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((More citations needed|date=May 2022))
'''Tissue tropism''' is the range of cells and tissues of a [[host (biology)|host]] that support growth of a particular [[pathogen]], such as a [[virus (biology)|virus]], [[bacteria|bacterium]] or [[parasite]].<ref name=McCall2016>((cite journal |last1=McCall |first1=LI |last2=Siqueira-Neto |first2=JL |last3=McKerrow |first3=JH |title=Location, Location, Location: Five Facts about Tissue Tropism and Pathogenesis. |journal=PLOS Pathogens |date=May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e1005519 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005519 |pmid=27227827|pmc=4881934 |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name=Silva2019>((cite journal |last1=Silva Pereira |first1=Sara |last2=Trindade |first2=Sandra |last3=De Niz |first3=Mariana |last4=Figueiredo |first4=Luisa M. |title=Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases |journal=Open Biology |date=31 May 2019 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=190036 |doi=10.1098/rsob.190036 |pmid=31088251 |pmc=6544988 |issn=2046-2441))</ref>

Some bacteria and viruses have a broad tissue tropism and can infect many types of cells and tissues.<ref name=McCall2016/> Other viruses may infect primarily a single tissue.<ref name=McCall2016/> For example, [[rabies]] virus affects primarily [[neuron]]al tissue.

==Influencing factors==
Factors influencing viral tissue tropism include:

* The presence of cellular [[receptor (biology)|receptors]] permitting viral entry.
* Availability of [[transcription factor]]s involved in viral replication.
* The molecular nature of the viral [[tropogen]] or virus surface, such as the glycoprotein, which interacts with the corresponding cell receptor.

The cellular [[receptor (biology)|receptors]] are the proteins found on a cell or viral surface.  These [[receptor (biology)|receptors]] are like keys, allowing the viral cell to fuse with or attach itself to a cell.  The way that these proteins are acquired is through a similar process to that of an infection cycle.

==How 'tropic' tissue is acquired==

[[File:HIV gross cycle only.png|thumb|right|HIV]]

Tissue tropism develops in the following stages: 

* Virus with GPX enters body (where GP - [[glycoprotein]] and X is the numeric value given to the GP)
* Viral cell "targets" cell with a GPX [[receptor (biology)|receptors]]
* Viral cell fuses with the host cell and inserts its contents into the host cell
* Reverse [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]] occurs
* Viral [[DNA]] is incorporated with host [[DNA]] via viral [[enzyme]]
* Production of [[RNA]] and viral [[protein]]
* Viral particle is assembled
* Viral particle buds out of the cell, taking a chunk of the cell membrane with it and acquiring a new tissue with all the [[receptor (biology)|receptors]] it needs to continue tissue tropism

Example: HIV has a gp120, which is precisely what the CD4 marker is on the surface of the [[macrophages]] and [[T cells]]. Thus HIV can enter [[T cells]] and [[macrophages]]

==See also==
* [[Endothelial cell tropism]]
* [[Host tropism]]

==References==
((Reflist))
((Wiktionary|tropism))

[[Category:Virology]]

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