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((Short description|Small rodent found from northeastern Honduras to western Ecuador ))
((speciesbox
|status=LC
|status_system=IUCN3.1 
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">((cite iucn |author=Gómez-Laverde, M.& Pino, J. |date=2016 |title=''Transandinomys bolivaris'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T15588A22332894 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15588A22332894.en |access-date=16 November 2021))</ref>
|image=Oryzomys bombycinus bombycinus dorsal.png((!))upright
|image_alt=Skull.
|image_caption=Skull from Cerro Azul, Panama, seen from above<ref name=GplII>Goldman, 1918, plate&nbsp;II</ref>
|genus=Transandinomys
|species=bolivaris
|authority=([[Joel Asaph Allen|J.A. Allen]], 1901)
|range_map=Transandinomys bolivaris distribution.png
|range_map_alt=Map.
|range_map_caption=Distribution of ''Transandinomys bolivaris'' in southern Central and northwestern South America<ref>Musser et al., 1998, fig.&nbsp;50</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=Mea271>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;271</ref>
|synonyms=
*''Oryzomys bolivaris'' <small>J.A. Allen, 1901</small><ref name=A405>Allen, 1901, p.&nbsp;405</ref>
*''Oryzomys castaneus'' <small>J.A. Allen, 1901</small><ref name=A406>Allen, 1901, p.&nbsp;406</ref>
*''Oryzomys rivularis'' <small>J.A. Allen, 1901</small><ref name=A407>Allen, 1901, p.&nbsp;407</ref>
*''Oryzomys bombycinus'' <small>[[Edward Alphonso Goldman|Goldman]], 1912</small><ref name=G6>Goldman, 1912, p.&nbsp;6</ref>
*''Oryzomys nitidus alleni'' <small>Goldman, 1915</small><ref name=G129>Goldman, 1912, p.&nbsp;129</ref>
*''Oryzomys bombycinus orinus'' <small>Pearson, 1939</small><ref name=P2>Pearson, 1939, p.&nbsp;2</ref>
*''Transandinomys bolivaris'': <small>Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006</small><ref name=Wea25>Weksler et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;25</ref>))

'''''Transandinomys bolivaris''''', also known as the '''long-whiskered rice rat''', is a [[rodent]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cricetidae]]. It is found in humid forest from northeastern Honduras to western Ecuador, up to ((convert|1,800|m|ft|abbr=on)) above sea level. Since it was first described in 1901 from Ecuador, six scientific names have been introduced for it, but their common identity was not documented until 1998 and the species has long been known under the name ''Oryzomys bombycinus'', described from Panama in 1912. The name ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' was used before it was moved to the new genus ''[[Transandinomys]]'' with ''[[Transandinomys talamancae]]'' (formerly ''Oryzomys talamancae'') in 2006.

It is a medium-sized [[Oryzomyini|rice rat]] distinguished by its very long [[vibrissae]] (whiskers)—those above the eyes are up to ((convert|50|mm|in|0|abbr=on)) long. The fur, which is soft and dense, is usually dark brown above and light gray below; it is darker in juveniles. The feet are long and the tail is about as long as the head and body. The skull is narrow and has a broad [[interorbital region]] (between the eyes). The species generally lives on the ground. Although it is rare, its [[conservation status]] is thought to be secure.

==Taxonomy==
In 1901, [[Joel Asaph Allen]] described four new species of rice rat in the genus ''[[Oryzomys]]'': three from Ecuador and the Peruvian ''[[Hylaeamys perenensis|Oryzomys perenensis]]''. The three Ecuadorian species–''Oryzomys bolivaris'' from Porvenir,((refn|In 1998, Musser and colleagues were unable to identify the precise location of this place; see there for discussion.<ref name=Mea272>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;272</ref>|group=Note)) [[Bolívar Province (Ecuador)|Bolívar Province]]; ''Oryzomys castaneus'' from San Javier, [[Esmeraldas Province]]; and ''Oryzomys rivularis'' from Río Verde, [[Pichincha Province]]—were each based on a single specimen collected in 1899 or 1900.<ref>Allen, 1901, pp.&nbsp;405–407; Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;271</ref> He distinguished the three on the basis of coloration, size, and relative tail length.<ref name=Mea273>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;273</ref> [[Philip Hershkovitz]] listed all three among the many [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] of "''[[Oryzomys laticeps]]''" (currently more narrowly defined as ''[[Hylaeamys laticeps]]'') in a 1960 paper.<ref name=H544>Hershkovitz, 1960, p.&nbsp;544</ref>

[[Edward Alphonso Goldman]] described ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' in 1912 from four specimens from Panama. He compared it to ''[[Transandinomys talamancae|Oryzomys talamancae]]'' and placed it with the "''Oryzomys laticeps'' group".<ref name=G6-7>Goldman, 1912, pp.&nbsp;6–7</ref> Three years later, he described ''Oryzomys nitidus alleni'' from Costa Rica as a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Euryoryzomys nitidus|Oryzomys nitidus]]'', without mentioning ''bombycinus''.<ref name=G129/> He revised ''Oryzomys'' of North America in 1918 and recognized ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' as the only member of its own group, with ''alleni'' as a subspecies distinguished by the proportions of the skull. He also mentioned that the group occurred in Ecuador and indicated that ''O.&nbsp;bombycinus'' probably reached Colombia. Goldman considered the group to be similar to ''O.&nbsp;talamancae'', but suggested that ''bombycinus'' and ''alleni'' might only be subspecies of ''O.&nbsp;nitidus''.<ref>Goldman, 1918, pp.&nbsp;75–78</ref> In 1939, Oliver Pearson added a third subspecies, ''O.&nbsp;b.&nbsp;orinus'', from eastern Panama,<ref>Pearson, 1939, pp.&nbsp;2–3</ref> and in 1966 the species was first recorded from Colombia.<ref name=P592>Pine, 1971, p.&nbsp;592</ref> Ronald Pine reviewed ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' in 1971, when 59&nbsp;specimens of it were known, and first recorded the species from Nicaragua and Ecuador.<ref name=P590>Pine, 1971, p.&nbsp;590</ref> He kept the three described subspecies—''alleni'' from Nicaragua to western Panama, ''bombycinus'' from central Panama, and ''orinus'' from eastern Panama to Ecuador.<ref name=Pf1>Pine, 1971, fig.&nbsp;1</ref>

Alfred Gardner and James Patton suggested in 1976 that Allen's ''O.&nbsp;rivularis'' may be the same species as ''O.&nbsp;bombycinus''. They considered ''O.&nbsp;bolivaris'' as probably the same as ''O.&nbsp;nitidus'' and listed ''castaneus'' as a synonym of ''O.&nbsp;capito'' (equivalent to modern ''[[Hylaeamys megacephalus]]'' and closely related species plus ''Transandinomys talamancae'').<ref>Gardner and Patton, 1976, pp.&nbsp;39–41</ref> In 1984, Benshoof and colleagues reported the first record of ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' from Honduras.<ref name=Bea512>Benshoof et al., 1984, p.&nbsp;512</ref> [[Guy Musser]] and Marina Williams reviewed ''O.&nbsp;talamancae'' in 1985 and included ''O.&nbsp;castaneus'' as one of its synonyms, though without having examined the [[holotype]].<ref name=MW14>Musser and Williams, 1985, p.&nbsp;14</ref> In the 1993 second edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'', Musser and Michael Carleton used the name ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' for the species previously known as ''O.&nbsp;bombycinus'', and in 1998, Musser and colleagues fully documented the allocation of the names ''bolivaris'', ''castaneus'', ''rivularis'', ''bombycinus'', ''alleni'', and ''orinus'' to the same species, ''Oryzomys bolivaris''.<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;110, 273</ref> They noted its similarity to ''O.&nbsp;talamancae'', but did not attempt to determine [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] relationships among the species they discussed.<ref name=Mea323>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;323</ref> In their limited material, they found geographic variation within the species inconsequential and they recognized no subspecies.<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;148–149</ref>

In 2006, Marcelo Weksler published a [[phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis of [[Oryzomyini]] ("rice rats"), the [[tribe (taxonomy)|tribe]] to which ''Oryzomys'' is allocated, using [[morphology (anatomy)|morphological]] and [[DNA sequence]] data. His results showed species of ''Oryzomys'' dispersed across Oryzomyini and suggested that most species in the genus should be allocated to new genera.<ref>Weksler, 2006, pp.&nbsp;75–77</ref> Later in the same year, he, together with Alexandre Percequillo and Robert Voss, named ten new genera for these species, including ''[[Transandinomys]]'', which has ''Oryzomys talamancae'' (now ''Transandinomys talamancae'') as its [[type species]].<ref name=Wea25/> They also included ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' in ''Transandinomys'', so that it is now named ''Transandinomys bolivaris'', although it had not been included in Weksler's phylogenetic study. The two species are morphologically similar, but they could identify only one [[synapomorphy]] (shared-derived trait) for them: very long [[superciliary vibrissa]]e ([[vibrissa|whiskers]] above the eyes).<ref name=Wea26>Weksler et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;26</ref> ''Transandinomys'' is one of about 30 genera in Oryzomyini, a diverse assemblage of American rodents of over a hundred species,<ref>Weksler, 2006, p.&nbsp;3</ref> and on higher taxonomic levels in the subfamily [[Sigmodontinae]] of family [[Cricetidae]], along with hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents.<ref>Musser and Carleton, 2005</ref>

Various authors have used the [[common name]] "long-whiskered rice rat" for this species,<ref>Pine, 1971, p.&nbsp;570; Reid, 2009, p.&nbsp;208</ref> but several other names have been proposed. In 1918, Goldman named ''O. bombycinus bombycinus'' the "Long-Haired Rice Rat"<ref name=G77>Goldman, 1918, p.&nbsp;77</ref> and ''O. b. alleni'' the "Allen Rice Rat".<ref name=G78>Goldman, 1918, p.&nbsp;78</ref> Musser and Carleton, writing in the 2005 third edition of ''Mammal Species of the World'', used "Long-whiskered Oryzomys",<ref name=MC1146>Musser and Carleton, 2005, p.&nbsp;1146</ref> the 2009 IUCN Red List gave "Bolivar Rice Rat",<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" /> and Thomas Lee and colleagues used "Long-whiskered Trans-Andean Rice Rat" in 2010.<ref name=Lea10>Lee et al., 2010, p.&nbsp;10</ref>

==Description==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-top: 0em"
|+ Measurements<ref name=Meat25>Musser et al., 1998, table&nbsp;25</ref>
|-
! Region !! ''n''<ref group=Note>Number of specimens measured. In some samples, the number varies by measurement.</ref> !! Head and body !! Tail !! Hindfoot
|-
| Nicaragua || 5 || 108.2 (99–119) || 115.2 (99–126) || 28.8 (27–32)
|-
| Costa Rica,<br />western Panama || 9–13 || 118.7 (103–134) || 113.2 (96–125) || 30.3 (27–33)
|-
| Central Panama || 13–15 || 120.7 (111–140) || 120.8 (111–130) || 30.0 (27–33)
|-
| Eastern Panama || 5 || 116.8 (107–125) || 117.6 (109–126) || 28.0 (25–29)
|-
| Colombia || 8 || 127.4 (115–141) || 121.3 (100–135) || 30.5 (29–32)
|-
| Ecuador || 8–9 || 119.4 (111–133) || 114.8 (100–127) || 29.7 (28–32)
|-
| colspan="5" | <small>Measurements are in millimeters and in the form "average (minimum–maximum)".</small>
|}
''Transandinomys bolivaris'' is a medium-sized rice rat with very long superciliary vibrissae((refn|See Musser et al. (1998, fig.&nbsp;53) and Reid (2009, plate&nbsp;23, fig.&nbsp;3) for illustrations.|group=Note)) (more than ((convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on)) long and extending well beyond the ears when laid back against the head).<ref name=T199-R208>Tirira, 2007, p.&nbsp;199; Reid, 2009, p.&nbsp;208</ref> According to Fiona Reid's ''Mammals of Southeastern Mexico & Central America'', it is distinguishable from any similarly sized rice rats by the length of these whiskers;<ref name=R208>Reid, 2009, p.&nbsp;208</ref> ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' also has long superciliary vibrissae, but not as long as in ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris''.<ref name=Wea25/> In both species, the [[mystacial vibrissa]]e (above the mouth) are also long and extend beyond the ears when laid back, but they are again much longer in ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris''.<ref name=Wea25/> The vibrissae are mostly dark, but translucent at the tips.<ref name=Mea123/> ''[[Handleyomys alfaroi]]'', a rice rat with which young ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'' are often confused,<ref name=Mea125/> is much smaller.<ref name=Mea143/> In ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'', the cheeks may be light gray, [[wikt:buff|buff]], or reddish. The ears are dark brown to black and are sparsely haired.<ref name=Mea121>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;121</ref>
[[File:Oryzomys bombycinus bombycinus ventral.png|thumb|upright|alt=Skull.|Skull from Cerro Azul, Panama, seen from below<ref name=GplII/>]]
The fur, which is soft, dense, and thick,<ref name=Mea123>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;123</ref> is dark brown to gray on the upperparts, grading to black on the midback and yellowish brown on the sides.<ref name=T199-R208/> The underparts are sharply different in color. There, the hairs are dark gray at their bases and white at the tips, so that the fur appears grayish white.<ref name=Mea123/> The fur is shorter and darker than in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''<ref name=Mea128>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;128</ref> and softer and thicker than in ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi''.<ref name=Mea143>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;143</ref> Young animals have darker, finer, and softer fur.<ref name=Mea124/> Pine separated the subspecies ''alleni'' and ''orinus'' on the basis of their darker fur,<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;145–146</ref> but Musser and colleagues could not confirm this pattern and found paler and darker specimens within the same geographical regions.<ref name=Mea148>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;148</ref>

The tail appears naked<ref name=R208/> and is shorter than or about as long as the head and body;<ref>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;121; Tirira, 2007, p.&nbsp;199</ref> it is longer in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Mea127>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;427</ref> Its coloration is variable; it is dark brown above and at the sides and light brown and often white to a greater or smaller extent below, and in some specimens the tail has the same color above and below.((refn|This description is based on the detailed account of tail coloration by Musser and colleagues.<ref name=Mea123/> Other descriptions vary: Reid writes that the tail is bicolored,<ref name=R208/> but Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss state it is unicolored<ref name=Wea25/> and Tirira that it is unicolored or slightly paler on the underside near the base.<ref name=T199>Tirira, 2007, p.&nbsp;199</ref>|group=Note)) The scales on the tail are smaller than in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Mea129>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;129</ref>

The forearms are dark gray. The forefeet are unpigmented and [[ungual tuft]]s of white hairs surround the equally unpigmented claws.<ref name=Mea124/> The animal has long, narrow hindfeet,<ref name=R208/> longer than in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'',<ref name=Mea127/> with usually smooth soles (lacking [[squamae]], which are present in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'').((refn|Weksler and colleagues<ref name=Wea25/> and Tirira<ref name=T199/> write that the sole is smooth, but Musser and colleagues mention specimens that do have rudimentary squamae between the digits.<ref name=Mea124/>|group=Note)) The three middle digits are much longer than the outer two. Six [[Paw#Common characteristics|pads]] are present on the sole. The upper surface and the sides of the hindfeet are white and appear naked, although short, white hairs are present;<ref name=Mea124>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;124</ref> these hairs are longer in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Mea131>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;131</ref> Ungual tufts of long, white or gray hairs are present around the claws,<ref>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;124; Reid, 2009, p.&nbsp;208</ref> which are short and lack pigment.<ref name=Mea124/>

Head and body length is ((convert|100|to|140|mm|in|abbr=on)), tail length ((convert|90|to|130|mm|in|abbr=on)), hindfoot length ((convert|27|to|35|mm|in|abbr=on)), ear length ((convert|16|to|21|mm|in|abbr=on)), and body mass ((convert|39|to|75|g|oz|abbr=on)).<ref name=T199-R208/> Females have four pairs of [[mammae]], as usual in oryzomyines.<ref name=Mea124/> Like most rice rats, ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'' has twelve [[thoracic vertebra|thoracic]] (chest) and seven [[lumbar vertebra|lumbar]] vertebrae.<ref>Steppan, 1995, table&nbsp;5</ref> A study in Costa Rica found that there are 58 [[chromosome]]s, including many that are large and have two arms, and the [[karyotype#Fundamental number|fundamental number]] of arms is 80 (2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;58, FN&nbsp;=&nbsp;80), a highly differentiated [[karyotype]].<ref name=Mea125/> The karyotype of ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' is variable, but has fewer chromosomes (34 to 54) and major arms (60 to 67).<ref name=Meat13>Musser et al., 1998, table&nbsp;13</ref> ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi'' has more chromosomes (60 to 62) and major arms (100 to 104).<ref name=Mea143/>

===Skull and teeth===
((Multiple image|align=left|image1=Oryzomys bombycinus alleni dorsal.png|width1=140|alt1=Skull|image2=Oryzomys bombycinus alleni ventral.png|width2=156|alt2=Skull|footer=Skull from Tuis, Costa Rica ([[holotype]] of ''Oryzomys nitidus alleni'' Goldman)<ref name=GplII/>))
The skull is relatively long and has a long, narrow rostrum (front region), broad [[interorbital region]] (between the eyes) and narrow [[braincase]] with almost vertically oriented walls at the sides and behind.<ref name=Mea124/> It differs from that of ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' in various proportions.<ref name=Mea131/> Although the subspecies previously recognized in "''Oryzomys bombycinus''" have been separated by small differences in skull features, Pine rejected these on the basis of his much larger samples.<ref name=Mea145>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;145</ref> Musser and colleagues agreed, but noted that Colombian animals appeared to have larger skulls.<ref name=Mea146>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;146</ref> The [[zygomatic plate]]s are broad and the [[zygomatic arch]]es (cheekbones) behind them are nearly parallel to each other. The margins of the interorbital region contain prominent beads, which extend to the braincase as [[temporal ridge]]s;<ref name=Mea124/> these are usually less well-developed in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Mea135>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;135</ref> Unlike in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' and ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi'', the [[parietal bone]] is usually limited to the roof of the braincase and does not extend to the sides.<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;135, 143; Weksler et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;25</ref>

The [[incisive foramen|incisive foramina]], which perforate the front part of the [[palate]], do not extend between the [[molar (tooth)|molars]]. The palate ends beyond the third molars and is perforated by [[posterolateral palatal pits]] there. Behind it, the roof of the [[mesopterygoid fossa]] is perforated by poorly developed [[sphenopalatine vacuities]]. The [[auditory bullae]], which house the inner ear, are large.<ref name=Mea124/> Usually, the [[mastoid bone]] lacks openings (fenestrae), which are present in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Wea25/> The pattern of the [[artery|arteries]] in the head is primitive, as indicated by the condition of various [[foramen|foramina]] (openings) and grooves in the skull.<ref name=Mea125/>
[[File:Oryzomys bombycinus mandible.png|thumb|alt=Jaw.|[[Mandible]] (lower jaw) of ''Transandinomys bolivaris'' from Cerro Azul, Panama<ref>Goldman, 1918, plate&nbsp;V</ref>]]
The [[mandible]] (lower jaw) looks chunky and has a long [[condyloid process]] at its back;<ref name=Mea125/> that of ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' is more slender.<ref name=Mea140>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;140</ref> The [[capsular process]], a projection at the back of the jaw which houses the root of the lower [[incisor]], is poorly developed.<ref name=Mea125>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;125</ref>

The incisors are large and ungrooved. Their [[tooth enamel|enamel]] is orange, but paler on the lowers. The orientation of the upper incisors is [[opisthodont]], with the cutting edge oriented backwards. The molars are [[brachydont]] (low-crowned) and have two rows of main cusps separated by deep valleys and complemented by a network of crests and smaller cusps.<ref name=Mea125/> The first upper molar is broader than in ''T.&nbsp;talamancae''.<ref name=Mea140/> As in this species, but unlike in many other rice rats, including ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi'', the [[mesoflexus]] on the second upper molar, which separates the [[paracone]] (one of the main cusps) from the [[mesoloph]] (an accessory crest), is not divided in two by an enamel bridge.<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;140, 143</ref> The [[hypoflexid]] on the second lower molar, the main valley between the cusps, is very long, extending more than halfway across the tooth; in this trait, it is similar to ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' but unlike ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi''.<ref name=Mea143/> Each of the upper molars has three roots (two on the outer and one on the inner side) and each of the lowers has two (one at the front and another at the back).<ref name=Mea124/>

==Distribution, ecology, and behavior==
[[File:Oryzomys bombycinus molars.png|thumb|alt=Three teeth both at the left and right, decreasing in size from top to bottom.|Upper (left) and lower (right) molar rows of a specimen from Cerro Azul, Panama<ref>Goldman, 1918, plate&nbsp;VI</ref>]]
''Transandinomys bolivaris'' is an uncommon species.<ref name=R208/> Its known distribution extends from northeastern Honduras, on the Caribbean seaboard, through eastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, into coastal western Colombia and northwestern and west-central Ecuador. It has been found near sea level and the upper altitudinal records are at nearly ((convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on)) in Panama and ((convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on)) in Ecuador. This distribution coincides with that of the humid [[Transandean forest]].<ref name=Mea113>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;113</ref> It generally occurs in areas with mean temperatures above ((convert|16|°C|°F|1)) and annual rainfall of ((convert|4000|to|6000|mm|in|0|abbr=on)),<ref name=Mea116>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;116</ref> prefers mid-elevation forests (((convert|600|to|900|m|ft|sigfig=3|abbr=on|disp=or))), and often occurs near water.<ref name=R208/> The actual range of this species may be expected to extend further north and west, perhaps into [[Veracruz]], southern Mexico, and western Venezuela, where it has not yet been recorded.<ref name=Mea119>Musser et al., 1998, p.&nbsp;119</ref> Omar Linares mentioned a possible record from the [[Lake Maracaibo]] region of northwestern Venezuela in 1998.<ref>Linares, 1998, p.&nbsp;284</ref> Its range is similar to that of various other rainforest animals, including the [[semiplumbeous hawk]] (''Leucopternis semiplumbeus''), the rice rats ''[[Sigmodontomys alfari]]'' and ''[[Sigmodontomys aphrastus|S.&nbsp;aphrastus]]'', the spiny rats ''[[Proechimys semispinosus]]'' and ''[[Hoplomys gymnurus]]'',<ref>Musser et al., 1998, pp.&nbsp;119, 121</ref> and the opossum ''[[Marmosa zeledoni]]''.<ref>Rossi et al., 2010, p.&nbsp;65</ref> ''T.&nbsp;talamancae'' and ''H.&nbsp;alfaroi'' are often found in the same localities as ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'', but also occur in other areas.<ref name="Mea125"/>

Little is known of its biology.<ref name=T200>Tirira, 2007, p.&nbsp;200</ref> The species mainly lives on the ground, but some young animals have been [[Animal trapping|taken]] in vegetation, up to ((convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on)) above the ground. It is usually captured "under logs, around the roots of large trees, or among rocks along streams."<ref name=R208/> Two females with four embryos each have been caught in Panama in June, one with two in Nicaragua in September,<ref name=P595/> and one with four in Costa Rica in December.<ref name=RL93>Reid and Langtimm, 1993, p.&nbsp;93</ref> A very young specimen was trapped in Costa Rica in March. One pregnant female was herself still in juvenile fur.<ref name=P595>Pine, 1971, p.&nbsp;595</ref> Four species of [[mite]]s have been found on ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'' in Panama (''[[Gigantolaelaps gilmorei]]'', ''[[Gigantolaelaps oudemani|G.&nbsp;oudemansi]]'', ''[[Laelaps pilifer]]'', and ''[[Haemolaelaps glasgowi]]''),<ref>Tipton et al., 1966, p.&nbsp;42</ref> two [[chigger]]s (''[[Leptotrombidium panamensis]]'' and ''[[Pseudoschoengastia bulbifera]]''),<ref>Brennan and Yunker, 1966, p.&nbsp;266</ref> and two [[flea]]s (''[[Polygenis roberti]]'' and ''[[Polygenis klagesi]]'').<ref>Tipton and Méndez, 1966, p.&nbsp;323</ref>

==Conservation status==
The 2009 [[IUCN Red List]] lists ''T.&nbsp;bolivaris'' as "[[Least Concern]]", as it is a widely distributed species with a presumably large population that is found in numerous [[protected area]]s. However, [[habitat destruction]] by deforestation may pose a threat.<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021" />

==Notes==
((Reflist|group=Note))

==References==
((Reflist|colwidth=30em))

==Literature cited==
*Allen, J.A. 1901. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I4NCAAAAYAAJ/page/n470 <!-- pg=405 --> New South American Muridae and a new ''Metachirus'']. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 14:405–412.
*Benshoof, L., Yates, T.L. and Froehlich, J.W. 1984. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3671014 Noteworthy records of mammals from eastern Honduras] (subscription required). ''The Southwestern Naturalist'' 29(4):511–514.
*Brennan, J.M. and Yunker, C.E. 1966. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2651734 The chiggers of Panama (Acarina: Trombiculidae)]. Pp.&nbsp;221–266 in Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J. (eds.). ''Ectoparasites of Panama''. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
*Duff, A. and Lawson, A. 2004. ''Mammals of the World: A Checklist''. New Haven: A & C Black. ((ISBN|0-7136-6021-X)).
*Gardner, A.L. and Patton, J.L. 1976. Karyotypic variation in oryzomyine rodents (Cricetinae) with comments on chromosomal evolution in the Neotropical cricetine complex. ''Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University'' 49:1–48.
*Goldman, E.A. 1912. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8813685 Descriptions of twelve new species and subspecies of mammals from Panama]. ''Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections'' 56(no. 36):1–11.
*Goldman, E.A. 1915. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A6rs7HcTQqsC&pg=PA128 Five new rice rats of the genus ''Oryzomys'' from Middle America]. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 28:127–130.
*Goldman, E.A. 1918. [https://archive.org/details/riceratsofnortha43gold The rice rats of North America]. ''North American Fauna'' 43:1–100.
*Gómez-Laverde, M., Rivas, B., Timm, R. and Pino, J. 2008. ((IUCNlink|15588|Transandinomys bolivaris)). In IUCN. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. Version 2009.2. <[http://www.iucnredlist.org/ www.iucnredlist.org]>. Downloaded on May 4, 2010.
*Hershkovitz, P.M. 1960. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15609926#537 Mammals of northern Colombia, preliminary report no. 8: Arboreal rice rats, a systematic revision of the subgenus ''Oecomys'', genus ''Oryzomys'']. ''Proceedings of the United States National Museum'' 110:513–568.
*Lee, T.E., Jr., Burneo, S.F., Cochran, T.J. and Chávez, D. 2010. [http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP290.pdf Small mammals of Santa Rosa, southwestern Imbabura Province, Ecuador.] ''Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University'' 290:1&ndash;14.
*Linares, O.J. 1998. Mamíferos de Venezuela. Caracas: Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela and British Petroleum, 691&nbsp;pp. (in Spanish). ((ISBN|980-6326-16-4))
*Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp.&nbsp;894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). [http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000790 ''Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference''. 3rd ed]. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2&nbsp;vols., 2142&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;((ISBN|978-0-8018-8221-0))
*Musser, G.G. and Williams, M.M. 1985. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5277 Systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents (Muridae): Definitions of ''Oryzomys villosus'' and ''Oryzomys talamancae'']. ''American Museum Novitates'' 2810:1–22.
*Musser, G.G., Carleton, M.D., Brothers, E.M. and Gardner, A.L. 1998. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1630 Systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents (Muridae: Sigmodontinae): diagnoses and distributions of species formerly assigned to ''Oryzomys "capito"'']. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 236:1–376.
*Pearson, O.P. 1939. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nnY248e_C1MC&pg=PA2 Three new small mammals from eastern Panama]. Notulae Naturae, Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia) 6:1–5.
*Pine, R.H. 1971. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1378594 A review of the long-whiskered rice rat, ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' Goldman] (subscription required). ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 52:590–596.
*((Cite book
  | last = Reid | first = F.A. 
  | title = A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico
  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2009 | edition = 2nd
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gYXm4KzF8HMC | isbn = 978-0-19-534322-9 |oclc = 312626014))
*Reid, F.A. and Langtimm, C.A. 1993. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3671441 Distributional and natural history notes for selected mammals from Costa Rica] (subscription required). ''The Southwestern Naturalist'' 38:299–302.
*Rossi, R.V., Voss, R.S. and Lunde, D.P. 2010. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/6062 A revision of the didelphid marsupial genus ''Marmosa''. Part 1. The species in Tate's 'mexicana' and 'mitis' sections and other closely related forms]. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 334:1–83.
*Steppan, S.J. 1995. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2843592 Revision of the tribe Phyllotini (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Sigmodontinae]. ''Fieldiana Zoology'' 80:1–112.
*Tipton, V.J. and Méndez, E. 1966. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2651988 The fleas (Siphonaptera) of Panama]. Pp.&nbsp;289–385 in Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J. (eds.). ''Ectoparasites of Panama''. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
*Tipton, V.J., Altman, R.M. and Keenan, C.M. 1966. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2651658 Mites of the subfamily Laelaptinae in Panama (Acarina: Laelaptidae)]. Pp.&nbsp;23–82 in Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J. (eds.). ''Ectoparasites of Panama''. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
*Tirira, D. 2007. Guia de campo de los mamíferos del Ecuador. Quito: Ediciones Murciélago Blanco, publicación especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 6, 576&nbsp;pp. (in Spanish). ((ISBN|9978-44-651-6))
*Weksler, M. 2006. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5777 Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data]. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 296:1–149.
*Weksler, M., Percequillo, A.R. and Voss, R.S. 2006. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5815 Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)]. ''American Museum Novitates'' 3537:1–29.

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[[Category:Transandinomys]]
[[Category:Rodents of Central America]]
[[Category:Rodents of South America]]
[[Category:Mammals of Colombia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1901]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joel Asaph Allen]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

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