The performance of Torino in the Italian football league structure since the first season of a unified Serie A (1929/30).
Torino Football Club (Italian pronunciation:[toˈriːno]), commonly referred to as Torino or simply Toro, is an Italian professional footballclub based in Turin, Piedmont. They currently play in Serie A.
Founded as Foot-Ball Club Torino in 1906, Torino are among the most successful clubs in Italy with seven league titles, including five consecutive league titles during the 1940s. The Grande Torino, as the team was known, was widely recognised as one of the strongest footballing sides of the period, until the entire team was killed in the 1949 Superga air disaster.[1] They have also won the Coppa Italia five times, the last of which was in the 1992–93 season. Internationally, Torino won the Mitropa Cup in 1991 and were finalists in the UEFA Cup in 1991–92.
Torino plays all of its home games at the Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino (also known as the Stadio Comunale "Vittorio Pozzo" until 2006). The club's traditional colour is maroon, and its symbol is a rampant bull, the traditional symbol of the city of Turin, from which the club's nickname Il Toro (The Bull) is derived. Torino have a local rivalry with Juventus and the two sides contest the Derby della Mole.
History
The foundation and first steps
Football first arrived in the city of Turin at the end of the 19th century, introduced by the industrial Swiss and English.[citation needed] By 1887, Football & Cricket Club – the oldest Italian football club – had already been founded in the capital of Piedmont, followed in 1889 by Nobili Torino. In 1891 the two clubs merged to form Internazionale Torino, after which Football Club Torinese was founded in 1894.[4][5][6]
Alfred Dick, founder and then president of the newly born Foot-Ball Club Torino
In 1900, Football Club Torinese absorbed Internazionale Torino, and on 3 December 1906 at the Voigt brewery (now bar Norman) on Via Pietro Micca an alliance was formed with a group of Juventus dissidents, led by the Swiss financier Alfred Dick.[7] Through the merger of Football Club Torinese and the aforementioned group, "Foot-Ball Club Torino" was formed.[citation needed] The first official match was played on 16 December 1906 in Vercelli against Pro Vercelli, won 3–1 by Torino.[citation needed]
Torino players pose for a photograph in 1906.
The first derby was played in the new year, dated 13 January 1907, in which Torino defeated Juventus 2–1.[citation needed] Torino successfully replicated this by a margin of 4–1 a month later and gained the right to enter the final round of the Italian Football Championship, placed second behind Milan.[citation needed]
Torino did not participate in the 1908 Italian Football Championship as a rule was passed which limited the use of foreign players.[citation needed] The club instead played in two popular "minor" tournaments: the coveted "Palla Dapples" (a silver trophy in the shape of a regulation football), won against Pro Vercelli; and an international tournament organised by La Stampa, which took place in Turin that year.[citation needed] Torino lost in the final to Swiss side Servette.[8]
In 1915, Torino were denied their first real championship attempt by the outbreak of World War I. With one match left to play, Torino (in second), were two points behind leaders Genoa.[citation needed] In the final game of the championship, Torino would have had the opportunity to play the Genoese head-on after defeating them in the first leg 6–1.[citation needed]
The club experienced its first success under the presidency of Count Enrico Marone Cinzano, who was responsible for building the Stadio Filadelfia.[10] In attack, Torino boasted the Trio delle meraviglie (Trio of Wonders), composed of Julio Libonatti, Adolfo Baloncieri and Gino Rossetti, and won their first scudetto on 10 July 1927 after a 5–0 win against Bologna. However, the title was revoked on 3 November 1927 due to the "Allemandi Case".[10]
After the revoking of the prior scudetto, Torino were reconfirmed champions of Italy in the 1927–28 season. The "Trio of Wonders" scored 89 goals between them, with the title won on 22 July 1928, a 2–2 draw against Milan.[10]
After the resignation of Cinzano, the club began a slow decline in the early 1930s and often finished mid-table.[citation needed] It was not until the 1935–36 season that it began its revival, with a third-place finish in the league and first victory of the Coppa Italia.[citation needed] Renamed "Associazione Calcio Torino" due to the Italian fascist regime, Torino finished in second place in the 1938–39 season, under the technical director Ernest Erbstein.[citation needed]
In 1939–40, Torino finished in fifth place, and saw the arrival of club president Ferruccio Novo. Novo provided financial support to the club and utilised his skill as a careful administrator. With valuable contributions from Antonio Janni, Giacinto Ellena and Mario Sperone, Novo was able to build a team known as the Grande Torino.[10]
The Invincibles of the "Grande Torino", winners of five consecutive Serie A titles
The club's greatest period is encapsulated in the Grande Torino, a team which won five titles in a row (not considering the interruption to the league in the 1944 Campionato Alta Italia, in which the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) in 2002 recognised only honorary value to Spezia) between 1942 and 1949, and the Coppa Italia in 1943 (due to this success, Torino was the first team to win the coveted Scudetto and Coppa Italia "double" in Italy during the same season).[citation needed] Torino's players formed the backbone of the Italy national team in this period, at one point fielding ten players simultaneously in the Azzurri.
The captain and undisputed leader of the team was Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro, who would subsequently follow their father in becoming footballers.[citation needed] The typical starting lineup was: Bacigalupo; Ballarin; Maroso; Grezar; Rigamonti; Castigliano; Menti; Loik; Gabetto; Mazzola; Ossola.[citation needed] Their success came to an abrupt end on 4 May 1949 when the Fiat G.212 airliner carrying the whole team crashed against the retaining wall of the Basilica of Superga in Turin.[citation needed] The crash was attributed to dense fog and spatial disorientation due a faulty altimeter in the cockpit.[citation needed] The team had been returning from a friendly with Benfica played in Lisbon.[citation needed] In addition to the entire team and reserve players, the crash claimed the lives of coaches Egri Erbstein and Leslie Lievesley, two club officials, the club masseur, three journalists, and the four members of the crew.[11]
Difficult years followed in the aftermath of the tragedy. A slow decline led to the club's first relegation to Serie B, which took place under the name "Talmone Torino" in 1958–59.[citation needed] The stay in Serie B would only last one season, with Torino's return to the top flight in 1960–61.[citation needed] In 1963, Orfeo Pianelli assumed presidency. He appointed Nereo Rocco as manager and signed club icon Gigi Meroni, nicknamed "The Maroon Butterfly" (La Farfalla Granata).[12] In 1964–65, the team finished in third place.[citation needed]
On 15 October 1967, Meroni was killed while crossing the street after a league game.[13] Despite the tragedy, Torino finished the season in seventh place and won the Coppa Italia.[citation needed] The reconstruction of a winning team, initiated by the club president Pianelli, continued with the victory of another Coppa Italia in the 1970–71 season.[citation needed]
In the 1971–72 season, Torino managed a third-place finish, placed just one point behind Juventus.[citation needed] Across the following three seasons, Torino placed sixth, fifth, and sixth again ahead of what would be their seventh Serie A title in the 1975–76 season.[citation needed] The scudetto was won after a comeback against Juventus, who held a five-point advantage over the Granata during the spring.[citation needed] However, three straight losses for the Bianconeri, the second of which was in the derby, allowed Torino to overtake.[citation needed] In the final round, Torino held a one-point advantage and, until then, had won every previous home fixture.[citation needed] Torino hosted Cesena at the Comunale but could only manage to draw; Juventus, however, were defeated at Perugia.[citation needed] The title was won by two points ahead of Juventus, 27 years after the Superga tragedy.[citation needed]
The same title race was repeated the next year in a season that saw Torino finish with 50 points behind Juventus's 51, a record points total for the 16-team league format.[citation needed] In 1978, Torino finished second again (tied with a Vicenza side led by Paolo Rossi), still behind Juventus but with a larger gulf in points.[citation needed] In later years, whilst still remaining one of Serie A's top teams, the team began a slow decline and was not able to replicate past results, with the exception of the second place in 1984–85, where the team finished behind a Verona side led by Osvaldo Bagnoli.[citation needed]
At the end of the 1988–89 season Torino were relegated to Serie B for the second time in their history.[14] The club was promoted back to Serie A in the 1989–90 season, and after having made important signings, qualified for the UEFA Cup under Emiliano Mondonico.[15] The following season, Torino knocked Real Madrid out of the 1991–92 UEFA Cup in the semifinals, but lost the final on the away goals rule to Dutch side Ajax, after a 2–2 draw in Turin and 0–0 in Amsterdam.[citation needed] In Serie A, Torino finished in third place.[16]
In the 1992–93 season, Torino won their fifth Coppa Italia after defeating Roma,[16] however the club subsequently went through a period of severe[why?] economic difficulties.[clarification needed][citation needed] The club changed presidents and managers several times, but the results continued to worsen, and at the end of the 1995–96 season, Torino were relegated for a third time.[17]
After a play-off lost on penalties in the 1997–98 season to Perugia, Torino returned to Serie A in 1998–99, but were once again relegated at the end of the 1999–2000 season.[18] The club was immediately promoted back in the 2000–01 season, and the following year finished in 11th place, and qualified for the Intertoto Cup. After being eliminated by Villarreal on penalties, Torino suffered its worst performance in Serie A, and were relegated after finishing in last place.[19][self-published source?] Under Renato Zaccarelli, Torino achieved promotion in the 2004–05 season.[citation needed] However, due to heavy debts accumulated under the president Francesco Cimminelli, Torino were denied entry into Serie A and the club's bankruptcy was announced on 9 August 2005.[20][self-published source?] On 16 August, the FIGC accepted the proposal of a new professional entity known as "Società Civile Campo Torino", formed by a group of businessmen and led by lawyer Pierluigi Marengo.[21] The club was granted admission to the Petrucci Law, which guaranteed registration to Serie B, as well as all of the sporting titles of "Torino Calcio."[citation needed] On 19 August, Urbano Cairo was officially announced as the new president of the club at the bar Norman (once known as Voigt brewery).[22] With the sale, the club changed its name to "Torino Football Club".[citation needed]
Torino achieved immediate promotion in the 2005–06 season after winning the play-offs.[citation needed] The following season, Torino escaped relegation in the penultimate round of matches.[citation needed] After three seasons, the club once again were relegated to Serie B.[citation needed] During the 2009–10 season, Cairo named Gianluca Petrachi as the new sporting director at Torino, but the club failed to gain promotion that season and the one following.[23][24]
The following season was also negative, and marked by the alternation on the bench of managers Marco Giampaolo and Davide Nicola.[citation needed] Torino managed only to achieve safety from relegation on the penultimate round of the season with a 0–0 draw away against Lazio.[citation needed] The following season saw the arrival of Ivan Jurić on the bench, who guided the club to a tenth place finish.[citation needed]
The first uniform used by Torino only a few days after its foundation and in the first game of its history against Pro Vercelli was striped orange and black, similar to the kits used by Internazionale Torino and Football Club Torinese, the historical predecessors of the newly formed club.[33] Incidentally the colours were too similar to that of the Habsburgs, historical enemies of the then ruling Italian house and considered inappropriate.[citation needed] Given the need to adopt a definitive color the founders opted in the end for granata, a dark shade of red similar to burgundy.[citation needed]
The most widely accepted story[by whom?] is that it was adopted in honour of the Duke of the Abruzzi and the House of Savoy, which, after the victorious liberation of Turin from the French in 1706, adopted a blood-colored handkerchief in honour of a messenger killed bringing the news of victory.[34] Other accounts, considered less reliable,[by whom?] speak of a tribute to the founder Alfred Dick, who was a fan of the Genevan team Servette, the Swiss club of the founders homeland, or a reference to the English club Sheffield, the oldest football club in the world, whose colours were also initially adopted by Internazionale Torino.[citation needed] There is even the possibility[original research?] that the dark red was created by chance, as a result of repeated washing—a reconstruction that is found with many other club's football kits—among the uniforms that were red with black socks; the colour derived, being considered a good omen, would eventually be chosen as the official colour.[citation needed] Previously, the club had tried to obtain permission to use royal blue, but the monarchs of Italy were reluctant to grant the use of their dynastic color to a single team, as opposed to a few years later, when Azure adopted by the various national sports teams.[35][36]
Since then, the traditional home uniform of Torino has been composed of a kit combined with traditionally white but occasionally also maroon shorts, and black socks cuffed maroon.[citation needed] It has not been unusual however to see the team take to the field with maroon socks, especially at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s when the team permanently adopted a complete maroon kit.[citation needed] The away uniform, usually in reverse colours, consists of a white shirt with contrasting cuffs, maroon or sometimes white shorts, white socks and a maroon lapel.[33][37][38] Cyclically, an away shirt with a diagonal maroon band has also been used.[citation needed] This is an homage to River Plate, the Argentine club which has had close historical ties to Torino since the tragedy of Superga.[39] the shirt was debuted on 6 January 1953 in a league match against Milan, ending 1–1.[40][41]
Torino in 1976–77 with the traditional away shirt with the scudetto on the chest which encompasses the bull in a rampant position
The Torino club badge has always featured a rampant bull, the symbol of the city of Turin.[42] The current badge was adopted in the 2005–06 season, the first following the bankruptcy of Torino Calcio.[citation needed] The "1906" on the left side of the shield was later added to denote the founding year of the historic Foot-Ball Club Torino.[42]
In the 1980s, the Torino badge was square in shape with a stylised bull and the words "Torino Calcio."[citation needed] This badge is still held in high regard by the fans, and in 2013 it was voted by the readers of Guerin Sportivo as the most beautiful club logo of all time.[43] From 1990 until the bankruptcy, the badge in use recalled the one used at the time of the Grande Torino, with the important difference that the right side of the oval crossed the letter "T" and "C" (initials of "Torino Calcio") instead of the letters "A", "C" and "T" (initials of "Associazione Calcio Torino").[citation needed]
In 2017, the Irish club Wexford Youths renamed itself Wexford F.C. and adopted a new crest with rampant bull, inspired by Torino's. Club chairman Mick Wallace is known to be a Torino fan.[44][45][46]
The first official match after the club's foundation, a derby match against Juventus, took place on 13 January 1907 at the Stadio Velodrome Umberto. The club later moved to the Piazza d'armi, which comprised numerous pitches: from 23 January 1911, the Lato Ferrovia; and from 26 February 1911, the Lato Crocetta. Towards the end of 1913 the club moved to the Stradale Stupinigi; with the outbreak of the First World War, the stadium was requisitioned for military purposes.[1]
The grandstand of the new Stadio Filadelfia; on the right, the remains of the old stadium
From 11 October 1925 until the end of the 1925–26 season, Torino played their home games at Motovelodromo Corso Casale (now restored, it is dedicated to Fausto Coppi and also hosts American football matches), while awaiting their move to the Stadio Filadelfia.[47] The "Fila" as it was known was heavily associated with the exploits of the Grande Torino team of the 1940s: opened on 17 October 1926 with a match against Fortitudo Roma, it hosted Torino's games continuously until 11 May 1958 (the final match being a 4–2 victory over Genoa).[1] In the 1958–59 season, the club briefly moved to the Stadio Comunale: the move was short-lived however, as the club was relegated to Serie B that year, and returned to the Filadelfia out of superstition.[48]
Torino played the entirety of the 1959–60 season and the next at the Filadelfia, but in 1961–62 and 1962–63 the club began to use the Comunale for "special" matches.[citation needed] The move to the Comunale, a stadium with a standing capacity of 65,000, was completed in 1963–64, and Torino remained there until 27 May 1990 when the stadium was abandoned in favour of the Stadio delle Alpi.[citation needed]
Built specifically for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, the Stadio delle Alpi was home to Torino from 1990 to 2006.[48] Following the reconstruction carried out to make the stadium suitable to host the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony and closing ceremony, Torino returned to the Stadio Comunale, renamed the Stadio Olimpico. The new capacity was now 27,958 seated, reduced by about 38,000 from the original in compliance with modern safety standards.[48] In April 2016, the Olimpico was renamed in honour of the Grande Torino.[3][49]
The Stadio Filadelfia also served as the training ground of Torino from 1926 to 1993. More recently, from 2006 to 2017, the team's training base was the Sisport di Corso Unione Sovietica.[50] In the 2017–18 season, Torino returned to training at the reconstructed Filadelfia.[51]
On 11 May 1947, during a friendly match between Italy and Hungary that finished 3–2, Vittorio Pozzo fielded 10 players who were at Torino; this remains the largest number of Italian players fielded from the same club in the same match in the history of the Italy national team.[60]
With 74 players having represented Italy throughout the club's existence, Torino is the fifth ranked Italian club for number of players capped by the Azzurri (sixth by number of total admissions).[61]Francesco Graziani is the Torino player who has accumulated the most appearances (47) and goals (20) for Italy.[60] On 11 June 2017, Andrea Belotti scored the hundredth goal of a Torino player in an Azzurri shirt, during a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Liechtenstein.[62]
The Torino youth system is formed of four men's teams that participate in separate national leagues (Primavera, Beretti, Allievi Nazionali Serie A & B, and Allievi Nazionali Lega Pro) and three that participate at regional level (Giovanissimi Nazionali, Giovanissimi Regionali A & B).[63] Torino was one of the first Italian clubs to adopt a youth system, organised as early as the 1930s and is considered one of the best in Italy.[64]
The players developed in the Torino youth system were nicknamed "Balon-Boys" in honour of Adolfo Baloncieri, the player and club icon who ended his Torino career in 1932.[65] The Torino youth system has developed numerous renowned players, including actor and journalist Raf Vallone, who devoted himself to a career in the arts after his debut for the first team.[66]
The fans of Torino hold a number of distinctions, including the first ever organised supporters group in Italy, the Fedelissimi Granata, founded in 1951.[70] The fans also displayed the first banner of an organised club, at the Stadio Filadelfia, and organised the first away trip by plane in Italian football, in 1963, during a game against Roma.[70] It was at the Filadelfia that Oreste Bolmida, the trumpeter fan made famous by the film Ora e per sempre also performed.[71] In the 1970s the fans began to organise the club's first choreographies, which were used in commercials of French carmaker Renault in the subsequent decade.[70] In 1979, the curva Maratona was awarded "the most beautiful stand of Europe" by French magazine Onze Mondial; an image of this section of the stadium was later featured on the cover of France Football on 21 December 1979.[70]
The fans of Torino are "twinned" with the fans of Fiorentina. The link between the two sides was born in the early 1970s due to a common anti-Juventus sentiment and the closeness of the Viola after the Superga tragedy.[72] Supporters of Torino are on good terms with the curva nord of Alessandria and curva sud of Nocerina.[73]
The friendship between Brazilian club Corinthians and Torino dates back to 1914; that year, Torino became the first Italian club to travel South America on tour. The club played six friendly matches, two of which were against Corinthians, and despite the results on the field, the two clubs established friendly relationships. On 4 May 1949, when the Grande Torino team perished in plane crash of Superga, Corinthians paid tribute to the Italians in a friendly match against Portuguesa when its starting XI took to the field in Torino's kit.[74]
The Argentines of River Plate are historically twinned with Torino, since the time of the Superga disaster. In the period following the disaster, the Argentine club was very close to the Italian club, organising a friendly and fundraiser to help the devastated team. On 26 May 1949, River flew to Turin to play a friendly charity match organised by the FIGC, together with a selection that included the strongest Italian players of the era, gathered under the name of "Torino symbol."[75] As a testimony to the relationship between the two clubs, the away jersey of the Argentine club has been maroon on several occasions (most recently, the 2005–06 season) while Torino have sported several variations of an away kit with a diagonal band, an homage to River's home kit.[39] The bond with the Portuguese of Benfica is also very strong, the last to have met the Grande Torino before the aerial disaster of Superga.[76] Other supporters with whom there is a friendship are supporters of English club Manchester City.[77]
Torino's historical rivalries are with Sampdoria, Piacenza, Verona, Lazio, Perugia, Internazionale, Atalanta, Ternana and Ancona.[78] Torino's friendship with Genoa turned negative as a result of Genoese festivities during the Torino–Genoa match on 24 May 2009 won by the Rossoblu; the result contributed to Torino's relegation to Serie B.[79] On 16 December 2012, the day when the two clubs met for the first time after Torino's return to Serie A, clashes erupted between the two club's organised supporters.[80] The rivalry with city rivals Juventus is the most heated,[how?] with the two teams taking part in the Derby della Mole, one of the most popular derbies in Italian football and the oldest still played.[tone][citation needed]
Torino is in 8th place in the Serie A all-time standings,[81] which takes account of all the football teams that have played in the top flight at least once.
In the Italian league, the team has finished in first place on eight occasions, although the club has only won seven championship titles,[82] seven times in second place and nine times in third place.[1] In 100 seasons, including 18 in various championships that preluded the single round format (Torino withdrew in 1908 and the 1915–16 Coppa Federale is not recognised), 73 in Serie A and 12 in Serie B, the club has finished on the podium in 23% of cases.[1]
In the 2006–07 season, Torino, for the first time in history played at a level higher than Juventus: while the Granata competed in Serie A, Juventus took part in Serie B following the aftermath of the Calciopoli scandal.[1]
Giorgio Ferrini holds the club's official appearance record with 566 appearances (plus 56 goals) accumulated between 1959 and 1975.[83] The record for the most goals scored is held by Paolo Pulici, with 172 official goals (in 437 appearances) between 1967 and 1982.[84]
^Torino finished seventh in the 2013–14 Serie A and obtained the qualification to the 2014–15 Europe League at the expense of Parma, sixth, but excluded from European competitions due to their failure to obtain a UEFA license for economic reasons, see. Maurizio Galdi (29 May 2014). "Respinto il ricorso del Parma. Torino in Europa League. Ghirardi: "Calcio finito"". gazzetta.it. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
^Savorelli, Sergio Salvi, Alessandro; Alessandro Savorelli (2008). Tutti i colori del calcio : storia e araldica di una magnifica ossessione (in Italian) (5. rist. ed.). Firenze: Le Lettere. ISBN978-88-6087-178-7.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Torino". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^Torino, in fact, finished first in the league of the 1926–27 season, but the resulting title was later withdrawn following the Allemandi scandal. The final position in the standings and all results related to it, however, remained unchanged.
^"Ferrini Giorgio". Enciclopediadelcalcio.it. 18 August 1939. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
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