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((Short description|Metals subset of trace elements))
((more citations needed|date=October 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2013))

[[File:201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body-01.jpg|thumb|Element percentages in the human body.]]

'''Trace metals''' are the [[metal]]s subset of [[trace element]]s; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in [[animal]] and [[plant]] cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of [[nutrition]] and [[physiology]]. Some [[biometal (biology)|biometal]]s are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities can be [[toxicity|toxic]]. However, insufficient plasma or tissue levels of certain trace metals can cause [[pathology]], as is the case with iron.

Trace metals within the human body include [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], [[chromium]], [[nickel]], [[cobalt]], [[vanadium]], [[molybdenum]], [[manganese]] and others.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans">((cite journal |last1=Zoroddu |first1=Maria Antonietta |last2=Aaseth |first2=Jan |last3=Crisponi |first3=Guido |last4=Medici |first4=Serenella |last5=Peana |first5=Massimiliano |last6=Nurchi |first6=Valeria Marina |title=The essential metals for humans: a brief overview |journal=Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry |date=June 2019 |volume=195 |pages=120–129 |doi=10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013 |pmid=30939379 |s2cid=92997696 |ref=Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans))</ref><ref>((cite book |others=Series editors Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O.
|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-7499-5))
electronic-book ((ISBN|978-94-007-7500-8)) ((issn|1559-0836))</ref><ref>((cite book |title=Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry|year=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York |chapter-url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5229785 |edition=28th |author1=Bender DA |author2=Mayes PA |author3=Murray RK |author4=Botham KM |author5=Kennelly PJ |author6=Rodwell VW |author7=Weil PA |chapter=Chapter 44. Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907030720/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aid=5229785 |archivedate=2010-09-07 |accessdate=22 October 2013))</ref>

Some of the trace metals are needed by living organisms to function properly and are depleted through the expenditure of energy by various metabolic processes of living organisms. They are replenished in animals through diet as well as environmental exposure, and in plants through the uptake of nutrients from the soil in which the plant grows. Human [[vitamin]] pills and plant [[fertilizer]]s can be a source of trace metals.

Trace metals are sometimes referred to as trace elements, although the latter includes minerals and is a broader category. See also [[Dietary mineral]]. Trace elements are required by the body for specific functions. Things such as vitamins, sports drinks, fresh fruits and vegetables are sources. Taken in excessive amounts, trace elements can cause problems. For example, fluorine is required for the formation of bones and enamel on teeth. However, when taken in an excessive amount can cause a disease called "Fluorosis', in which bone deformations and yellowing of teeth are seen. Fluorine can occur naturally in some areas in ground water.

== Iron ==

=== Humans ===
Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> It is absorbed in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestine]] as [[heme]] or [[Non-heme iron protein|non-heme]] iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of [[Hemoprotein|hemoproteins]] in meat.<ref name=":1">((Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773925198 |title=Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans |date=2012 |publisher=Humana Press |others=Gregory J. Anderson, Gordon D. McLaren |isbn=978-1-60327-485-2 |location=New York |oclc=773925198))</ref> Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as [[iron(II)]] or [[iron(III)]] ions.<ref name=":1" />

Iron is essential for more than 500 hemeproteins, the likes of which include [[hemoglobin]] and [[myoglobin]], and account for 80% of iron usage.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> The other 20% is present in [[ferritin]], [[hemosiderin]],<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> [[Iron-sulfur protein|iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins]], such as [[ferrochelatase]], and more.

== Zinc ==

=== Humans ===
A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion,<ref name=":2">((Cite journal |last1=Plum |first1=Laura M. |last2=Rink |first2=Lothar |last3=Haase |first3=Hajo |date=2010-03-26 |title=The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1342–1365 |doi=10.3390/ijerph7041342 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=2872358 |pmid=20617034 |doi-access=free ))</ref> with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The [[Mucous membrane|mucosal cells]] of the digestive tract contain [[metallothionein]] proteins that store the zinc ions.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />

Nearly 90% of zinc is found in the bones, muscles,<ref name=":2" /> and vesicles in the brain.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" /> Zinc is a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions and a major component of [[zinc finger]] proteins.

== Copper ==

=== Humans ===
The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />

It is found in [[cytochrome c oxidase]], a protein necessary for the [[electron transport chain]] in [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]].<ref name="Zoroddu et Peana Essential Metal for humans" />

==References==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Biochemistry]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Analytical chemistry]]
[[Category:Geochemistry]]

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