Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics.[1][2] Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate the molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i.e., molecular biomarkers) that predict toxicity or the genetic susceptibility to it.

Pharmaceutical research

In pharmaceutical research, toxicogenomics is defined as the study of the structure and function of the genome as it responds to adverse xenobiotic exposure. It is the toxicological subdiscipline of pharmacogenomics, which is broadly defined as the study of inter-individual variations in whole-genome or candidate gene single-nucleotide polymorphism maps, haplotype markers, and alterations in gene expression that might correlate with drug responses.[3][4] Though the term toxicogenomics first appeared in the literature in 1999,[5] it was by that time already in common use within the pharmaceutical industry as its origin was driven by marketing strategies from vendor companies. The term is still not universally accepted, and others have offered alternative terms such as chemogenomics to describe essentially the same field of study.[6]

Bioinformatics

The nature and complexity of the data (in volume and variability) demands highly developed processes of automated handling and storage. The analysis usually involves a wide array of bioinformatics and statistics,[7] often including statistical classification approaches.[8]

Drug discovery

In pharmaceutical drug discovery and development, toxicogenomics is used to study possible adverse (i.e. toxic) effects of pharmaceutical drugs in defined model systems in order to draw conclusions on the toxic risk to patients or the environment. Both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently preclude basing regulatory decision-making on genomics data alone. However, they do encourage the voluntary submission of well-documented, quality genomics data. Both agencies are considering the use of submitted data on a case-by-case basis for assessment purposes (e.g., to help elucidate mechanism of action or contribute to a weight-of-evidence approach) or for populating relevant comparative databases by encouraging parallel submissions of genomics data and traditional toxicological test results.[9]

Public projects

Chemical Effects in Biological Systems is a project hosted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences building a knowledge base of toxicology studies including study design, clinical pathology, and histopathology and toxicogenomics data.[10][11]

InnoMed PredTox assesses the value of combining results from various omics technologies together with the results from more conventional toxicology methods in more informed decision-making in preclinical safety evaluation.[12]

Open TG-GATEs (Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System) is a Japanese public-private effort which has published gene expression and pathology information for more than 170 compounds (mostly drugs).[13]

The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium aims to identify and clinically qualify safety biomarkers for regulatory use as part of the FDA's "Critical Path Initiative".[12]

ToxCast is a program for Predicting Hazard, Characterizing Toxicity Pathways, and Prioritizing the Toxicity Testing of Environmental Chemicals at the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[14]

Tox21 is a federal collaboration involving the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is aimed at developing better toxicity assessment methods.[15] Within this project the toxic effects of chemical compounds on cell lines derived from the 1000 Genomes Project individuals were assessed and associations with genetic markers were determined.[16] Parts of this data were used in the NIEHS-NCATS-UNC DREAM Toxicogenetics Challenge in order to determine methods for cytotoxicity predictions for individuals.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ National Research Council (US) Committee on Communicating Toxicogenomics Information to Nonexperts (2005). Communicating Toxicogenomics Information to Nonexperts: A Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11179. ISBN 978-0-309-09538-9. PMID 20669449.
  2. ^ Hamadeh HK, Afshari CA, eds. (2004). Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-43417-5.
    Omenn GS (November 2004). "Book Review: Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications". Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (16): A962. doi:10.1289/ehp.112-1247673. PMC 1247673.
  3. ^ Lesko LJ, Woodcock J (2004). "Translation of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics: a regulatory perspective". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 3 (9): 763–9. doi:10.1038/nrd1499. PMID 15340386. S2CID 33145913.
  4. ^ Lesko LJ, Salerno RA, Spear BB, Anderson DC, Anderson T, Brazell C, Collins J, Dorner A, Essayan D, Gomez-Mancilla B, Hackett J, Huang SM, Ide S, Killinger J, Leighton J, Mansfield E, Meyer R, Ryan SG, Schmith V, Shaw P, Sistare F, Watson M, Worobec A (2003). "Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in drug development and regulatory decision making: report of the first FDA-PWG-PhRMA-DruSafe Workshop". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 43 (4): 342–58. doi:10.1177/0091270003252244. PMID 12723455. S2CID 5902873.
  5. ^ Nuwaysir EF, Bittner M, Trent J, Barrett JC, Afshari CA (1999). "Microarrays and toxicology: the advent of toxicogenomics". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 24 (3): 153–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199903)24:3<153::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 10204799.
  6. ^ Fielden MR, Pearson C, Brennan R, Kolaja KL (2005). "Preclinical drug safety analysis by chemogenomic profiling in the liver". American Journal of Pharmacogenomics. 5 (3): 161–71. doi:10.2165/00129785-200505030-00003. PMID 15952870. S2CID 24834075.
  7. ^ Mattes WB, Pettit SD, Sansone SA, Bushel PR, Waters MD (March 2004). "Database development in toxicogenomics: issues and efforts". Environmental Health Perspectives. 112 (4): 495–505. doi:10.1289/ehp.6697. PMC 1241904. PMID 15033600. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04.
  8. ^ Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Gmuender H, Bandenburg A, Ahr HJ (January 2008). "Prediction of a carcinogenic potential of rat hepatocarcinogens using toxicogenomics analysis of short-term in vivo studies". Mutation Research. 637 (1–2): 23–39. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.06.010. PMID 17689568.
  9. ^ Corvi R, Ahr HJ, Albertini S, Blakey DH, Clerici L, Coecke S, Douglas GR, Gribaldo L, Groten JP, Haase B, Hamernik K, Hartung T, Inoue T, Indans I, Maurici D, Orphanides G, Rembges D, Sansone SA, Snape JR, Toda E, Tong W, van Delft JH, Weis B, Schechtman LM (March 2006). "Meeting report: Validation of toxicogenomics-based test systems: ECVAM-ICCVAM/NICEATM considerations for regulatory use". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (3): 420–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.8247. PMC 1392237. PMID 16507466. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17.
  10. ^ Waters MD, Fostel JM (2004). "Toxicogenomics and systems toxicology: aims and prospects". Nature Reviews Genetics. 5 (12): 938–948. doi:10.1038/nrg1493. PMID 15573125. S2CID 1368324.
  11. ^ Collins BC, Clarke A, Kitteringham NR, Gallagher WM, Pennington SR (October 2007). "Use of proteomics for the discovery of early markers of drug toxicity". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 3 (5): 689–704. doi:10.1517/17425255.3.5.689. PMID 17916055. S2CID 27489795.
  12. ^ a b Mattes WB (2008). "Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics". In Mendrick DL, Mattes WB (eds.). Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 460. pp. 221–238. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11. ISBN 978-1-58829-638-2. PMID 18449490.
  13. ^ Igarashi Y, Nakatsu N, Yamashita T, Ono A, Ohno Y, Urushidani T, Yamada H (January 2015). "Open TG-GATEs: a large-scale toxicogenomics database". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D921–7. doi:10.1093/nar/gku955. PMC 4384023. PMID 25313160.
  14. ^ Dix DJ, Houck KA, Martin MT, Richard AM, Setzer RW, Kavlock RJ (January 2007). "The ToxCast program for prioritizing toxicity testing of environmental chemicals". Toxicological Sciences. 95 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl103. PMID 16963515.
  15. ^ "Toxicology in the 21st century project". www.ncats.nih.gov.
  16. ^ Abdo N, Xia M, Brown CC, Kosyk O, Huang R, Sakamuru S, Zhou YH, Jack JR, Gallins P, Xia K, Li Y, Chiu WA, Motsinger-Reif AA, Austin CP, Tice RR, Rusyn I, Wright FA (May 2015). "Population-based in vitro hazard and concentration-response assessment of chemicals: the 1000 genomes high-throughput screening study". Environmental Health Perspectives. 123 (5): 458–66. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408775. PMC 4421772. PMID 25622337.
  17. ^ "NIEHS-NCATS-UNC-DREAM Toxicogenetics Challenge". Sage Bionetworks.
  18. ^ "DeepTox: Deep Learning for Toxicity Prediction". Institute of Bioinformatics, Johannes Kepler University Linz.

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