This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale at the time. It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km), longest duration at about 3+1⁄2 hours, and it held the fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth until 2021 (the unofficial world record is held by the 2014 Pilger, Nebraska EF4, with forward speed reaching exactly 94.6 mph (152.2 km/h)). In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities.[1] It was also the third most costly tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others when non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.[2]
The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur–Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people.[3] In the history of Bangladesh, at least 19 tornadoes killed more than 100 people each, almost half of the total for the world.
For 37 years, the most extensive tornado outbreak on record in almost every category was the 1974 Super Outbreak, which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4, 1974. Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours, but an unprecedented number of them were violent; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4. During the peak of this outbreak, there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak. However, this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak, which resulted in 360 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities.[4] However, the most tornadoes spawned in the shortest amount of time is 104 over 5 hours and 26 minutes, during the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak on 23 November 1981.
| Outbreak | Year | Country | Tornadoes in 24-hour span | Outbreak total | F2/EF2+ | F4/EF4+ | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 Super Outbreak | 2011 | US, CAN | 216 (05:00 UTC April 27–28) 219 (05:40 UTC April 27–28) |
360[5] | 86 | 15 | 324 |
| 1974 Super Outbreak | 1974 | US, CAN | 148 (Duration of outbreak) | 148[6] | 96 | 30 | 319 |
| Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 | 2023 | US | 136 (19:00 UTC March 31–April 1) | 146[7] | 44 | 1 | 27 |
| 2020 Easter tornado outbreak | 2020 | US | 132 (14:40 UTC April 12–13) | 141[8] | 35 | 3 | 32 |
| December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak | 2021 | US | 120 (Duration of outbreak) | 120[9] | 33 | 0 | 0 |
| Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 1999 | 1999 | US | 116 (21:10 UTC January 21–22) | 128[10] | 23 | 1 | 9 |
| 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak | 1981 | UK | 104 (Duration of outbreak) | 104[11] | 2 | 0 | 0 |
The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest tornado outbreak spawned by a single weather system in recorded history; it produced 360 tornadoes from April 25–28, with 216 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27 from midnight to midnight CDT,[5][12] fifteen of which were violent EF4–EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak, of which 324 were tornado related. The outbreak largely contributed to the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 773 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.[13]
The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak in terms of overall tornadoes for many years, and still holds the record for most violent, long-track tornadoes (7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes). More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other day on tornado record.[6][14] Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting, the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable.
| Outbreak | Year | Country | F4/EF4 | F5/EF5 | Total | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 Super Outbreak | 1974 | US, CAN | 23 | 7 | 30[6] | 319 |
| 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak | 1965 | US | 18 | 0 | 18[15] | 271 |
| May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence | 1917 | US | 14 | 1 | 15[16] | 383 |
| 2011 Super Outbreak | 2011 | US, CAN | 11 | 4 | 15[5] | 324 |
Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall. It is historically less consistent from year to year but can include exceptionally large and/or intense outbreaks. In 1992, an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23. This is also among the largest-known outbreaks in areal expanse. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn, especially in October and November, such as the 2002 Veterans Day weekend outbreak, in which 83 tornadoes occurred from November 9 to 11, and November 17, 2013, when 73 tornadoes were produced in 11 hours.[1]
The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 120 from Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, followed by Hurricane Beulah with 115 in September 1967, and 103 from Hurricane Frances in September 2004 (a couple weeks before Ivan).[17] Hurricanes prior to the 1990s, when tornado records were more sparse, perhaps produced more tornadoes than were officially documented.
| Month | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1999 | 2008 | 2022 | 2011 | 2003 | 1992 | 1993 | 2004 | 2004 | 2021 | 1992 | 2021 |
| Total | 216[18][19] | 147[19] | 234[19][20] | 773[19] | 542[19] | 399[19][21] | 242[19] | 179[19] | 297[19] | 150[19] | 161[19] | 227[19][22] |
| Month | Event | Tornadoes |
|---|---|---|
| January | Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 1999 | 128 |
| February | 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak | 87 |
| March | Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 | 146[note 1] |
| April | 2011 Super Outbreak | 360 |
| May | Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019 | 402 |
| June | Tornado outbreak of June 14–18, 1992 | 170 |
| July | Tornado outbreak of July 1–3, 1997 | 52 |
| August | Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak | 57 |
| September | Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak | 120 |
| October | October 2010 North American storm complex | 69 |
| November | Tornado outbreak of November 22–24, 2004 | 104 |
| December | December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak | 120 |
On average, 1,200 tornadoes happen in a year in the United States. The most confirmed tornadoes in a single year was in 2004,[23] which had 1817 confirmed tornadoes. This was mostly boosted by a large tornado outbreak sequence in May 2004, where 509 tornadoes occurred. It also had help from a very active fall and winter tornado season.
|
For a more comprehensive list, see List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths. |
Officially, on April 26, 1989 in Bangladesh, a large tornado took at least 1,300 lives.[24] In 2022, this tornado's death toll was challenged in a paper authored by Dr. Fahim Sufi with the Australian Government, Dr. Edris Alam with the University of Chittagong, and Dr. Musleh Alsulam, with the Umm al-Qura University, where it was stated the deadliest tornado in Bangladesh and subsequently world history was the April 14, 1969, Dhaka, Bangladesh tornado, which killed 922 people.[25]
The Tri-State tornado of March 18, 1925, killed 695 people in Missouri (11), Illinois (613), and Indiana (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak, with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.[26][27]
Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for inflation, with an estimated $5.36 billion (2022 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011, is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals at $3.71 billion (2022 USD). Until April 2011, the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado of May 3, 1999, was the most costly, which was later surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado, with a damage total of $3.18 billion (2022 USD). This record would only last about a month as it would be surpassed by the aforementioned Joplin tornado.[28]
| Date | Location | Min possible max Wind Speed | Most likely max Wind Speed | Max possible max Wind Speed | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 3, 1999 | Bridge Creek, Oklahoma | 279 mph (449 km/h) | 302 mph (486 km/h) | 323 mph (520 km/h) | [29][30] |
| May 31, 2013 | El Reno, Oklahoma | 296 mph (476 km/h) | 301 mph (484 km/h)[note 2] | 336 mph (541 km/h) | [31][32] |
| May 24, 2011 | 2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado | 289 mph (465 km/h) | 295 mph (475 km/h) | 296 mph (476 km/h) | [31][33] |
| April 26, 1991 | Red Rock, Oklahoma | 262 mph (422 km/h) | 268 mph (431 km/h) | 280 mph (450 km/h) | [34][33] |
| May 30, 1998 | Spencer, South Dakota | 237 mph (381 km/h) | 264 mph (425 km/h) | 276 mph (444 km/h) | [35][33] |
| May 3, 1999 | Mulhall, Oklahoma | 246 mph (396 km/h) | 257 mph (414 km/h) | 299 mph (481 km/h) | [33][36] |
During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado on May 3, 1999, in the southern Oklahoma City metro area, a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 22 mph (486 ± 35 km/h) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m (330 ft) above ground level.[37] These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth.[citation needed]
On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph (476 km/h), second only to the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 ± 34 mph (486 ± 55 km/h) well above ground level and ≥291 mph (468 km/h) below 10 m (33 ft) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph (282 km/h).[38] These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3, 1999. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found, likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City.[39][40]
Winds were measured at 262–280 mph (422–451 km/h) using portable Doppler weather radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado during the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak in north-central Oklahoma. Though these winds are possibly indicative of F5 intensity, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage. Thus it was rated F4.[41]
While never observed, the 1764 Woldegk, 1925 Tri-State, 1931 Lublin, and 1990 Goessel tornadoes is believed to have had winds >300 miles per hour (480 km/h), which would make them among the strongest tornadoes in history.[42][43][44][45]
The longest-known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State tornado, occurring on March 18, 1925, with a path length of 151 to 235 mi (243 to 378 km). For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi (352 km) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series. Some very long track (VLT) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm, which are known as a tornado family. The Tri-State tornado, however, appeared to have no gaps in the damage. A six-year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family. It also found that the tornado began 15 mi (24 km) to the west and ended 1 mi (1.6 km) farther east than previously known, bringing the total path to 235 mi (378 km).[citation needed] The 174 mi (280 km) segment from central Madison County, Missouri to Pike County, Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi (243 km) segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri to western Pike County, Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado. Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi (105 km) east-northeast of the end of aforementioned segment(s) of the Tri-State tornado family and is likely another member of the family. Its path length of 20 mi (32 km) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi (510 km) over about 5+1⁄2 hours.[46] Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi (97 km) of the (originally recognized) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi (253 km) was seemingly continuous.[47]
On March 22, 1953, a tornado touched down near Leesville, Louisiana at 21:00 UTC, the tornado would continue into far-northwest Mississippi, before dissipating north of Leland, killing two and injuring 22, the tornado would be rated F2 on the Fujita scale, it travelled for 234.7 mi (377.7 km), making it possibly the longest tracked tornado in history, though it's likely that the path consisted of multiple different tornadoes as part of a tornado family.[48][49]
What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least 293 miles (472 km) on May 26, 1917, from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.[1]
What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles (1,270 km) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006, as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.[50]
Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km) at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaXPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph (476 km/h) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[51] However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.[52]
The F4 Hallam, Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004, was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between 2 and 3 miles (3.2 and 4.8 km) was recorded from an F3 tornado.[53] Another tornado that has the similar width struck Maxton and Red Springs during the March 28, 1984 Carolina Tornado Outbreak, this tornado had a width of 2.5 mile wide at one point, rated as F4 and killed 3 and injuring 280.[54] The EF4 Jiangsu tornado on June 23, 2016, also had a peak width of 4.1 km wide (2.5 miles).[55][56]
On May 3, 1999, a Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile radar observed an F4 tornado as it crossed Mulhall during the 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak, which also produced the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado. The DOW documented the largest-ever-observed core flow circulation with a distance of 1,600 m (5,200 ft) between peak velocities on either side of the tornado, and a roughly 7 km (4.3 mi) width of peak wind gusts exceeding 43 m/s (96 mph), making the Mulhall tornado the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively.[57]
On April 21, 1946, a tornado struck the area in and around Timber Lake, South Dakota. The U.S. Weather Bureau published a paper in 1946 stating the width of this tornado was 4 miles (6.4 km), which would make this the widest tornado ever documented in history. However, this is outside the period of reliable documentation accepted by the National Weather Service; 1950–present.[58]
The highest accepted forward speed of an intense tornado on record was 73 mph (117 km/h) from the 1925 Tri-State tornado. Other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado.[1] The 2021 Western Kentucky tornado had a consistent average forward speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) for its entire path length of 165.6 miles (266.5 km).[59]
The highest accepted average forward speed of a significant tornado occurred just west of Galt, Iowa, on December 15, 2021, with a forward speed of 88.65 mph (142.67 km/h).[60] This tornado occurred during the December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak.
A pressure deficit of 100 millibars (2.95 inHg) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003, passed directly over an in-situ probe deployed by storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras.[61] In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to 850 millibars (25.10 inHg), which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.[62][63]
On April 21, 2007, a 194-millibar (5.73 inHg) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas.[64] The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia. The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.[36]
There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a 192-millibar (5.67 inHg) drop around Minneapolis in 1904.[65]
A few scientists in Europe,[74] the US, and elsewhere documented the occurrence of tornadoes in the late 18th and early-mid 19th centuries to try to discern patterns of distribution and sometimes with inferences about formative processes and dynamics.
For intensive studies of tornadoes, these are the earliest known publications:
| Length in Years | Length in Days | Start of drought[81] | End of drought[81] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.921 | 1,431 | May 5, 1960 | April 3, 1964 |
| 4.995 | 1,824 | April 4, 1977 | April 2, 1982 |
| 4.786 | 1,747 | May 31, 1985 | March 13, 1990 |
| 4.090 | 1,493 | June 16, 1992 | July 18, 1996 |
| 8.003 | 2,923 | May 3, 1999 | May 4, 2007 |
| 10.878+ | 3,973+ | May 20, 2013 | Present |
Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been eight years and one day since the United States had a confirmed F5/EF5 tornado. Prior to Greensburg, the last confirmed F5/EF5 had hit the southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities on May 3, 1999. This stretch was later surpassed by an ongoing drought which began on May 20, 2013; it is now the longest interval without an F5/EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.
2018 was the only year since official records began in 1950 that no tornado in the United States was rated in the violent class (F4/EF4+).[82]
Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who survived their ordeal. On March 12, 2006, he was carried 1,307 feet (398 m), 13 feet (4.0 m) shy of one-quarter mile (400 m), according to National Weather Service measurements.[83][84]
While not officially reported as the longest distance, both the National Weather Service and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis document that the 1976 Brownwood, Texas F5 tornado picked up and threw two teenagers 1,000 yards (910 m), with both surviving.[85][86][87]
The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918.[88][89] The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year; less than 1% produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small.
Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however, the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. Thirty-seven years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the northeast, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.
The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, Oklahoma was hit by violent tornadoes (which have ratings of at least F/EF4) in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5, respectively. In total, about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890, the most recent of which was an EF2 tornado on March 25, 2015.[90]
The small town of Dolores, Uruguay has been hit multiple times by intense tornadoes. On November 25, 1985, the city was hit by an intense tornado rated as an F3.[91] On December 8, 2012, 27 years later, another intense tornado occurred in the outskirts of the city. On April 15, 2016, an EF3 tornado destroyed large portions of the city.[92][93]
On March 22, 2022, an EF3 tornado struck Arabi, Louisiana, a census-designated place in the New Orleans metropolitan area. On December 14 of that year, another tornado, rated EF2, affected many of the same areas, with the two tornado tracks overlapping in parts of Terrytown and Arabi.[94]
On April 30, 1940, two separate tornadoes, less than two hours apart struck the communities of Chaffee, Kelso and Illmo, Missouri.[1] Thomas P. Grazulis rated both tornadoes F2 on the Fujita scale and both tornadoes killed one person near Kelso.[1]
