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((Short description|Israeli military arrangement for Haredi men))
((More citations needed|date=March 2012))
'''''Torato Umanuto''''' (((lang-he|תּוֹרָתוֹ אֻמָּנוּתוֹ)) ((IPA-he|toʁaˈto ʔumanuˈto| )), ((Translation|'[[Torah study]] is his job'))) is a special government arrangement in [[Israel]] that allows young [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jewish]] men who are enrolled in [[yeshiva]]s to complete their studies before they are [[Conscription in Israel|conscripted into the Israeli military]]. Historically, it has been mandatory in Israeli law for male and female [[Israeli Jews|Jews]], male [[Druze in Israel|Druze]], and male [[Circassians in Israel|Circassians]] to serve in the military once they become 18 years of age, with male conscripts required to serve for three years and [[Women in the Israel Defense Forces|female Jewish conscripts]] required to serve for two years.

Haredi Jews maintain that the practice of studying the [[Torah]] (or reciting), when undertaken by great Torah scholars or their disciples, is crucial in defending the [[Israelis|Israeli people]] from threats, similar to an additional "praying division" of the military. In practice, the ''Torato Umanuto'' arrangement provides a legal route whereby Haredi [[rabbi]]s and their disciples can either enroll for a shortened service period of four months or otherwise be exempted from compulsory military service altogether.

The source of the phrase 
''Torato Umanuto'' is taken from the [[Talmud]]: 
((blockquote
|text= "For it was taught: If companions [scholars] are engaged in studying, they must break off for the reading of the ''[[Shema Yisrael|shema]]'', but not for prayer. R. Johanan said: This was taught only of such as R. [[Shimon bar Yochai|Simeon b. Yohai]] and his companions, whose Torah study was their occupation."
|sign= b. [[Talmud]], tractate [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], 11a
))

== Establishment of the agreement ==
[[File:Tehillim_neged_Tilim.jpg|thumb|250px|right|"Tehillim neged Tilim" (((Lang-he|תהילים נגד טילים)), ((Literal translation|[[Psalms]] against missiles))), a slogan initially coined during the [[Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel|Iraqi missile campaign against Israel]] in 1991. It has since gained widespread popularity among the [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist community]] and the [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi community]]. ]]
During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], erstwhile Israeli prime minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] reached a special arrangement with Israel's [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]] (then represented by [[Agudat Yisrael]] and [[Yitzhak-Meir Levin]]) in which a small part of the community's senior [[yeshiva]] disciples (400 men) would be temporarily exempted from serving in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], but only as long as their sole occupation was [[Torah study|studying the Torah]], which a number of Haredi Jews devote and occupy themselves with for the majority of their day as a religious commandment. The arrangement's original purpose was to reach a comprehensive accommodation, later called the [[Status quo (Israel)|secular–religious status quo]], between the secular community and the Haredi population who were then living under the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]], and by extension preventing an internal conflict within the [[Palestinian Jews|Palestinian Jewish community]] (the [[Yishuv]]) amidst [[Arab–Israeli conflict|high tensions with the region's Arabs]].

By contrast, Israelis who belong to the [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist community]] are conscripted, often under the yeshiva system of the [[Hesder|Hesder program]], which combines Torah study with military service.

Over the years, as the Israeli population grew, the number of Haredi men eligible for exemption under the ''Torato Umanuto'' grew significantly; from 800 men in 1968 to 41,450 in 2005, compared to seven million for the entire population of Israel. In percentage terms, 2.4% of the soldiers enlisting to the army in 1974 were benefiting from ''Torato Umanuto'' compared to 9.2% in 1999, when it was projected that the number would reach 15% by the year 2012. The issue turned into a political debate within Israeli society as to who should be obliged to risk his or her life serving in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]; many non-Haredi [[Israeli Jews]], including those in the Religious Zionist sector, began to complain over the uneven burden of military service. Beyond the three years of regular-compulsory service for men and two for women, men also serve as military reserve force, including military exercises on a regular basis until they turn 50.

For many years the ''Torato Umanuto'' arrangement had the status of a regulation under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]] (Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion also had the Defense portfolio). In the 1990s the [[Supreme Court of Israel#Court of Justice|High Court of Justice]] of Israel ruled that the Defense minister had no authority to determine the extent of these exemptions. The Supreme Court postponed the application of the ruling to give the government time to resolve the matter.

== Tal Law ==
((main|Tal Committee))
In accordance with the judicial ruling, Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] set up  the Tal committee in 1999. The Tal committee reported in April 2000, and its recommendations were approved by the [[Knesset]] (Israeli parliament) in July 2002; the new ''Tal Law'', as it came to be known, was passed with 51 votes in favour and 41 against. The new law provided for a continuation of the ''Torato Umanuto'' arrangement under specific conditions laid down in the law; it was hoped that the number of exemptions would gradually reduce. The new law did not however put an end to controversies and disagreements.

In 2005, then Justice Minister [[Tzipi Livni]] stated that the Tal Law, which by then had yet to be fully implemented, did not provide an adequate solution of the problem of Haredi [[conscription]] as only 1,115 of the 41,450 yeshiva students covered by the arrangement had taken the "decision year" provided by the law, and of these only 31 had later enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces.<ref>((cite news |title=Justice Minister: Implementation of Tal Law 'unsatisfactory' |author=Yuval Yoaz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/justice-minister-implementation-of-tal-law-unsatisfactory-1.170799 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2005-09-27 |access-date=2012-01-27))</ref> In 2007 the Tal Law was extended until August 2012. In January 2012, Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] said his ministry was preparing an alternative to the Tal Law. Dozens of IDF reserve soldiers had put up what they called "the suckers' camp" near the Tel Aviv Savidor Central Railway Station, to protest the possible extension of the Tal Law. Several politicians, public figures, disabled IDF veterans and high school and university students visited the protest encampment.<ref>((cite news |title=Netanyahu: Knesset, not cabinet, will decide fate of Tal Law |author=Gili Cohen and Jonathan Lis  |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/netanyahu-knesset-not-cabinet-will-decide-fate-of-tal-law-1.409397 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-01-27 |access-date=2012-01-27))</ref>

In February 2012 the High Court of Justice (a role of the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]) ruled that the Tal Law in its current form was unconstitutional and could not be extended beyond August.<ref>((cite news |title=Israeli Haredi parties on possible end to Tal Law: We will give our lives to the Torah |author=Yair Ettinger |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israeli-haredi-parties-on-possible-end-to-tal-law-we-will-give-our-lives-to-the-torah-1.414977
|newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-02-27 |access-date=2012-03-19))</ref> Prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said that the government would formulate a new bill that would guarantee a more equal sharing of the burden by all parts of Israeli society.<ref>((cite news |title=Israel's High Court rules Tal Law unconstitutional, says Knesset cannot extend it in present form |author=Yair Ettinger and Gili Cohen  |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-s-high-court-rules-tal-law-unconstitutional-says-knesset-cannot-extend-it-in-present-form-1.414009 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-02-21 |access-date=2012-03-19))</ref> The issue was also part of a possible government collapse leading into the [[2013 Israeli legislative election|2012-2013 election]].

==See also==
* [[Hardal]]
* [[Haredim and Zionism]]
* [[Hesder]] - a [[Religious Zionist]] ("National Religious") yeshiva framework developed by Rav [[Yehuda Amital]], combining [[Torah study]] and military service
* [[Nahal Haredi]] - the IDF's ''Netzah Yehuda'' Battalion, which facilitates Haredi service in combat roles
* [[Religion in Israel]]
* [[Status quo (Israel)]]

== References ==
((Reflist|2))

[[Category:Haredi Judaism in Israel]]
[[Category:Law of Israel]]
[[Category:Religion in Israel]]
[[Category:Religion in the Israel Defense Forces]]
[[Category:Talmud concepts and terminology]]
[[Category:Conscription in Israel]]
[[Category:Haredi anti-Zionism]]

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