Tiryaki Hasan Pasha
Born1530
Died1611
Budin, Ottoman Empire
RankBeylerbey of Bosnia, Budin and Rumelia
Spouse(s)Fatma Sultan
RelationsA son
Two daughters

Tiryaki Hasan Pasha (Turkish: Tiryaki Hasan Paşa); also called Alacaatlı Hasan Pasha (1530–1611), was an Ottoman military commander, who participated in the Long Turkish War. He received his education in the Enderun school.

Biography

He was one of the attendants of Prince (Turkish: Şehzade) Murad when Murad was the governor of Manisa. After Murad became sultan (Murad III), Hasan was promoted to provincial governor. After a short time, he was sent to Szigetvár as a governor and served as the Beylerbey of Bosnia in 1594. He participated in the Vaç Expedition in October 1595.[1] In a battle in Wallachia, when those around him retreated, Tiryaki Hasan Pasha were said rode his horse alone and prevented the battlefield completely overrun by the enemies.[2] Tiryaki also became a somewhat "father figure" towards Transivalnian prince Gabriel Bethlen.[3]

In 1600 during Long Turkish War, the Ottoman army occupied Kanije (modern Nagykanizsa in southwest Hungary). Naģykanizsa fell to Tiryaki Hasan Pasha in 1600, and Tiryaki Hasan Pasha then garrisoned the city with 7,000 men.[4] However, in the next year, Ferdinand II tried to regain the fort, with an army of 100,000, the siege of Nagykanizsa began on 9 September 1601.[5] During the siege and frequent clashes, the Austrians lost 30,000 men.[5] According to the Ottoman record of Nagykanzisa Gazavatname (Nagykanzisa campaign narrative), Tiryaki Hasan Pasha command his deputy, Kara ömer Agha to let some enemy prisoners escape and melded into enemy forces of "a hundred and fifty bandur, and a five hundred Hungarian cavalry troopers" which present in Nagykanizsa.[Notes 1] Hasan then instructed Kara ömer to ensure the prisoners hear the soldiers speak in Hungarian.[6] Paul Stock suggested that this are indication there are Hungarian convert to Islam within the soldiers under Hasan.[7]The "escaped prisoners" then spread information that the Ottomans has conducted a secret alliance with the Hungarian and Croatian elements within Habsburg army.[6] This narrative record about Tiryaki Hasan Pasha conduct were considered a Counterintelligence tactic employed by him to sow discord among the enemy ranks.[8] The effort of Tiryaki to sow distrust among the christian forces resulted in portions of Hungarian army abandoned their Austrian ally.[9]

In October, Ferdinand had to end the skirmish temporarily because of the coming winter and resorted to construct winter encampments around the fort to continue the siege.[5] until on 18 November 1601, Hasan Pasha organized a surprise charge that totally rout the army of Ferdinand.[5] The skillful hidden movements of one hundred cannons during the defense and the concealing of his main cavalry until the last time were became the success of Tiryaki in defense of Kanije against massive army.[10] the Austrian army was driven back and 47 Austrian cannon were acquired.[5] For the next 89 years Kanije was an Ottoman fort.[citation needed]

After the victory of Kanije, Hasan Pasha was promoted to Beylerbey (high governor) of Bosnia,[11] and later of Budin and Rumelia. Tiryaki Hasan Pasa were also planned the military strategy during the Ottoman victorious battle at Oruç Ovası.[12]

During the war against Habsburg, Tiryaki Hasan Pasha manage to capture Veszprém and Palota.[13] At the end of the Long Turkish war, Tiryaki Hasan Pasha opposed the conclusive decision to end of the war which resulted in the Ottoman's some territorial losses.[14] Tiryaki Hasan Pasha participated in Kuyucu Murad Pasha's campaign against the Jelali revolts in Anatolia. In 1608 he returned to Budin, where he died in 1611.[15][unreliable source?] Ottoman historian Mehmed Süreyya recorded Tiryaki never suffered single defeat in any battles he participated during his life.[2]

Modern culture

Hikaye-i Tiryaki Gazi Hasan Paşa (The History of Tiryaki Hasan Pasha) that was inscribed by Salih Ağa Divitdar on 21 March 1789 which has become a heroic model in Turkish culture, which portrays him based from corpus of Gazavat-i Tiryaki Hasan Paşa (the military expedition of Tiryaki Hasan) where he was depicted as religious, just, and competent national figure.[16] The portrayal from Hikaye has spawned legend such as Tiryaki supernatural ability to predict the Habsburg army movement in Szigetvár by observing the unusual behavior from two flocks of birds.[16]

His religious image derived from the record that Tiryaki always lead his men to pray before doing particularly difficult battles.[17] the legendary stories about the corpses of fallen Ottoman soldiers in the siege of Nagykanizsa which still intact when unearthed from their burial also further strengthen the pious legend of Tiryaki Hasan, who served as commander of the battle.[18]

Claire Norton, an Ottoman history expert from University of Birmingham, has noted the paradoxical view among Turkish culture regarding folks hero like Tiryaki Hasan Pasha, where on one side they view him as legendary hero with mythical attributes and religious piety on positive light, while on the other side they portray such heroes negatively with several characteristic like intemperate, treacherous, or opium addict.[19] According to Norton, such view seems hailed from the Indo-European common peoples which tends to view their heroes in contradictory, while inspiring, also bore dislikes for authority figures like Tiryaki.[19]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Paul Stock is Associate Professor of London School of Economics. He mention the siege of Nagykanizsa in his book, The Uses of Space in Early Modern History.[6]

Secondary sources

  1. ^ Vâhid Çabuk (1978). Tiryaki Hasan Paşa'nın gazaları ve Kanije savunması (in Turkish). Tercüman. p. 14. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.II page.129-130 [1]
  3. ^ Gabor Karman 2020, p. 216
  4. ^ Kenneth Meyer Sutton (1991), Venice, Austria and the Turks in the seventeenth century, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 9780871691927
  5. ^ a b c d e Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 38-40
  6. ^ a b c Stock, Paul, ed. (2015). The Uses of Space in Early Modern History (ebook). Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 82. ISBN 9781137490049. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  7. ^ Paul Stock (2015). The Uses of Space in Early Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 83. ISBN 9781137490049. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  8. ^ Roth, Klaus; Brunnbauer, Ulf, eds. (2008). Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe Part 1 (paperback). Lit. p. 90. ISBN 9783825813871. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  9. ^ Mehmet Maksudoglu (2023). The Untold History of Ottoman Menelusuri Daulah Islamiyah Terbesar di Dunia & Pemerintahannya (ebook) (in Indonesian). Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 238. ISBN 9786231730114. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  10. ^ Claire Norton (2017). Plural Pasts Power, Identity and the Ottoman Sieges of Nagykanizsa Castle (ebook). Taylor & Francis. p. 63. ISBN 9781317079606. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  11. ^ Mustafa, Imamović (1998). Historija Bošnjaka. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Preporod. pp. 249–267. ISBN 9958815001.
  12. ^ William J. Griswold (1983). The Great Anatolian Rebellion, 1000-1020/1591-1611 (paperback). K. Schwarz. p. 320. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Ahmed I" (PDF). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 1. Türk Diyanet Vakfı. 1989. pp. 30–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  14. ^ Gabor Karman (2020). Tributaries and Peripheries of the Ottoman Empire (ebook). Brill. p. 144. ISBN 9789004430600. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  15. ^ Hasan Paşa A biography of Hasan Pasha (in Turkish)
  16. ^ a b Angela Ndalianis; C. J. Mackie; Wendy Haslem (2007). Super/heroes From Hercules to Superman (paperback). New Academia Pub. pp. 268–269. ISBN 9780977790845. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  17. ^ Marios Hadjianastasis (2014). Marios Hadjianastasis (ed.). Frontiers of the Ottoman Imagination Studies in Honour of Rhoads Murphey (ebook). Brill. p. 92. ISBN 9789004283510. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  18. ^ Pál Fodor; Pál Ács (2020). Identity and Culture in Ottoman Hungary (ebook). De Gruyter. p. 60. ISBN 9783112209301. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  19. ^ a b Claire Norton (2017). Plural Pasts Power, Identity and the Ottoman Sieges of Nagykanizsa Castle. Taylor & Francis. pp. 89–91, 103. ISBN 9781317079606. Retrieved 16 November 2023.


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