The timeline of international climate politics is a list of events significant to the politics of climate change.

Since 1995, yearly United Nations conferences of the parties have been the primary forum for international discussion of political response to the threat of climate change.

Overview

The politics of climate change did not reach a prominent place on the world's political agenda until the late 1980s. There had been warnings that climate change could become a civilisation ending threat from as early as the 1930s.[1] Scientists and environmental campaigning groups tried to get policy makers attention with increasing frequency after Charles Keeling's 1960 report of an annual rise in the atmospheric concentration of CO2.[2] Yet until the 1990s, there was little concerted action by the world's policy makers.[note 1][3]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. In 1992, the world's governments agreed on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The subsequent landmarks have been the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the 2009 Copenhagen Summit and the 2015 Paris conference.[3]

Following successful negotiations leading to the 1987 signing of the Montreal Protocol to protect the Ozone layer, politicians and activists were initially relatively optimistic about the prospects for successfully containing the threat of global warming. By the early 2000s, with global emissions having increased significantly since the 1992 agreement, it had become clear that reducing global emissions would be a much more difficult problem.[note 2][3][4]

Timeline

Events prior to 1980

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, pioneer of the political treatment of the greenhouse effect

Further information: History of climate change science

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Historical annual CO2 emissions for the top six countries and confederations.

2020s

National positions

The positions adopted by different nations in climate change negotiations often reflect the extent to which they are threatened by climate change, their level of dependency on fossil fuels for economic development, and the degree to which they are endowed with fossil fuels they can profitably extract, without needing to import. With the exception of a few Island nations, which feel highly threatened by rising sea levels and tend to consistently argue for strongly climate friendly policy, each nation's position has tended to vary over time. This reflects the personal preferences of whoever happens to have executive power during particular conferences, along with the shifting balance of power of various internal factions within each nation, each of which can have sharply different views on the best response to the climate change threat.[3] Strong climate friendly positions taken at international climate conferences can sometimes contrast with a nations slow progress in limiting its own Greenhouse gas emissions. The relative performance of the world's nations in limiting climate change within their own borders is reported on by the Climate Change Performance Index and by Climate Action tracker.[3][20]

United States

Main article: Climate change policy of the United States

Since the late 1960s, the United States has at various times led efforts to develop political consensus for action against climate change. Yet it remains notorious for having one of the world's highest emissions per head figures. During the 2017 – 2021 Donald Trump administration, the USA had a climate change denier at the highest level of executive power, though climate science-informed policy continued to be enacted in parts of the country at state level. Joe Biden, who took over the presidency in January 2021, has been recognised for putting climate change at the heart of his policy agenda, though how effective this will prove remains to be seen.[3][21]

China

See also: Environmental policy in China and Climate change in China

China is the world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, releasing almost twice as much GHG as the second largest emitter, the US. China is also the world's largest investor in renewable energy – in 2018 it invested $126 billion, almost half of the $279 billion invested across the entire world. China has always taken climate change seriously at international negotiations. Yet it has often strongly argued that western nations should take a greater share of the financial burden in helping developing countries to respond to climate change than they were willing to bear. An exception to this occurred in the build up to the Paris negotiations, where China took a more collaborative approach.[22][3]

European Union

See also: Environmental policy of the European Union and Climate change in Europe

Especially compared to the US, nations forming the European Union have had a mostly consistent position in favour of strong action to mitigate climate change. They have been steadily reducing greenhouse gas emissions, achieving on average a 23% reduction between 1990 – 2016. Though they are sometimes criticised for not having reduced emissions fast enough, given their capabilities, and for not doing enough to help less developed nations.[3]

Russia

See also: Climate change in Russia and Environmental policy of Russia

Similar to Canada, Russia is both a net exporter of fossil fuels, and a country that could benefit from moderate global warming. Especially before 2010, Russian leaders would sometimes make dismissive statements about man made global warming, and could be somewhat obstructive to international climate change negotiations. Since 2010 however, Russia has become more supportive of climate change mitigation.[3]

Notes

  1. ^ One of the reasons being that in the early 1970s a significant minority of scientists were stating that the climate change threat was from global cooling rather than warming. From about 1940 until the early 1970s, there were indications of very slightly cooling of average temperatures. This was caused by a high concentration of atmospheric sulfate aerosols which had resulted from volcanic eruptions, and from industrial activity before controls to reduce sulphur emissions became widespread.
  2. ^ In addition to the normal collective action problems, other difficulties have included: 1) The fact that fossil fuel use has been common across the economy, unlike the relatively few firms that controlled manufacture of products containing the CFCs, which had been damaging the Ozone layer. 2. Incompatible views from different nations on the level of responsibility that highly developed countries had in assisting less developed controls to control their emissions without inhibiting their economic growth. 3.) Difficulty in getting humans to take significant action to limit a threat that is far away in the future. 4) The dilemma between the conflicting needs to reach agreements that could be accepted by all, versus the desirability for the agreement to have significant practical effect on human activity. See e.g. Dryzek (2011) Chpt. 3, and Dessler (2019) Chpt. 1, 4 & 5.
  3. ^ A "Scandinavian connection" was alleged by Nils-Axel Mörner who saw an early friendship of Palme and Bert Bolin as reasons for Bolin then being promoted as environmental steward in the Swedish government and later as first head of the IPCC

Citations

  1. ^ Oswald Spengler (1932). Man and Technics (PDF). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-8371-8875-X. climatic changes have been thereby set afoot which imperil the land-economy of whole populations
  2. ^ Christiana Figueres; Tom Rivett-Carnac (2020). "Introduction". The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis. Manilla Press. ISBN 978-1-838-770-82-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Andrew Dessler; Edward A Parson (2020). "1, 4, 5". The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 26, 112, 175. ISBN 978-1-31663132-4.
  4. ^ Dryzek, John; Norgaard, Richard; Schlosberg, David, eds. (2011). "2". The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956660-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Die Frühgeschichte der globalen Umweltkrise und die Formierung der deutschen Umweltpolitik(1950-1973) (Early history of the environmental crisis and the setup of German environmental policy 1950-1973), Kai F. Hünemörder, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3-515-08188-7
  6. ^ "The First World Climate Conference". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  7. ^ a b "The Brandt Proposals: A Report Card, Energy and the Environment". Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
  8. ^ Jonathan Watts (2023-12-29). "World will look back at 2023 as year humanity exposed its inability to tackle climate crisis, scientists say". the Guardian. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  9. ^ a b c d "Timeline: UN Climate Talks". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  10. ^ "Byrd-Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98) Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding Conditions for the US Signing the Global Climate Change Treaty". Nationalcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  11. ^ Broder, John (2009-06-26). "House Passes Bill to Address Threat of Climate Change". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  12. ^ "Climate change: Obama unveils Clean Power Plan". BBC News. 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  13. ^ "Climate change impacts worse than expected, IPCC 1.5 report warns". Environment. 2018-10-08. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  14. ^ "The Green New Deal Explained". Investopedia. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  15. ^ "Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled". POLITICO. 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  16. ^ "Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet". the Guardian. 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  17. ^ "Ratchets, phase-downs and a fragile agreement: how Cop26 played out". the Guardian. 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  18. ^ "Climate change: Five key takeaways from COP27". BBC News. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  19. ^ "Failure of Cop28 on fossil fuel phase-out is 'devastating', say scientists". the Guardian. 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  20. ^ Climate Action tracker https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/
  21. ^ "Joe Biden invites 40 world leaders to virtual summit on climate crisis". The Guardian. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  22. ^ Michael Safi Jason Burke ,Michael Standaert, David Agren, Leyland Cecco, Adam Morton, Flávia Milhorance, Emmanuel Akinwotu (27 April 2021). "So what has the rest of the world promised to do about climate change?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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