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((Short description|Department of Colombia))
((Other uses|Tolima (disambiguation)))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2023))
((More citations needed|date=July 2008))
((Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Department of Tolima
| native_name        = ((lang|es|Departamento del Tolima))
| native_name_lang   = es<!-- ISO 639-2 code -->
| type               = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
| image_skyline      = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_map1         = Tolima Topographic 2.png
| map_caption1       = Topography of the department
| image_flag         = Flag of Tolima.svg
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Escudo del Tolima.svg
| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = ''¡Tierra firme de Colombia!"
| anthem             = ''[[wikisource:es:Bunde Tolimense|Bunde Tolimense]]''
| image_map          = Tolima in Colombia (mainland).svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Tolima shown in red
| coordinates        = ((coord|4|26|N|75|14|W|region:CO_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title))
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = ((flag|Colombia))
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Colombia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Andean Region (Colombia)|Andean Region]]
| parts_type         = Largest city
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 
| established_title  = [[Republic of Colombia|Established]]
| established_date   = August 4, 1886
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Provinces of Colombia|Provinces]]
| blank_info_sec1    = 6
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Municipalities of Colombia|Municipalities]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = 
| founder            = 
| named_for          = 
| seat_type          = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat               = [[Ibagué]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = [[Partido Conservador Colombiano]]
| leader_title       = Governor
| leader_name        = Adriana Magali Matiz (2023-2027)
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 23562
| area_rank          = [[List of Colombian Departments by area|19th]]
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| population_footnotes = <ref>((cite web|title=DANE|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/daneweb_V09/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=72|access-date=February 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113143414/http://www.dane.gov.co/daneweb_V09/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=72|archive-date=November 13, 2009))</ref>
| population_total   = 1,330,187
| population_as_of   = 2018
| population_rank    = [[List of Colombian Departments by population|10th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type1       = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes  = <ref>((citation|title=Producto Interno Bruto por departamento |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/operaciones/PIB/departamental/anex-PIBDep-TotalDepartamento-2022pr.xlsx|website=www.dane.gov.co))</ref>
|demographics1_title1     = Total
|demographics1_info1      = [[Colombian peso|COP]] 30,438 billion<br />([[US$]] 7.1 billion)
| timezone1          = [[UTC-05]]
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = 
| area_code          = 
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CO|CO-TOL]]
| blank_name_sec2    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info_sec2    = 0.747<ref name="GlobalDataLab">((Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13))</ref><br/>((color|#0c0|high)) · [[List of Colombian departments by Human Development Index|18th of 33]]
| website            = [http://www.tolima.gov.co/ www.tolima.gov.co]
| footnotes          = 
))

'''Tolima''' (((IPA-es|toˈlima))) is one of the 32 [[departments of Colombia]], located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of [[Department of Caldas|Caldas]]; on the east by the department of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]; on the south by the department of [[Huila Department|Huila]], and on the west by the departments of [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Valle del Cauca]], [[Quindío]] and [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]]. Tolima has a surface area of 23,562&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and its capital is [[Ibagué]]. The department of Tolima was created in 1861 from a part of what was previously [[Cundinamarca Department (1820)|Cundinamarca]].

== History ==
((Unreferenced section|date=December 2022))
=== Indigenous civilization ===
The [[Pijao people|Pijao]] inhabited the southern parts of Tolima during pre-Columbian times. The name of the department comes from the Pijao word for "snowed". The [[Panche people|Panche]], of the same linguistic family as the Pijao, populated the northern regions of Tolima, close to the [[Magdalena River|Magdalena Valley]]. Renowned as fierce warriors, the Panche were widely known for fighting the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] over the control of [[emerald]] mining territories. They fought against a Spanish-Muisca coalition and were first defeated in the [[Battle of Tocarema]] on August 20, 1538.

=== Spanish colonization ===
Spanish colonization of the region began in 1537 with [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]] travelling from the south of later Colombia, where he had founded [[Cali, Colombia|Cali]] and [[Popayán]] in 1537. He set north to finally reach the area where [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] had founded [[Bogotá]] on August 6, 1538. On its way, De Belalcázar founded the settlement that would become known as [[Ibagué]]. De Belalcázar traveled until he reached the settlement of [[Flandes]] in Tolima, before heading east towards the [[Bogotá savanna]]. Later conquests were executed by captain [[Andrés Lopez de Galarza]], who founded the city of Ibagué and established the municipality of [[Cajamarca, Tolima|Cajamarca]] in the west of the department. These two cities would become an important part of the [[Eje Cafetero]] ("Coffee Axis").

=== Modern era ===
In 1985 the [[Armero tragedy]] occurred in the department.

==Demographics==
((Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source:<ref>((cite web|title=Reloj de Población|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/|website=DANE|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028083854/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/|url-status=dead))</ref>
|1973 | 905609
|1985 | 1142220
|1993 | 1286078
|2005 | 1365342
|2018 | 1330187
))
*Whites and Mestizos (94.46%) Makes it one of the most Eurocentric and less diverse departments in terms of race or ethnicity in the country.
*Amerindian or Indigenous (4.32%) Being the largest Amerindian community the [[Pijao people|Pijao]] people.
*African (1.22%) Most of them come from the recent coastal migration to the department.

==Geography==
===Physiography===
Being situated close to the equator, the department of Tolima does not experience seasons, but it does enjoy a variety of different mountainous temperatures: snowy summits more than 5,000 meters high (home to the [[Las Hermosas National Natural Park|Las Hermosas]] and [[Nevado del Huila]] National Natural Parks) with below freezing temperatures like the Nevado del Huila and the [[Nevado del Tolima]], and hotter zones in wide valleys lower than 400 meters above sea level that reach temperatures hotter than 40 degrees Celsius. The Tolima department includes three distinct regions: a mountainous region, occupied by the [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Cordillera Central]]; a plain, that corresponds to the valleys of the rivers Magdalena and Saldaña; and the region to the southeast which forms the western slope of the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Cordillera Oriental]], which contains the source of the Cabrera river. These two mountain ranges are separated by the Magdalena Valley, and join back together further south, where the river's head is located.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Gomez Molina|first=Eduardo|last2=V. Little|first2=Adrienne|date=Aug 1981|title=Geoecology of the Andes: The Natural Science Basis for Research Planning|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=1|issue=2|pages=118–122|jstor=3673119))</ref>

===Tectonic Plates===
The greater part of the department of Tolima sits on the Continental Lithospheric Mesoproterozoic Grenville Province, which consists of the Cordillera Central, the Cordillera Oriental, and the mountain ranges of Santa Marta and la Macarena. Most of the territory is situated over [[Mesozoic]] deposits of the [[Late Triassic|Late Triassic period]] (T3) and [[Early Jurassic]] (J1).

Volcanic activity is an issue that residents must deal with living in many parts of Tolima, due to its location over various geological faults. In 1985, for example, the Nevado de Ruiz erupted and caused the [[Armero tragedy]], which caused the death of more than 23,000 people and destroyed the town of Armero.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/armero-colombia-tragedy-disaster-30-year-anniversary-lessons-learned-nevado-del-ruiz-volcano/53554025|title=30 years since the Armero disaster: What lessons did this deadly tragedy reach the world?|website=www.accuweather.com|access-date=2019-02-22))</ref> The department's capital, [[Ibagué]], is also built near a very large active volcano; the Nevado del Tolima. It stands at 5215 meters (17,110&nbsp;ft) high, and last erupted in 1943. The Combeima River flows from this mountain and passes by Ibagué, part of which is situated close enough to the river to be put in danger by volcanic flows, should the volcano ever erupt again.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Thouret|first=Jean-Claude|last2=Laforge|first2=Christophe|date=December 1994|title=Hazard Appraisal and Hazard-Zone Mapping of Flooding and Debris Flowage in the Rio Combeima Valley and Ibague City, Tolima Department, Colombia|journal=GeoJournal|publisher=Springer|volume=34 |number=4|pages=407–413|jstor=41146332))</ref>

===Hydrography===
The territory of Tolima is traversed from the south to north by the Magdalena River, of which the main rivers of the Tolima are tributary. Other rivers are the [[Saldaña River]], the Cabrera, Coello, the Tetuán, the Gualí, the Rio Recio, and the Rio Prado. The Rio Prado dam is found on the river of the same name. This is the largest fresh water lake in central Colombia and is also an important tourist attraction. The Saldaña river is central to farming in the area; it has en area of influence of 9,800 square kilometers; equal to 41.5% of the departamental area, the longest reach in Tolima, and has the best flow to its irrigation district. It feeds into the crops in the cities of Saldaña and Purificación, as well as its tributaries; the Cucuana, Luisa, and Amoya rivers.

==Economy==
((Unreferenced section|date=December 2022))
[[Image:Cultivo de arroz.jpg|thumb|200px|Plantation of rice in Saldaña]]
The economy of the Tolima is based on agriculture.<!--Primer productor de arroz, segundo de algodón, tercero de café, se cuenta también entre los departamentos ganaderos con diversidad en razas puras, gran riqueza piscícola y de parques y bosques naturales. (I can't quite make out the translation of this sentence.-->

Industry in Tolima, as has been happening to the whole country, has been declining in its proportion of [[GDP]], while services gain more importance, a phenomenon known as [[deindustrialization]]. Within the sector services Tolima excels in commerce, public administration, other services to the community and "reparaciones", which contribute respectively 11.2% and 9.1% of the GDP.

The GDP per inhabitant in Tolima, registered during 2002 a reduction of 0.4% in constant prices. <!-- , when being located in $1'565.789 in comparison with the reached one in 2001 that was of $1'572.506, distant value in $143.226 to its historical maximum of $1'715.732 obtained in 1997. For Colombia, the GDP per capita annual in 2001 and 2002 was of $1'751.959 and 1'754.664 respectively. (difficult to translate, and needs currency conversion possibly)-->

According to the results of the DANE census, the department of Tolima registered between the years of 2001 and 2002 a diminution, to constant prices, of 0.1% in its GDP, falling from  Col$2.05 trillion in 2001 to Col$2.04 trillion in 2002. The result is explained by the fact that traditional sectors within the economic structure of the department such as the coffee registered a reduction of 22.4%, reducing 2 percentage points to the total variation, and others did not have important growth or presented/displayed diminutions in its added values. So it is the case of the activity branches: transport, commerce and repairs, industry and electricity gas and water, which jointly reduced 1.7 percentage points to the variation, whereas other services, rights and taxes, construction and farming rest, forestry and 3.6 percentage points fish were the branches with greater positive contribution to the variation of the GDP when contributing.

==Culture==
((Unreferenced section|date=December 2022))
===Music and the Arts===
Music is the distinguishing cultural expression of Tolima. Its capital, Ibagué, is well known as "the musical city of Colombia", and is home to one of the nation's classic conservatoriums. The department also is famous for the Fiestas of San Pedro in [[El Espinal, Tolima|Espinal]], San Juan in [[Natagaima]] and in Ibagué, the Colombian Folkloric Festival and the "Concurso de Duetos Garzón y Collazos."

Tolima has produced many writers: Arturo Camacho Ramíez, Juan Lozano y Lozano, Diego Fallon, William Ospina, [[James Cañón]], Martín Pomala, Luz Stella; painters: Darío Jiménez, Jorge Elías Triana, Darío Ortiz Robledo, Carlos Granada, Julio Fajardo; historians Eduardo Santa, Gonzalo Sanchez, Hermes Tovar Pinzón, Hernán Clavijo, Darío Ortiz Vidales. <!--;  interpreters Régulo Ramirez, Garzón and Collazos, Emeterio and Felipe ' the Tolimenes' and Silva and Villalba.-->

===Gastronomy===
The department is also widely recognised for its distinctive cuisine. Famous regional dishes include the ''[[Tamal Tolimense]]'', a rice- and yellow pea-based dish with pork, egg, chicken, beef and vegetable filling, wrapped inside a plantain leaf; the ''[[Lechona]]'', a yellow pea-and-meat-stuffed pork; ''Empanadas'', small potato, rice and meat stuffed pastries, made with corn dough; ''[[Achiras]]'' (although not exclusively from this department) and ''Bizcocho calentano'', smaller flour pastries; and ''[[Quesillo]]'', a type of cheese wrapped in a plantain leaf. Drinks include the ''Avena'', a cold oatmeal-based drink.

===Other===
Tolima gave to the country ten presidents: [[Domingo Caycedo]], [[José María Melo]], [[Manuel Murillo Toro]], [[José María Rojas Garrido]], [[Miguel Abadía Méndez]], [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], [[Darío Echandía]], [[Carlos Lozano y Lozano]], [[Gabriel París]], and [[Deogracias Fonseca]].

==Municipalities==
The Department of Tolima groups its municipalities into six zones: northern, eastern, southern, center, southeastern and snowy.
[[File:Mapa de Tolima (político).svg|350px|thumb|Municipalities of Tolima]]
((col-begin|width=40%))
((col-break))
*[[Center zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Center]]
**[[Alvarado, Tolima|Alvarado]]
**[[Anzoategui, Tolima|Anzoategui]]
**[[Cajamarca, Tolima|Cajamarca]]
**[[Coello, Tolima|Coello]]
**[[El Espinal, Tolima|Espinal]]
**[[Flandes]]
**'''[[Ibague]]'''
**[[Piedras]]
**[[Rovira, Tolima|Rovira]]
**[[San Luis, Tolima|San Luis]]
**[[Valle de San Juan]]
*[[Snowy zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Snowy]]
**[[Casabianca, Tolima|Casabianca]]
**[[Herveo]]
**[[Lerida, Tolima|Lerida]]
**[[Libano, Tolima|Libano]]
**[[Murillo, Tolima|Murillo]]
**[[Santa Isabel, Tolima|Santa Isabel]]
**[[Venadillo]]
**[[Villahermosa, Tolima|Villahermosa]]
*[[Northern zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Northern]]
**[[Ambalema]]
**[[Armero]] 
**[[Falan]]
**[[Fresno, Tolima|Fresno]]
**[[Honda, Tolima|Honda]]
**[[Mariquita, Tolima|Mariquita]]
**[[Palocabildo]]
((col-break))
*[[Eastern zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Eastern]]
**[[Carmen de Apicalá]]
**[[Cunday]]
**[[Icononzo]]
**[[Melgar, Tolima|Melgar]]
**[[Villarrica, Tolima|Villarrica]]
*[[Southern zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Southern]]
**[[Ataco]]
**[[Chaparral, Tolima|Chaparral]]
**[[Coyaima]]
**[[Natagaima]]
**[[Ortega, Tolima|Ortega]]
**[[Planadas]]
**[[Rioblanco]]
**[[Roncesvalles, Tolima|Roncesvalles]]
**[[San Antonio, Tolima|San Antonio]]
*[[Southeastern zone, Tolima Department, Colombia|Southeastern]]
**[[Alpujarra, Tolima|Alpujarra]]
**[[Dolores, Tolima|Dolores]]
**[[Guamo]]
**[[Prado, Tolima|Prado]]
**[[Purificacion, Tolima|Purificacion]]
**[[Saldaña, Tolima|Saldana]]
**[[Suarez, Tolima|Suarez]]
((col-end))

==See also==
*[[Alberto Castilla]] (1878-1937), founder of the Conservatory of the Tolima, and composer of the Hymn of Tolima Department
*[[Coat of arms of Tolima Department]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Tolima Department))
*[http://www.tolima.gov.co/ Government of Tolima official website]((in lang|es))

((Departments of Colombia))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Tolima Department| ]]
[[Category:Departments of Colombia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1886]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Colombia]]

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Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Settlement short description (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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