dinant, 1509", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 122–124.
  75. ^ E. Persoons, "Edikt van Worms, 8 mei 1521. Speciale tekst voor de Nederlanden. France versie", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 124–126.
  76. ^ a b c E. Persoons, "Edikten of 'placcaten' van Karel V tegen het Lutheranisme", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 150–153.
  77. ^ M. Grauwen, "Testament van paus Adriaan VI, 1523", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 127–129.
  78. ^ U. Vermeulen, "Vrede van Madrid, 1526", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 129–130.
  79. ^ J. Buntinx, "Maria van Hongarije landvoogdes, 1531", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 131–132.
  80. ^ a b R. Petit, "Keizerlijke verordening houdend reglement van de Raad van Luxemburg, 1532", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 132–141.
  81. ^ a b c R. Petit, "Rekwest van de burgers van Aarlen tot het bekomen van de alleenhandel in de proosdij, 1548", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 156–159.
  82. ^ "History of KBR's manuscript collection". kbr.be. Royal Library of Belgium.
  83. ^ a b c d D. De Stobbeleir, "Het eedverbond der edelen, 1565–1566", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 164–169.
  84. ^ a b H. Delvaux, "Veroordeling van Antwerpse hervormden, 1568", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 171–173.
  85. ^ Charles Piot, "Morillon (Maximilien)", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 15 (Brussels 1899), 267-272.
  86. ^ Statuts et ordonnances touchant le stil et maniere de proceder & l'administration de justice devant, & par les courts & justices seculieres du païs de Liege (Liège, Gauthier Morberius, 1572). Online.
  87. ^ J. De Keyzer, "Kalenderhervorming in de Spaanse Nederlanden, 1575", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 173–176.
  88. ^ "Eigen Brusselse rechters", Brussel: Waar is de Tijd, 6 (1999), p. 132.
  89. ^ Hugo De Schepper, "De Nederlanden, 1550—1604", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 22.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g h i Luc De Vos and Etienne Rooms, "Tactisch een Staats, strategisch een Paaps succes", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 35.
  91. ^ Hugo De Schepper, "De Nederlanden, 1550—1604", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 25.
  92. ^ Hugo De Schepper, "De Nederlanden, 1550—1604", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 29.
  93. ^ Hugo De Schepper, "De Nederlanden, 1550—1604", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 28.
  94. ^ Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 91.
  95. ^ Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 94.
  96. ^ Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 96.
  97. ^ J. Monballyu, "Was Tanneken Sconyncx een heks? Een analyse van haar proces in 1602-1603", De Roede van Tielt, 25:3 (1994), pp. 94-140. Available online
  98. ^ Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 97.
  99. ^ Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 98.
  100. ^ a b Werner Thomas, "Het beleg van Oostende", in De val van het Nieuwe Troje: Het beleg van Oostende, 1601–1604, ed. Werner Thomas (Ostend and Leuven, 2004), p. 99.
  101. ^ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), pp. 83–84. Partial view on Google Books.
  102. ^ J. De Wilde, "Het faict van tooverie in Laarne (1607-1608): enkele feiten en bedenkingen", Castellum, 18 (2001), pp. 3-32.
  103. ^ Georges Martyn, "Het recht ten tijde van de aartshertogen: Codificatie en enkele fundamentele wetten", in Albert & Isabella (1598–1621): Essays edited by Werner Thomas and Luc Duerloo (Turnhout, Brepols, 1998), pp. 249–254.
  104. ^ P. Bauwens, "Heksenproces, 1614", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 200–203.
  105. ^ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 82. Partial view on Google Books.
  106. ^ P. Soetaert, De Bergen van Barmhartigheid in de Spaanse, de Oostenrijkse en de Franse Nederlanden, 1618–1795 (Dissertatie Leuven, Historische Uitgaven LXVII; Brussels, 1986).
  107. ^ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 76. Partial view on Google Books.
  108. ^ Paul Arblaster, From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands (Leiden and Boston, 2014), p. 4. Partial view on Google Books.
  109. ^ De Schadt-kiste der philosophen ende poeten (Mechelen, Henry Jaye, 1621)
  110. ^ J.-J. Thonissen, "Arenberg (Le P. Charles D')", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1866), 401-405.
  111. ^ Louis Prosper Gachard, Actes des États Généraux de 1632, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1853), pp. 3–5.
  112. ^ Jan van den Hoecke. "Description of The Battle of Nördlingen (1634)". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 400100.
  113. ^ Henri Lonchay, "La Ruelle (Sébastien de)", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 11 (Brussels, 1891), 374.
  114. ^ J.-J. Thonissen, "Arenberg (Le P. Charles D')", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1866), 401-405.
  115. ^ J.-J. Thonissen, "Arenberg (Le P. Charles D')", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1866), 401-405.
  116. ^ J.-J. Thonissen, "Arenberg (Le P. Charles D')", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1866), 401-405.
  117. ^ Isabelle Palmitessa (25 November 2014). "Pétition en faveur d'une adolescente brûlée à Mons pour sorcellerie en 1671". rtbf.be.
  118. ^ A. Libois, "Huwelijkskontrakt tussen Amand Thirion en Marie Joseph Fontaine, 1733", tr. M. Grauwen, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 234–241.
  119. ^ "Some Industrial Art Schools of Europe and their Lessons for the United States", extracts from the studies made for the French government by Marius Vachon, translated by Florence N. Levy, Department of the Interior Bureau of Education Bulletin, 1922, no. 48, p. 19.
  120. ^ a b c d e f J. Mertens, "Oostende – Kanton – Oostende, 1719–1720", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 224–228.
  121. ^ M. Soenen, "Gedrukte tekst van het Verdrag van Rastadt, 1714", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 219–222.
  122. ^ Alphonse Wauters, "Anneessens, François", Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 1 Archived 2 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Brussels, 1866), 300–317.
  123. ^ Henri Pirenne, Geschiedenis van België, Vol. 5: Het einde van het Spaansch stelsel. Het Oostenrijksch stelsel. De Brabantsche omwenteling en de Luiksche omwenteling (Ghent, 1929), p. 195 Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  124. ^ a b Jan van Impe, De Leuvense universiteitsbibliotheek: historische wandelgids (Leuven, 2012), pp. 56-57.
  125. ^ J. Mertens, "Dossier van werken in de haven van Oostende, 1727", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 233–234.
  126. ^ L. Michielsen, "Het einde van de Oostendsche Kompagnie", Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis 28 (1937), 128–129.
  127. ^ "Stedelijke kruidtuin". erfgoed.net (in Dutch). Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage. 2020.
  128. ^ "Anatomisch theater". erfgoed.net (in Dutch). Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage. 2020.
  129. ^ W. Buntinx, "Vervaardiging van de kaart van de Zuidelijke Nederlanden genaamd 'Kaart van Ferraris', 1771–1777", in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 251–254.
  130. ^ a b c d e D. De Stobbeleir, "Verzet tegen de hervormingen van Jozef II en de staatsgreep van 18 juni 1789", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), pp. 262–267.
  131. ^ "Causes of the discontents in the Austrian Netherlands", The Annual Register 29 (1789), p. 208 Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  132. ^ Bruno Demoulin, Recueil des instructions aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France (Principauté de Liège 31; 1998), p. xxxviii.
  133. ^ a b Jan Roegiers, "Revolutie in de seminaries", Trajecta, 9 (2000), 112–133.
  134. ^ a b A. Graffart, "Register van het schilders-, goudslagers- en glazenmakersambacht van Brussel, 1707–1794", tr. M. Erkens, in Doorheen de nationale geschiedenis, vol. 1 (State Archives in Belgium, Brussels, 1980), p. 270.
  135. ^ Procès-verbal de l'inauguration de l'École Centrale du Département de l'Escaut, et discours prononcés à ce sujet (Ghent, P. F. de Goesin, 1797) On Google Books
  136. ^ s.v. "Austrian Netherlands", Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History since 1789, edited by Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, Frank Tallett (Oxford, 2011).
  137. ^ s.v. "Austrian Netherlands", Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History since 1789, edited by Nicholas Atkin, Michael Biddiss, Frank Tallett (Oxford, 2011)
  138. ^ Le Friedland de quatre-vingt canons lancé dans le port d'Anvers Archived 19 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The British Museum. Accessed 16 June 2017.
  139. ^ a b William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
  140. ^ a b William Henry Overall, The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register (London, 1870), p. 76.
  141. ^ a b c d e f g h Joseph Irving, The Annals of Our Time (London and New York, 1871).
  142. ^ C. Pety de Thozée, Système commercial de la Belgique, vol. 2 (Brussels, Bruylant-Christophe, 1875), pp. 76-80. On Google Books
  143. ^ C. Pety de Thozée, Système commercial de la Belgique, vol. 2 (Brussels, Bruylant-Christophe, 1875), pp. 23-26.
  144. ^ C. Pety de Thozée, Système commercial de la Belgique, vol. 2 (Brussels, Bruylant-Christophe, 1875), p. 26.
  145. ^ "Loi du 18 juillet 1860 portant abolition des octrois communaux". refLex. Council of State (Belgium). 18 July 1860.
  146. ^ Olivier Keun (11 March 2013). "Afkoop Scheldetol 150 jaar". G/Geschiedenis (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  147. ^ Thierry Demey, Bruxelles, chronique d’une capitale en chantier, vol. 1 (Brussels, 1990), p. 59.
  148. ^ "Brefs de S.S. Léon XIII relatifs à la fondation d'un Institut supérieur de Philosophie à l'Université Catholique de Louvain". Revue néo-scolastique. 1 (1): 76–84. 1894.
  149. ^ René Fayt. "Résumé". Périodiques numérisés dans le cadre de l'Action de Recherche Concertée. Université libre de Bruxelles.
  150. ^ Robert Wielockx, "De Mercier à De Wulf: Débuts de l'École de Louvain", in Gli studi di filosofia medievale fra otto e novecento, edited by Ruedi Imbach and Alfonso Maierù (Rome, 1991), p. 77. Preview on Google Books
  151. ^ Jan de Maeyer, Arthur Verhaegen, 1847–1917: de rode baron (Leuven University Press, 1994), p. 306.
  152. ^ Liège et l'Exposition universelle de 1905, edited by Christine Renardy (Brussels, 2005).
  153. ^ David De Cooman, "Crown Prince Hirohito's Visit to Belgium", in Japan & Belgium: An Itinerary of Mutual Inspiration, edited by W.F. Vande Walle and David De Cooman (Tielt, 2016), pp. 131–145.
  154. ^ La Libre Belgique, 21 June 1921.
  155. ^ Daniel C. Turack, "Freedom of Movement and the Travel Document in Benelux", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 17:1 (Jan. 1968), pp. 191-192.
  156. ^ Daniel C. Turack, "Freedom of Movement and the Travel Document in Benelux", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 17:1 (Jan. 1968), p. 192.
  157. ^ "Belgium's Policy. King's Visit. Vital Talks. Neutrality and Colonies". Sydney Morning Herald. 24 March 1937. p. 17. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  158. ^ a b c d e f g h i H.F. van Panhuys, L.J. Brinkhorst, and H.H. Maas (eds.), International Organisation and Integration (Deventer and Leyden, 1968).
  159. ^ Daniel C. Turack, "Freedom of Movement and the Travel Document in Benelux", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 17:1 (Jan. 1968), pp. 197-198.
  160. ^ "20 Wounded in Brussels Word Riots". Chicago Tribune. 15 October 1962. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  161. ^ Belgium Hirohito Visit Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, AP Archive.
  162. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  163. ^ Alain de Gueldre et al., Kroniek van België (Antwerp and Zaventem, 1987), p. 1009.
  164. ^ Marc Cools and Veerle Pashley, "Shadows of Power: Agusta, a Belgian Affair", in The Routledge Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Europe edited by Judith van Erp, Wim Huisman, Gudrun Vande Walle (Routledge, 2015), pp. 336–345.
  165. ^ Handbook of Finance. Volume I: Financial Markets and Instruments, edited by Frank J. Fabozzi (Hoboken NJ, 2008), p. 143.
  166. ^ "Ford Genk sluit in 2014". De Standaard (in Dutch). 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  167. ^ "One repatriated Belgian has tested positive for the novel coronavirus". info-coronavirus.be. Federal Public Service for Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  168. ^ "Belgian government websites down after DDoS attack". The Brussels Times. 4 May 2021.
  169. ^ Helen Lyons (5 May 2021). "Belgian government websites still under cyberattack". The Brussels Times.
  170. ^ Véronique Kiesel (4 May 2021). "Cyberattaque: annulation forcée à la Chambre des auditions sur le Xinjiang". Le Soir (in French).

Further reading

Belgian history

Timelines

External links

Years in Belgium
Belgium articles
World Heritage Sites in Belgium
Categories