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((short description|None))

((Use dmy dates|date=January 2020))
((More citations needed|date=August 2009))
This is a timeline of the modern development of [[psychiatry]]. Related information can be found in the [[Timeline of psychology]] and [[Timeline of psychotherapy]] articles.

==Early history of psychiatry<!-- This is not an early history of Psychiatry. The origin of Psychiatry occurred much later. This is highly misleading and must be deleted altogether. As late as 1856 (and possibly later) what was to become the American Journal of Psychiatry was at that time still referred to as the American Journal of Insanity and issues from that era made reference only to physicians and medical psychologists. The term Psychiatry was first used in the 19th century and what has manifested today as this area of practice is neither clinical medicine as pertains to bodily illnesses nor psychology. This article does not merely lack citations. It is erroneous, incredibly inaccurate and undermines the quality of information here on Wikipedia. -->==
;1550 BCE
The [[Ebers papyrus]], one of the most important medical papyri of
[[ancient Egypt]], briefly mentioned clinical depression.<ref>((cite book
 | last = Scholl
 | first = Reinhold
 | title = Der Papyrus Ebers. Die größte Buchrolle zur Heilkunde Altägyptens
 | publisher = Leipzig
 | year = 2002
 | isbn = 3-910108-93-8))</ref>
[[File:ebers7766.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A page from the Ebers Papyrus.]]
;6th century BCE
600 B.C., many cities had temples to [[Asklepios]] known as an Asklepieion that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses<ref name="Silverberg1967">((cite book|last=Silverberg|first=Robert|title=The dawn of medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/dawnofmedicine00silv|url-access=registration|access-date=21 April 2013|year=1967|publisher=Putnam))</ref>

;4th century BCE
Greek physician [[Hippocrates]] theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root of mental disorders.<ref>Nasse, Hermann (1829). ''De insania commentatio secundum libros Hippocraticos''. Bonn: Thormann; Leipzig: Cnobloch. English translation of Nasse's dissertation in: S. E. Jelliffe, Notes on the History of Psychiatry. ''Alienist and Neurologist'', 1916, Vol. 37, [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t8hf0f99w?urlappend=%3Bseq=301 287-312] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027212957/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t8hf0f99w;seq=301;a=zoom:1 |date=27 October 2021 )), [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t8hf0f99w?urlappend=%3Bseq=345 331-346] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027212958/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t8hf0f99w;seq=345;a=zoom:1 |date=27 October 2021 )); 1917, Vol. 38, [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t9671256w?urlappend=%3Bseq=49 41-56] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213001/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t9671256w;seq=49;a=zoom:1 |date=27 October 2021 )), [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t9671256w?urlappend=%3Bseq=155 147-159] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213002/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t9671256w;seq=155;a=zoom:1 |date=27 October 2021 )).</ref>

;280 BCE
Greek physician and philosopher [[Herophilus]] studied the nervous system and distinguished between sensory nerves and motor nerves.

;250 BCE
Greek anatomist [[Erasistratus]] studied the brain and distinguished between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

;9th century
The first [[bimaristan]] was built in [[Baghdad]], followed by several others throughout the [[Arab world]]. By the 13th century, they had become large, complex, and divided into several different specialized units. A number of these hospitals contained wards for patients with mental illness.<ref>((cite journal|url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short|first=Andrew C|last=Miller|title=Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|doi=10.1177/014107680609901208|date=December 2006|volume=99|number=12|pages=615–617|pmid=17139063 |pmc=1676324 |access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201153053/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short|url-status=live))</ref>

;11th century
Persian physician [[Avicenna]] recognized "physiological psychology" in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings.

;1247
[[Bethlehem Royal Hospital]] in Bishopsgate outside the wall of London, one of the most famous old psychiatric hospitals was founded as a priory of the Order of St. Mary of Bethlem to collect alms for Crusaders; after the English government secularized it, it started admitting mental patients by 1377 (1403?), becoming known as Bedlam Hospital; in 1547 it was acquired by the City of London, operating until 1948; it is now part of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.<ref>Shorter, Edward (1997). ''A history of psychiatry : from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac''. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 4-5.</ref>

==Psychiatry in the Enlightenment==
;1656
King [[Louis XIV]] of [[France]] founded [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital]] in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective.

;1672
English physician [[Thomas Willis]] published the anatomical treatise ''[[De Anima Brutorum]]'', describing psychology in terms of brain function.<ref>English translation: ((cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/b3034086x_0002/ |title=''Two discourses concerning the soul of brutes which is that of the vital and sensitive of man''|year=1683)), London 1683.</ref>

'''1716'''

As the first governmental institution dedicated to caring for the mentally ill on German territory, the hospital "Chur-Sachisches Zucht-Waysen und Armen-Haus" was opened in [[Waldheim, Saxony|Waldheim]] in 1716.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Tillack-Graf |first=Anne-Kathleen |date=2015 |title=Book Review: Thomas R. Müller, Wahn und Sinn. Patienten, Ärzte, Personal und Institutionen der Psychiatrie in Sachsen vom Mittelalter bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957154X15605782d |journal=History of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=498–499 |doi=10.1177/0957154X15605782d |s2cid=20151680 |issn=0957-154X))</ref>

;1724
After being plagued with guilt over the [[Salem Witch Trials]], influential New England Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]] broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.mentalwellness.com/mentalhealth/about/index.jsp |title=MentalWellness.com |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227201856/http://www.mentalwellness.com/mentalhealth/about/index.jsp |url-status=bot: unknown )); Gamwell, Lynn & Tomes, Nancy (1995).'' Madness in America : Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness before 1914''. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 15-17; Beall, Jr., Otho T. & Shryock, Richard H. (1953). ((Cite web |url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44817435.pdf |title=Cotton Mather: First Significant Figure in American Medicine |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110819/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44817435.pdf |url-status=live )) ''The Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'', Vol. 63, 37-274.</ref>

;1758
English physician [[William Battie]] published ''[[Treatise on Madness]]'', calling for treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental patients alike in asylums.

;1793
French physician [[Philippe Pinel]] was appointed to [[Bicêtre Hospital]] in south Paris, ordering chains removed from mental patients, and founding [[Moral Treatment]]. In 1809 he published the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).

;1796
The [[York Retreat]] in England was founded by Quakers, becoming known for humane treatment and serving as a model.

==Psychiatry in the 19th century==
;1808
German physician [[Johann Christian Reil]] coined the term "[[psychiatry]]".<ref>Marneros, Andreas (2008). Psychiatry's 200th birthday. ''The British Journal of Psychiatry'', 193, 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051367 ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213000/https://www.cambridge.org/global-nav/navbars/header/latest.html |date=27 October 2021 ))</ref>

;1812
American physician [[Benjamin Rush]] became one of the earliest advocates of [[humane treatment for the mentally ill]] with the publication of ''[[Medical Inquiries and Observations, upon the Diseases of the Mind]]'',<ref>Rush, Benjamin (1812).((cite web |url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b2115191x#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=4&z=-1.2842%2C-0.0903%2C3.5685%2C1.8056 |title=''Medical inquiries and observations, upon the diseases of the mind'' |access-date=16 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123123750/https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b2115191x#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=4&z=-1.2842%2C-0.0903%2C3.5685%2C1.8056 |url-status=live )), Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson.</ref> the first American textbook on psychiatry.<ref>Hilty, Donald M., et al. (2019). A Historical Review of Key Events and Components of Faculty and Professional Development in Psychiatry. ''Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 42, 359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2019.05.001 ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027212954/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.1/jquery.min.js |date=27 October 2021 ))</ref>

;1821
The element [[lithium]] was first isolated from [[lithium oxide]] and described by English chemist [[William Thomas Brande]].

;1841
What became the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], then known as the ''Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane'', was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926.

;1844
The [[Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane]] (AMSAII), the forerunner of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA), was founded in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].

;1845
The [[Lunacy Act 1845]] and the [[County Asylums Act 1845]] were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the [[Lunacy Commission]].

;1851

[[Samuel A. Cartwright|Dr. Samuel Cartwright]], a prominent Louisiana physician and one of the leading authorities in his time on the medical care of people referred to as "negroes", identified two mental disorders peculiar to slaves: [[Drapetomania]], or the disease causing slaves to run away; [[Dysaesthesia aethiopica|Dysaethesia Aethiopica]] which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, both are considered examples of scientific racism.

;1852
French physician [[Bénédict Morel|Bénédict Augustin Morel]] published ''[[Traite des Maladies Mentales]]'' (2 vols.); the 2nd ed. (1860) coined the term "dementia praecox" (demence precoce) for patients with "stupor" (melancholia).
In 1857 he published ''[[Traité des Dégénérescences]]'', promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of [[Social degeneration|Degeneration]], which became one of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the rest of the century.

;1859
[[Paul Briquet]] published ''[[Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l’Hystérie]]''.<ref>Briquet, Paul (1859).((cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/traitcliniqueett00briq |title=''Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l'hystérie''|year=1859)), Paris : J.-B. Baillière et fils.</ref>

The first psychiatric clinic in the Russian Empire was organized by [[Ivan Mikhailovich Balinsky]] (1827-1902) at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg.<ref>Lichterman, Boleslav (2010). A history of Russian and Soviet neuro(patho)logy, in: S. Finger, F. Boller & K. Tyler (eds.), ''History of Neurology'', Edinburgh: Elsevier, 742; Balinsky, I. M. (1860), Rede bei der vorjährigen Eröffnung der psychiatrischen Klinik zu St. Petersburg. ''Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medicin'', 17, 210-217; A. v. R. (1894). Prof. J. P. Mierzejewski, Geschichtlicher Ueberblick über die psychiatrische Klinik der medicinisch-chirurgischen Militär-Akademie (Petersburg). ''Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medicin'', 50, 414-419.</ref>

;1892
[[Daniel Hack Tuke]] edited the first dictionary of psychiatry.<ref>Corsini, Raymond J. (1999). ''The Dictionary of Psychology''. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel, p. 1152.</ref>

;1893
German psychiatrist [[Emil Kraepelin]] clinically defined "[[dementia praecox]]", later reformulated as [[schizophrenia]].

;1895
[[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Josef Breuer]] of Austria published ''[[Studies on Hysteria]]'', based on the case of [[Bertha Pappenheim]] (known as Anna O.), developing the [[Talking cure|Talking Cure]]; Freud and Breuer later split over Freud's obsession with sex.

;1899
The [[Kraepelinian dichotomy]] between [[mood disorder|affective psychosis]] and dementia praecox (schizophrenia) was introduced in the 6th edition of [[Emil Kraepelin]]'s famous ''[[Lehrbuch]]''.

On 4 November [[Sigmund Freud]] published ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (''Die Traumdeutung'').

==Early 20th century psychiatry==
;1900
Russian neurologist [[Vladimir Bekhterev]] discovered the role of the hippocampus in memory.<ref>Penfield, Wilder (1959). The Interpretive Cortex. ''Science'', Vol. 129, Issue 3365, 1724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.129.3365.1719 ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027212957/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.129.3365.1719 |date=27 October 2021 ))</ref>

;1901
German psychiatrist [[Alois Alzheimer]] identified the first case of what later became known as [[Alzheimer's disease]].

[[Sigmund Freud]] published ''[[The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]''.

;1902
Swiss-born psychiatrist [[Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)|Adolf Meyer]] became director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, influencing American psychiatry with his "common sense" approach which included keeping detailed patient records; he coined the term "mental hygiene".

;1905
French psychologists [[Alfred Binet]] and [[Theodore Simon]] created the [[Binet-Simon scale|Binet-Simon Scale]] to assess intellectual ability, marking the start of standardized psychological testing.

;1906
Russian physiologist [[Ivan Pavlov]] published the first [[Classical conditioning|Conditioning]] studies.

;1908
The term "[[Schizophrenia]]" was coined by Swiss psychiatrist [[Paul Eugen Bleuler]].

;1909
In September [[Sigmund Freud]] visited [[Clark University]], winning over the U.S. psychiatric establishment.

;1910
[[Sigmund Freud]] founded the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA), with [[Carl Jung]] as the first president, and [[Otto Rank]] as the first secretary.

[[Boris Sidis]] opened the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute (a private hospital) at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, NH for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods.

;1911
[[Alfred Adler]] left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood.

The [[American Psychoanalytic Association]] (APsaA) was founded.

; 1913
The [[British Psychoanalytical Society]] was founded by [[Ernest Jones]], who became Freud's biographer.

Citing Freud's inability to acknowledge [[religion]] and [[spirituality]], [[Carl Jung]] split and developed his own theories; his new school of thought became known as [[Analytical Psychology]].

[[Jacob L. Moreno]] pioneered [[Group therapy|Group Psychotherapy]] methods in Vienna, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction; they later became known as [[Psychodrama]] and [[Sociometry]].

;1914
[[Sigmund Freud]] published ''[[On Narcissism: An Introduction]]''.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.freud2lacan.com/docs/On_Narcissim_with_Introduction.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123151005/https://www.freud2lacan.com/docs/On_Narcissim_with_Introduction.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref>

;1917
[[Sigmund Freud]] published ''[[Introduction to Psychoanalysis]]'', and ''[[Mourning and Melancholia]]''.<ref>S. Freud, Mourning and Melancholia, in: ((cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinfreudread0000freu/page/310/mode/2up |url-access=registration |title=''The Penguin Freud reader. Selected and Introduced by Adam Phillips''|year=2006 |isbn=9780141187433 |last1=Freud |first1=Sigmund )), London 2006, 310-326.</ref>

;1920
Swiss psychiatrist [[Hermann Rorschach]] developed the [[Rorschach Inkblot Test]].

;1921
[[Sigmund Freud]] published ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]''.

;1923
German pharmacologist [[Otto Loewi]] and English neuroscientist Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]] discovered [[Acetylcholine]], the first neurotransmitter to be described, winning them the 1936 Nobel Prize.

;1924
German neuropsychiatrist [[Hans Berger]] discovered human [[Electroencephalography]].

[[Otto Rank]] published ''[[The Trauma of Birth]]'', coining the term "pre-Oedipal", causing Freud to break with him.

;1926
The [[Société psychanalytique de Paris|Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] was founded with the endorsement of Sigmund Freud; the Nazis closed it in 1940.

;1927
Austrian psychiatrist [[Manfred Sakel]] developed [[insulin shock therapy|Insulin Shock Therapy]] as a treatment for psychosis; it was discontinued in the 1970s.

Austrian physician [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] won the [[Nobel Prize]] for his invention of malarial therapy as a treatment for [[general paresis of the insane|general paralysis of the insane]] ([[neurosyphilis]]). He first initiated the treatment in 1917.

;1928
[[Indian Association for Mental Hygiene]] established.

;1933
Hungarian psychiatrist [[Sándor Ferenczi]] published a paper claiming that patient accounts of childhood sexual abuse are true, providing a psychological explanation, causing Freud to break with him.

;1935
The Indian division of the [[Royal Medico-Psychological Association]] was formed due to the efforts of Dr. [[Banarasi Das]].

;1938
Italian neurologist [[Ugo Cerletti]] and Italian psychiatrist [[Lucio Bini|Dr. Lucio Bini]] discovered [[Electroconvulsive Therapy]].

;1942
Swiss psychiatrist [[Ludwig Binswanger]] founded [[Existential therapy|Existential Therapy]].

The [[Controversial discussions|Controversial Discussions]] between Sigmund Freud's daughter [[Anna Freud]] and [[Melanie Klein]], founder of [[Object relations theory|Object Relations Theory]] caused the [[British Psychoanalytical Society]] to permanently split into three camps.

;1944
[[Ritalin]] (Methylphenidate) was synthesized.

;1946
[[Mary Jane Ward]] published the novel ''[[The Snake Pit]]'', which was filmed in 1948, causing reforms in U.S. state psychiatric hospitals.

;1947
[[Indian Psychiatric Society]] established.

;1948
[[Lithium carbonate]]'s ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in [[bipolar mood disorder]] (manic depression) was demonstrated by Australian psychiatrist [[John Cade]], becoming the first effective medicine for the treatment of mental illness.

;1949
Portuguese neurologist [[Egas Moniz]] won the Nobel Prize for his work on [[Lobotomy]].

==The era of the new psychopharmacology==
;1950
The [[World Psychiatric Association]] was founded.

;1952
The first published clinical trial of [[chlorpromazine]] which is the first [[antipsychotic]] (invented by [[Henri Laborit]], [[Jean Delay]] and [[Pierre Deniker]]) was conducted at [[Sainte-Anne Hospital Center]] in Paris. Known as Largactil in Europe, it was brought to Montreal by Heinz Lehman and named Thorazine.
[[File:Chlorpromazine-3D-balls.png|300px|thumb|right|Chlorpromazine's chemical structure.]]

;1952
The [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA) published the first [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM); it was revised in 1968, 1980/7, 1994, 2000 and 2013.

;1952
The first [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI) antidepressant [[iproniazid]] was discovered.

;1953
Russian-born physiologist [[Nathaniel Kleitman]] of the U. of Chicago discovered [[Rapid eye movement sleep]] (REM), founding modern [[sleep research]].

French psychiatrist [[Jacques Lacan]] broke with the IPA over his variable-length sessions, and founded the [[Société Française de Psychanalyse]].

;1954
[[James Olds]] and [[Peter Milner]] of McGill University discovered the [[Reward system|brain reward system]].

[[Roger Sperry]] of Caltech began [[split-brain]] research.

On the recommendation of the Bhore Committee in 1946, the All India Institute of Mental Health was founded, becoming the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS) in 1974 at Bangalore.

;1956
[[Gregory Bateson]], [[John Weakland]], [[Donald deAvila Jackson]], and [[Jay Haley]] proposed the [[Double bind|double bind theory of schizophrenia]], which regards it as stemming from situations where a person receives different or contradictory messages.

The English translation of ''[[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud]]'' was published in 24 volumes (1956–74).

;1957
[[Arvid Carlsson]] demonstrated that [[dopamine]] is a neurotransmitter in the brain.

The first [[tricyclic antidepressant]] (TCA), [[imipramine]] was discovered.

;1958
[[Aaron B. Lerner]] et al. of Yale University isolated the hormone [[melatonin]], which was found to regulate the circadian rhythm.

;1960s
[[Aaron T. Beck]] developed [[cognitive therapy]].

;1960
The first [[benzodiazepine]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], under the trade name ''Librium'' was introduced.

;1961
Professor of psychiatry [[Thomas Szasz]] publishes [[The Myth of Mental Illness]].

;1963
United States president [[John F. Kennedy]] introduced legislation delegating the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] to administer Community Mental Health Centers for those being discharged from state psychiatric hospitals.

[[Medard Boss]] founded [[Daseinsanalysis]].

;1964
[[Ronald David Laing]] published ''[[Sanity, Madness and the Family]]'', claiming that the roots of schizophrenia lie in the "family nexus", where people play dark games with each other.

;1970
The [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved [[lithium (medication)|lithium]] for [[acute mania]].

The United States [[Controlled Substances Act|U.S. Controlled Substances Act]] was passed, putting LSD, DMT, Psilocybin, Mescaline, and Marijuana on Schedule I (no accepted medical use).

;1972
American psychologist [[David Rosenhan]] published the [[Rosenhan experiment]], a study challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnoses.

;1973
The [[American Psychiatric Association]] declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder.<ref>((Cite book |last=Bayer |first=Ronald |title=Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis |year=1987 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |page=3 |isbn=0-691-02837-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/homosexualityame00bayerich ))</ref>

;1975
The [[Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association]] was officially founded. A primary function of the organization was to advocate to the APA on LGBT mental health issues. The caucus changed its name to the [[Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists]] in 1985.<ref name="history">Bayer (1987), p. 162; [http://www.aglp.org/pages/chistory.html AGLP History<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619180146/http://www.aglp.org/pages/chistory.html |date=19 June 2016 ))</ref>

;1977
The [[ICD-9]] was published by the [[WHO]].

[[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko|Andrey Lichko]] published ''[[Psychopathies and Character Accentuations in Adolescents]]''.<ref name="Lichko">Lichko A.E. Психопатии и акцентуации характера у подростков [Psikhopatii i aktsentuatsii kharaktera u podrostkov], Moscow 1977; Leningrad 1983 (second edition, enlarged & revised)</ref>

;1980 
Transgender people were officially classified by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] as having "[[gender identity disorder]]."<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/transgender_activism.html glbtq >> social sciences >> Transgender Activism<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525105458/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/transgender_activism.html |date=25 May 2012 ))</ref>

;1982
The [[National Mental Health Programme]] (NMHP) was launched in India.

;1983
The [[European Psychiatric Association]] was founded.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.europsy.net/ |title=European Psychiatric Association - EPA<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=7 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107160339/http://www.europsy.net/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

;1987
The [[Indian Mental Health Act]] was drafted by the parliament, but it came into effect in all the states andunion territories of India in April 1993. This act replaced the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912, which had earlier replaced the Indian Lunatic Asylum act of 1858.

;1988
[[Fluoxetine]] (trade name ''Prozac''), the first [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) antidepressant was released, quickly becoming the most prescribed.

The [[American Neuropsychiatric Association]] was founded.

;1990
Use of the "[[blood-oxygen-level dependent]]" (BOLD) in [[MRI]] first discovered by Dr. [[Seiji Ogawa]]<ref>((Cite journal
 | author = Ogawa, S., Lee, T.M., Nayak, A.S., and Glynn, P.
 | year = 1990
 | title = Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields
 | journal = [[Magnetic Resonance in Medicine]]
 | volume = 14
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 68–78
 | doi = 10.1002/mrm.1910140108
| pmid=2161986
| s2cid = 12379024
 ))</ref>

;1991
[[Kenneth Kwong]] successfully applied BOLD to image human brain activities with MRI, and published the findings in 1992.<ref>((Cite journal
 |author1=KK Kwong |author2=JW Belliveau |author3=DA Chesler |author4=IE Goldberg |author5=RM Weisskoff |author6=BP Poncelet |author7=DN Kennedy |author8=BE Hoppel |author9=MS Cohen |author10=R Turner |author11=H Cheng |author12=TJ Brady |author13=BR Rosen |name-list-style=amp | title = Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain Activity During Primary Sensory Stimulation
 | journal = [[PNAS]]
 | volume = 89
 | issue = 12
 | pages = 5675–79
 | year = 1992
 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675
 | pmid=1608978
 | pmc=49355
|bibcode=1992PNAS...89.5675K |doi-access=free ))</ref>

;1994
The appetite-suppressing hormone [[leptin]] was discovered.

;1996
U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] signed the [[Mental Health Parity Act]], requiring psychiatric conditions to be considered equal to any other medical or surgical illness by health insurance providers; in 2008 President [[George W. Bush]] signed an amended version.

==21st century==
;2000
The [[No Free Lunch (organization)|No Free Lunch Organization]] was founded by [[Bob Goodman|Dr. Bob Goodman]], an internist from New York.

;2002
The [[European Brain Council]] was founded in Brussels.

The term for schizophrenia in Japan was changed from Seishin-Bunretsu-Byō 精神分裂病 (mind-split-disease) to Tōgō-shitchō-shō 統合失調症 (integration disorder) to reduce stigma.<ref>((cite journal | pmid = 11354585 | volume=27 | issue=2 | title=Impact of the term schizophrenia on the culture of ideograph: the Japanese experience | year=2001 | pages=181–5 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006864| doi-access=free | last1=Kim | first1=Y. | last2=Berrios | first2=G. E. | journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin ))</ref> The new name was inspired by the biopsychosocial model; it increased the percentage of patients who were informed of the diagnosis from 37% to 70% over three years.<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Sato | first1 = M | year = 2004 | title = Renaming schizophrenia: a Japanese perspective | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 5 | issue = 1| pages = 53–55 | pmid = 16757998 | pmc=1472254))</ref>

;2012
In 2009 America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16, and in 2012 the [[American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] echoed these recommendations.<ref>[http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-22897-transgender_at_10.html Transgender At 10] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701173135/http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-22897-transgender_at_10.html |date=1 July 2016 )). Wweek.com (6 August 2014). Retrieved on 26 April 2015.</ref>

The [[American Psychiatric Association]] issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.<ref>((cite web |last=Ford |first=Zack |url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2012/08/21/721441/apa-issues-position-statements-supporting-transgender-care-and-civil-rights/?mobile=nc |title=APA Issues Position Statements Supporting Transgender Care And Civil Rights |website=ThinkProgress |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030616/http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2012/08/21/721441/apa-issues-position-statements-supporting-transgender-care-and-civil-rights/?mobile=nc |archive-date=23 October 2012 ))</ref>

;2013
[[DSM-5]] was published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. Among other things, it eliminated the term "[[gender identity disorder]]," which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria," which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/health/dsm-changes/ |title='Psychiatric bible' tackles grief, binge eating, drinking – CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=[[CNN]] |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010749/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/health/dsm-changes/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Notes and references==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* [[Heinrich Laehr]] (1893). ''Gedenktage der Psychiatrie und ihrer Hülfsdisciplinen in allen Ländern'' (Vierte vermehrte und umgearbeitete Auflage). Berlin: Georg Reimer [A chronology of events in the history of psychiatry until 1893].
* ((cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Bennett |title=Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece : The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry |date=1980 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=9780801408595))
* [[Thomas S. Szasz]] (1977). ''The manufacture of madness : a comparative study of the inquisition and the mental health movement''. New York : Harper & Row, pp.&nbsp;293–321.
* Michael H. Stone (1997). ''Healing the mind : a history of psychiatry from antiquity to the present''. New York : W. W. Norton, pp.&nbsp;435–438.

((History of medicine))

((DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Psychiatry))
[[Category:History of psychiatry| ]]
[[Category:Social science timelines|Psychiatry]]

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