Material in the process of being split from Reorganization plan of United States Army

The transformation of the United States Army is part of a strategy using Multi-Domain Operations (MDO).[a][b][1][2][3][4][5][6] In 2019, the planning was for Large Scale ground Combat Operations (LSCO) at echelons above the brigade combat team (meaning division-sized units, or larger).[7][8][9] Multi-Domain Task Forces (MDTFs) operate in a combatant commander's theater (area of responsibility).

In 2020, the Army's 40th Chief of Staff, Gen. James C. McConville, was calling for transformational change, rather than incremental change by the Army.[10]: minute 4:55  In 2021, McConville laid out Aimpoint 2035, a direction for the Army to achieve Corps-level "large-scale combat operations" (LSCO) by 2035, with Waypoints from 2021 to 2028.[11][12][13] In fall 2018, Army Strategy for the next ten years was articulated listeding four Lines of Effort to be implemented.[14] By August 2023, the Army's 41st[15][16] Chief of Staff Gen. Randy A. George could lay out his priorities:[17] The priorities are

  1. Warfighting capability
  2. Ready combat formations
  3. Continuous transformation
  4. Strengthening the profession of arms.[17][18]

In 2009 an "ongoing campaign of learning" was the capstone concept for force commanders, meant to carry the Army from 2016 to 2028.[19][13]

New capabilities

In the summer of 2018, the U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC),[20][21] a new Army command for modernization was activated.[22][23] The modernization effort, coordinated with FORSCOM, US Army Materiel Command (AMC), and US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), addresses the long lead times[24] for introducing new materiel and capabilities into the brigades of the Army.[22][25][26][c] This planned Joint capability was demonstrated to the Combatant commanders (who are the "customers" for the capability) and the Joint Chiefs (who advise the government on the importance of this effort) at White Sands Missile Range in September 2020,[27][28] in an ongoing campaign for achieving integrated deterrence. By 2020 Project Convergence, a campaign of learning, was pressed into service at Yuma Proving Ground, in the Army's campaign to modernize,[29] by experimental prototype and demonstration of a networking concept;[22] Project Convergence 2021 (PC21)[30] was then a vehicle for the entire DoD, in its Joint Warfighting Concept (JWC) demonstration of Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2).[31][32] Project Convergence 2022 (PC22) now has a website for candidate entries,[33] even as PC21 was underway in 2021. Analysis is underway in FY2022 to balance modernization and readiness going forward.[34][35][36]

Command headquarters

Below the Combatant Commands echelon, Division commands will command and control their combat and support brigades.[37] Divisions will operate as plug-and-play headquarters commands (similar to corps) instead of fixed formations with permanently assigned units. Any combination of brigades may be allocated to a division command for a particular mission, up to a maximum of four combat brigades. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters could be assigned two armor brigades and two infantry brigades based on the expected requirements of a given mission. On its next deployment, the same division may have one Stryker brigade and two armor brigades assigned to it. The same modus operandi holds true for support units. The goal of reorganization with regard to logistics is to streamline the logistics command structure[38] so that combat service support can fulfill its support mission more efficiently.[39][40]

The division headquarters itself has also been redesigned as a modular unit that can be assigned an array of units and serve in many different operational environments.[41] The new term for this headquarters is the UEx (or Unit of Employment, X). The headquarters is designed to be able to operate as part of a joint force, command joint forces with augmentation, and command at the operational level of warfare (not just the tactical level). It will include organic security personnel and signal capability plus liaison elements. As of March 2015, nine of the ten regular Army division headquarters, and two national guard division headquarters are committed in support of Combatant Commands.[42]: Executive Summary [43][44]

When not deployed, the division will have responsibility for the training and readiness of a certain number of modular brigades units. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters module based at Fort Stewart, GA is responsible for the readiness of its combat brigades and other units of the division (that is, 3rd ID is responsible for administrative control —ADCON of its downtrace units), assuming they have not been deployed separately under a different division.

The re-designed headquarters module comprises around 1,000 soldiers including over 200 officers. It includes:

Divisions will continue to be commanded by major generals, unless coalition requirements require otherwise. Regional army commands (e.g. 3rd Army, 7th Army, 8th Army) will remain in use in the future but with changes to the organization of their headquarters designed to make the commands more integrated and relevant in the structure of the reorganized Army, as the chain of command for a deployed division headquarters now runs directly to an Army service component command (ASCC), or to FORSCOM.[41]

In January 2017, examples of pared-down tactical operations centers, suitable for brigades and divisions, were demonstrated at a command post huddle at Fort Bliss. The huddle of the commanders of FORSCOM, United States Army Reserve Command, First Army, I and III Corps, 9 of the Active Army divisions, and other formations discussed standardized solutions for streamlining command posts.[45] The Army is paring-down the tactical operations centers, and making them more agile,[37][46][47][48] to increase their survivability.[49][50][51] By July 2019 battalion command posts have demonstrated jump times of just over 3 hours, at the combat training centers, repeated 90 to 120 times in a rotation.[52][53][54] The C5ISR center of CCDC ran a series of experiments (Network Modernization Experiment 2020 — NetModX 20) whether using LTE for connecting nodes in a distributed Command post environment was feasible, from July to October 2020.[55][56][57][58][59]

Four Army commands

Main article: United States Army Futures Command

AFC, grew from 12 people at headquarters in 2018[60][61] to 24,000 in 25 states and 15 countries in 2019.[62] Although the Army has enjoyed overmatch for the past seventy years,[24] more rapid modernization for conflict with near-peers is the reason for AFC, which will be focused on achieving clear overmatch[63] in six areas — long-range precision fires,[64][65] next-generation combat vehicle, future vertical lift platforms, a mobile & expeditionary Army network,[66][67] air & missile defense capabilities,[68] and soldier lethality[69] (i.e. artillery, armor, aviation, signal, air defense artillery, and infantry).[c]

In a break with Army custom, AFC headquarters was placed in a downtown property of the University of Texas System, and project-driven soldiers and Army civilians with entrepreneurs/innovators in tech hubs.[70][71][21] AFC was activated on 24 August 2018, in Austin, Texas;[72] AFC soldiers were to blend into Austin by not wearing their uniforms to work side by side with civilians in the tech hubs.[73]: minute 6:20 

The organizational design of AFC was informed by the cancellation of the Army's Future Combat Systems project, McCarthy said.[21]: Minute 19:40  Thus "unity of command and purpose"[21]: Minutes 12:22, 23:01 

The Program Executive Offices (PEOs) of ASA (ALT) will have a dotted-line relationship with Futures Command.[74][c]

Eight cross-functional teams (CFTs)[c][23][75][68] were transferred from the other three major commands to Futures Command.[74] United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command and the United States Army Capabilities Integration Center[76] will report to the new command.[77] ATEC retains its direct reporting relationship to the Chief of Staff of the Army.

The first tranche of transfers into AFC included: Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), Capability Development and Integration Directorates (CDIDs), and TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) from TRADOC, and RDECOM (including the six research, development and engineering centers (RDECs), and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)[78]), and Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA), from AMC, as announced by Secretary Esper on 4 June 2018.[79] TRADOC's new role is amended accordingly.[79] The Principal Military Deputy to the ASA(ALT) was also to become deputy commanding general for Combat Systems, Army Futures Command, while leading the PEOs; he has directed each PEO who does not have a CFT to coordinate with, to immediately form one, at least informally.[80] General Murray has announced that AFC intends to be a global command, in its search for disruptive technologies.[81] 39th Army Chief of Staff Milley was looking for AFC to attain Full Operational Capability (FOC) by August 2019,[73] a goal since met.

As this modernized materiel is fielded to the brigades, the scheme is to equip the units with the highest levels of readiness for deployment with upgraded equipment earliest, while continuing to train the remaining units to attain their full mission capability.[82]

Multi-domain operations (MDO)

See also: CJADC2, Artillery § Precision-guidance, and United States Army Futures Command § IBCS

Conflict continuum: competition short of conflict, conflict itself, and the return to competition,[83]: p.10  possibly via deterrence —Gen. David G. Perkins

In 2017, the concept of multi-domain battle (MDB)[83] had emerged from TRADOC,[84] for which the Army sought joint approval from the other services; instead, the Air Force recommended multi-domain operations (MDO)[a] as the operating concept.[85][1][86]

Multi-domain operations cover integrated operation of cyberspace, space (meaning satellite operations, from the Army's perspective), land, maritime, and air.[87] A multi-domain task force was stood up in 2018 in I Corps for the Pacific,[83] built around 17th Field Artillery Brigade. MDO in the Pacific has to involve maritime operations; MDO is planned for EUCOM in 2020.[1][88] Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019, comprise a single unit for air, land, space, and cyber domains[89] to ensure integration of cyber/EW, space, and information operations in more levels of command.

To me, ARCIC's [MDO] analysis means the Army's got to be able to sink ships, neutralize satellites, shoot down missiles, and deny the enemy the ability to command and control its forces.

— Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr.[90]

 By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,[91][92][93] for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war,[94][95] and who have been operating within the continuum (the gray zone) between peace, cooperation, competition, crisis, and conflict instead. When meeting a crisis, the Army's preference is deterrence.[96][d] The need for deterrence against ballistic missiles is shifting to the need to deter or defend against attack by hypersonic weapons.

Conflict

In a conflict, friendly forces (denoted in black)[2] work as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). The force operates in Multi-domains (gray, yellow, light gray, dark gray, and dark blue) —Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively— severally and simultaneously cooperating across domains.[98][e] These operations will disrupt the adversaries, and present them multiple simultaneous dilemmas. The operations are designed to encourage adversaries to learn the advantages of a return to competition, rather than continuing a conflict.[99]

If you want to rapidly integrate all domains in order to take advantage of opportunities on a very lethal battlefield, you need a different type of C2 [command and control] structure. —Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley[100][1][101][102]

Deterrence

In the decade from 2009 to 2019 the Army was transitioning its brigade-based counterinsurgency effort to modernization of the echelons above brigade; by 2021 integrated deterrence (a campaign operating across domains, by a single commander to meet the objective of the Joint and Allied Force —the concept is scalable, assigning one objective per task force commander) against possible adversaries was underway, as part of the Joint force's campaign of learning.[103]

JWA 19, Yakima Training Center, Wash., May 6, 2019. Soldiers of 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division heading toward their mission objective.

TRADOC designed exercises for Joint warfighter assessments —JWA 19,[104][105][106] at Fort Lewis, to clarify the jumps for Command Posts, to ensure their survivability during future operations. In 2019, there was a new focus on planning for large-scale ground combat operations (LSCO),[107][108][109][110][111] "that will require echelons above brigade, all of which will solve unique and distinct problems that a given BCT can't solve by itself."— LTG Eric Wesley.[4] [112] Computer simulations (DOTMLPF), of the survivability rates for the units, were then compared with the interaction strategies, tactics and operations of JWA 19, a highly contested environment.[104] JWA 19 occurred at multiple operational speeds, in multiple domains served by multiple services (cyber: operating in milliseconds; air: operations at 500 miles per hour; maritime: 30 knots; and ground: 2 miles per hour). JWA 19 involved the militaries of the US, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, France, Australia and Singapore.[106][b][f][g]

Mesh networking is in play for the Mobile, Expeditionary Network: In Fiscal Year 2019, the network CFT, PEO 3CT, and PEO Soldier used Network Integration Evaluation 18.2[115] for experiments with brigade level scalability.[116][117][118][119][120] Among the takeaways was to avoid overspecifying the requirements (in ITN[121][122] Information Systems Initial Capabilities Document) to meet operational needs,[116] such as interoperability with other networks.[123][124]: minute 26:40 [125] ITN —Integrated Tactical Network is being fielded to four brigades in 2021.[126] Up through 2028, every two years the Army will insert new capability sets for ITN (Capability sets '21, '23, '25, etc.).[127][128][119]

On 25 September 2020 Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville discussed the combination of Multi-domain operations (MDO) and Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.[129] On 2 October 2020 the 40th Chief of Staff of the Army and the 22nd Chief of Staff of the Air Force signed a Memorandum of understanding (MOU) on Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2) of the two services, a two-year agreement. Their staffs met again after 60 days to show their progress on connecting the Army's Project Convergence and the Air Force's ABMS into a data fabric in 2021.[130][131][132][133][36][103][134]

Competition

In September and November 2019 the Department of Defense (DoD) "scheduled a series of globally integrated exercises with participation from across the US government interagency to refine our plans" —19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joseph Dunford.[100] This exercise was designed to help 27th Secretary of Defense Mark Esper develop new plans, in the face of a change in chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[100] Specifically what was missing in 2019 was a joint concept[101] shared at the appropriate operational speed between the several domains, among the respective services, when fighting a peer adversary. —LTG Eric Wesley[b][135][136][137] Note the referenced LRHW graphic depicting a 2019 scenario—[138][139] [140] This is a return to the use of echelons above brigade (Divisions, Corps, and Field Armies),[h] with specific tasks to force current adversaries to return to competition, rather than continue conflict;[142][100][143] kill chains were formed within seconds, by live-fire demonstration, as of September 2020.[27][b]

In the Army of 2030 a division would be the Unit of Action, rather than a brigade.[144][145][146] Artillery, engineer, and intelligence units would mass at the division echelon;[144] brigades would become smaller to become more maneuverable.[145] A corps would sustain the brigades' endurance for the longer fight;[144][145] the higher echelons (field army, corps, and division) would gain the resources they would need for the duration of an operation.[147]

By 2021 the Department of Defense could train for crises using capabilities it had developed jointly among its military departments, using concepts it had settled upon experimentally, beginning in 2019:

Multi-domain operations (MDO)[a] span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.[148]: minute 17:45 [149] Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.[i] —This illustration is from The MDO Concept, TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1.

Note: the following training scenario, to gain relative advantage, is only one of the possible paths suggested by following the 5 red numbered bullet points in the illustration.

  1. Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
  2. Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
  3. Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
  4. Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
  5. Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)

In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense ordered the four services and the Joint staff to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations (ADO), operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).[i] In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense approved the Joint warfighting concept (JWC), which remains classified.[150][a]

The 20th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has allocated roles to each of the services in concept development for Joint All-Domain Operations (JADO);[152]

In late December 2019, the Air Force, Army, and Navy ran a Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2)[199][117] connection exercise of Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS)[200] for the first time. This exercise is denoted ABMS Onramp, and will occur at four month intervals.[200] JADC2 is a joint multi-domain operation (MDO);[172] the exercise will involve the Army's Long range fires, ground-based troops, and Sentinel radar. The Air Force contributes F-22s and F-35s, while the Navy is bringing F-35Cs and a destroyer to ABMS Onramp.[201][202] The December 2019 exercise used a NORTHCOM scenario.[203]

An M109A7 self-propelled howitzer at Yuma Proving Ground

The April 2020 test of ABMS was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.[204] The test was to have spanned bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; from Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range— in this test, a simulated attack was to take place on 3 geographic commands: on Space Command, on Northern Command, and on Strategic Command's nuclear command, control, and communications.

JADC2 is to ensure continuity of commander's intent[205]— JADC2 was to be exercised in late August or early September 2020.[204][206][207] Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) is undergoing a Limited user test in August–September 2020 in preparation for a Milestone C acquisition decision.[208] IBCS is a critical building block for JADC2;[208] the ABMS test is a separate project.[209] Thirty-three different hardware platforms, some using 5G, 70 industry teams, and 65 government teams[l]: minute 9:30  participated in this ABMS Onramp, the first week in September 2020.[l][210][153] By 13 May 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense had approved the JADC2 strategy.[211][212] On 11 August 2021 JROC had identified a 5th functional capability (IAMD) in addition to the 4 functional battles, or competitive advantages already identified.[196][213]

In August 2020 a Large force test event (LFTE) was completed at Nellis AFB; the test event demonstrated the ability of F-35s to orchestrate SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defense) using F-22s, F-15Es, E/A-18Gs, B-2s, and RQ-170s.[214] In addition the ability of F-35s to direct Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) was demonstrated during the 2020 Orange Flag event at Edwards AFB (Orange Flag showed the ability of an F-35A to collect targeting data, relay that data to an airborne communications node, as well as to a simulated IBCS station).[214]

Project Convergence (PC20)

In fall 2020, Futures Command is testing the data links between the Army's AI task force and its helicopters —Future Vertical Lift (FVL), its long-range missile launchers —Long range precision fires (LRPF), and its combat vehicles —(NGCV);[209][29][215] in fall 2021 and going forward, the links between ABMS and Multi-domain operations are invited when the Army's Air and Missile Defense capabilities (AMD's IBCS and MSHORAD —Maneuver short-range air defense) have undergone further testing.[209][216]

In September 2020, an ABMS Demonstration at WSMR (White Sands Missile Range) shot down cruise missile surrogates with hypervelocity (speeds of Mach 5) projectiles jointly developed by the Army and Navy. The Army interceptor stems from an XM109 Paladin howitzer;[217] the Navy interceptor stems from a deck gun.[27][218][219] The data feeds used both 4G and 5G, as well as cloud-based AI feeds, to form the kill chains.[27] The kill chains directing the intercepts were developed from 60 data feeds, and took seconds to develop, as opposed to the minutes which previous processes took. Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included AIM-9 missiles launched from F-16s and MQ-9s, as well as a ground-launched AIM-9 missile (which was designed to be an air-to-air munition). Four National Test Ranges were involved in the demonstration,[27] as well as five combatant commands.[217][218][220] In October 2020 the DoD Acquisition chief completed an extensive redesign of the Adaptive acquisition framework (AAF) including software acquisition, middle-tier acquisition, defense business systems, acquisition of services, urgent capability acquisition and major capability acquisition. AAF now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by her lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary.[191]

PC21
See PC22

In March 2021, XVIII Airborne Corps hosted a Project Maven (DoD AI-based) live-fire experiment which shares targeting data among F-35s, A-10s, HIMARS, and satellites.[221][222][223]

In June 2021 the 28th secretary of defense issued a classified memorandum directing the Services to engage in more joint experimentation and prototyping, in support of the All-domain operations (JADO) concept (the Joint warfighting concept).[224][150] In fall 2021,[225][226] a Joint Force (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Special Operations) used Project Convergence 2021 (PC21) to simulate the distances in the First island chain of the Pacific Ocean,[227][e] which Army Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) are to cover.[229][230] A Multi-domain task force (MDTF), and Special Forces took the lead during the Competition phase of the exercise.[m] In June 2021 the 35th Deputy secretary of defense announced

  1. the RDER (Rapid defense experimentation reserve, "Raider") to fund those defense organizations which successfully institutionalize experiments to exercise joint warfighting capability.[234][n]
    • One example might be, say an end-to-end flow of data, say in a kill chain from an intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance detection of an enemy hypersonic weapons launch, to interdiction of the threat, to battle damage assessment.
    • Note that exercises to deepen a service silo have a disadvantage in a competition for RDER funding.[234]
  2. an AI and data acceleration initiative[o] to help the 11 combatant commands apply their new capabilities; teams of specialists are to assist the combatant commanders to automate the data flows[236] of what are currently manual exercises in the respective command posts.[238][239][187] The most effective processes are to be left in place after the exercises.[p]
  3. § The DoD is seeking AI technology to gain a relative advantage in § competition.[243][244]
  4. DoD is attempting to fund 8 CHIPS hubs.[245]

Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS), an IAMD Battle Command System, is an Army project to unify its disparate anti-missile systems (such as the THAAD, and MIM-104 Patriot missiles) and their radars/sensors (such as THAAD's AN/TPY-2 radar, AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel, and Patriot AN/MPQ-65 radars). IBCS is being exercised in Fall 2021 (Project Convergence 2021) to experiment with its connection to JADC2 and ABMS.[246] JROC is appending IAMD capability (IAMD interoperability) to the JWC (Joint warfighting concept)[196] (Monte Carlo simulations of hundreds of thousands of IBCS missile data tracks were generated by an Army Air Defense Artillery battalion exercising IBCS in 2020;[247] The test created terabytes of data to be queried.[248][249] i.e., "connect any sensor to any shooter and any command and control node" —Eric Wesley)[b]

In a review of Project Convergence 2021 (PC2021) the director of the Network Cross-functional team (CFT) was able to state 5 takeaways for the Integrated Tactical Network:[250]

  1. "the importance of a data fabric"— [250]
  2. "a significant improvement in coverage from resilient wide-band satellite communications"— [250]
  3. "the importance of an aerial tier to the network to improve the resiliency and range"[250]
  4. extending edge mesh networking[250][251]
  5. "the need for a joint operational common picture"– [250] ("provide commanders with a single pane of glass [on a computer screen]")[252]

In August 2023 the Navy's § Live, Virtual, and Constructive environment simulated joint operation across multiple domains. This involved 22 global time zones, and simulated Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-navy personnel.[253]

Crisis

By September 2020 the joint modernization efforts to retain overmatch in a crisis were visible in the press reports covering the joint level (DoD and the military departments).[27]

In the view of John Hyten, 11th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, in a crisis, each force is to have both a self-defense capability, and a deep strike capability,[85][254] operating under a unified command and control structure,[255][256] simultaneously across the domains, against the enemy.[27][2][i][257] The potential capability exposed by the use of AI in September 2020 posed a choice for the combatant commanders, who needed to select their top priority, by answering "What do you want and how do we do it?" in November 2020.[28] Hyten then had an opportunity to shape the operation of the Joint requirements oversight council, by providing a common operational picture to the combatant commanders and their forces in the respective domains,[28] to get to a position of relative advantage very quickly (faster than the enemy's OODA loop).[172][258]

In FY2021, TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node)[q] was to undergo an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA).[r] [s] TITAN is part of the network to integrate sensors and shooters in Multi-domain operations (MDO), in seconds. By FY2022 TITAN was meant to be a Program of Record, for CJADC2;[271] additional Soldier touchpoints will assess capabilities of two prototype satellite ground stations for downselect in 14 months by FY2023, and follow-on phases III and IV.[t]

Return to competition

By 2020 the Joint all-domain concept[i] was converging on the need for the allies and partners to convince the adversary that it is in everyone's interest to return to competition,[83][142] [205][280][281] well short of conflict between near-peer adversaries.[27][256] In 2021 the 40th Chief of Staff of the Army described the Army's role in the Continuum of military competition, a Joint concept.[12]

Great power competition does not mean great power conflict. —40th Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville[282][283]

Alliances and partnerships

A 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile system fired during the multinational live-fire training exercise which included 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command U.S. Army Europe, in Bulgaria June 2019

An ongoing series of programs to strengthen relationships between the Army and its allies and partners is being implemented.[284][285][286][287][288] These programs include demonstrations of cooperation, interoperability, and preparedness of its partners.[289][140][290][291][292][293][11] For example, in 2019 the Army uses DoD's State Partnership Program, to link 22 National Guard Bilateral Affairs Officers (BAOs) with 22 allies or partners in the 54 countries in European Command's area to facilitate common defense interests with the US.[294][295] In all, 89 partnerships now exist.[296][297][298] See: Foreign Area Officer (FAO)

DoD's Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) has convened 100 online participants from 13 countries to discuss how to use AI in a way that is consonant with their national ethical principles, termed the 'AI Partnership for Defense' in 2020.[284][299][300][301][176] For example, the US has a policy of human permission needed in order to trigger the automatic kill chains.[302] In 2021 the 28th Secretary of defense committed to the department's ethical use of AI capabilities in a "responsible, equitable, traceable, reliable, and governable" way.[u]

In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense Mark Esper identified the Indo-Pacific Theater as the priority theater for the United States.[305] A multi-domain task force for the Indo-Pacific Theater is planned for a Defender exercise.[306][307][308][95] However, in light of the DoD 60-day travel ban due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of CONUS-based troops participating in Defender Europe 2020 was reduced to those troops already in Europe.[v]

COVID-19 has been a 'wake up call to DoD' —Matthew Donovan[313]

In 2020 the Army lost 3 NTC training rotations to COVID-19.[314][315]

JWA 20 was intended to exercise Multi-domain operations, and multinational forces, in EUCOM for 2020.[b][w] See: Vostok 2018. EUCOM's Multi-domain task force is to be smaller than the Pacific's task force.[318][319][x] It is expected that the task forces are to be employed in the Defender exercises in both EUCOM[320] and the Pacific.[318][140] Defender Europe 2020 was to test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers across Europe, for a 37,000-member exercise.[y]

Defender Europe 2020, a division-sized exercise was cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic.

See Defender Europe 2022

In April 2019 Germany's 1st Panzer Division took the role of exercise High Command (HICON) at Hohenfels Training Area, primarily for German 21st Armored Brigade, the Lithuanian Iron Wolf Brigade, and their subordinate units; 5,630 participants from 15 nations took part in this Joint multinational exercise, which rotates the lead among the coalition partners. The German division already had Dutch, British and Polish officers within its ranks.[346] The Army's 2nd Battalion, 34th Armored Regiment, took part in the exercise.[347][348] Six engineering advisor teams from 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade provided hands-on experience and testing of secure communications between NATO allies and partners.[349][350][351][352]

A reciprocal exchange of general officers between France and the US is taking place in 2019, under the U.S. Army Military Personnel Exchange Program (MPEP).[353][354] Such programs with the UK, Australia, and Canada have already existed with the US.[353] A reciprocal pact for US and UK capabilities in Future Vertical Lift aircraft and Long Range Precision Fires artillery was signed in July 2020.[355] The UK and Australia are planning to participate in the US Army's Project Convergence 2022.[356]

Multi-domain task forces (MDTFs)

MDTFs are experimental brigade-sized units which are tailored to the theater; they are to operate subordinate to a Theater fires command, or to a corps, or division headquarters, jointly or independently, depending on the mission.[357][2] These MDTFs increase the "capability to connect with national assets" in space and cyber, with "the capacity to penetrate with long range fires, with the ability to integrate all domains".[357][257] —This is integrated deterrence:[358][359] taking existing capabilities, as well as building on new capabilities, which have been deployed in new and networked ways,[b] all tailored to the security landscape of the respective regions, in order to deter the antagonists.[360][361]

Multi-domain task force (MDTF), a brigade-sized formation.[2][357][362][363] Five MDTFs are planned:[11][x] 3 for INDOPACOM,[364] 1 for EUCOM, 1 formerly for the Arctic (but now the 3rd MDTF in INDOPACOM),[365][366] and 1 for global response, each tailored for the needs of the Joint force commander.[ad] An MDTF can simultaneously operate across multiple stages[365] of the conflict continuum,[368]: minute 32:45  and engage antagonists at thousands of miles,[369] for sustained periods.[x][370]

In April 2021, the Army announced that EUCOM's Multi-domain task force (MDTF),[371] and a Theater Fires Command, 56th Artillery Command[372][373] to control it, are to deploy to the European Theater, and are based in Wiesbaden, Germany. The Fires command is a headquarters to coordinate Long range fires (for ranges from 300 miles to thousands of miles) for the European theater.[374]

In April 2021, 3000 headquarters-level troops, including UK 3rd Division and French 3rd Division, came to Fort Cavazos to exercise Corps-level and Division-level staffs on Large-scale combat operations (LSCO).[375][376] The Mission Command Center of Excellence (MCCoE) provided Opposing forces (OPFOR) and multiple dilemmas for the Warfighters to train on. III Armored Corps commander Pat White stated "the key goal of the exercise, to build international partnerships and increase interoperability, was realized".[375] British and French commanders noted the need to further develop electronic warfare and signals intelligence capabilities.[377]

In May 2021, 7th Army Training Command led Dynamic Front 21 (DF21), a USAEUR-AF exercise in integrating joint fires for artillery units from 15 nations. The exercise was meant to increase the readiness, lethality, and interoperability for nearly 1800 artillery troops from the 15 nations at Camp Aachen, Germany. Later locations for DF21 included Vilseck Army Air Field, Germany, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland.[378]

V Corps FOC

In October 2021 V Corps attained Full operational capability (FOC) by completing Warfighter exercise 22-1 (WFX 22-1),[379] in a series of command post exercises in Large scale combat operations (LSCO).[380] The operations involved a combatant command, Active Army, Reserve and National Guard components, a Theater training command, and a sustainment command,[379] as well as multi-national partners.[378][342] V Corps was slated to lead the Defender Europe 22, as of October 2021.[381]

In 2020 the Secretary of the Army announced 5-month extended rotations to United States Indo-Pacific Command countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.[382] Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) task forces in the region have already been engaging in MDO-like exercises in concert with the armed forces of Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.[382]

Two Multi-domain task forces are being requested for Indo-Pacom for 2021.[383][384][260][259][x][362][385] 5th Security Force Assistance Brigade is regionally aligned with USINDOPACOM,[386] and plans to keep one-third of the brigade's advisor teams there at all times, while the other teams train at home station (JBLM), for their assignments in the region.[387] The third[388][389] and fourth[390] ABMS Onramp exercises of Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2) are being planned in 2020, and 2021 for INDOPACOM, and EUCOM respectively.[ae] This is meant to bring key US allies into the planning for the Joint All-Domain Operations Concept,[85][27][388] thereby enabling their "participation in planning, execution and then debrief" after a coalition exercise[390] in overmatching the adversary,[256] and maintaining a Common operational picture (COP),[162][176] to review measured responses, both kinetic and nonkinetic.[281][190] The COVID-19 pandemic actually provided the impetus for rapid fielding of a DoD technology for separating Top secret, Secret, and Unclassified messaging, a necessary function for the Intelligence community.[af] The JSIL connection of experimental networks with Army battle labs is a way to determine the bandwidth needed for these vignettes, to prepare Project Convergence 2021 for Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2).[356][394]

Defender Pacific 2021 focuses on the southwest Pacific region.[395] The Army was to draw from a pre-positioned stock for its units, exercise its watercraft and an MDTF's long range precision fires.[395] In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense, Lloyd Austin, stated he expected to "review our posture in the Pacific from all aspects including presence, capabilities, logistics, exercises, infrastructure, and capacity building and cooperation with allies and partners" during his questioning by the Senate Armed Services Committee.[ag] Integrated deterrence is the objective of the 28th Secretary of defense, in joint exercises in Australian waters,[399] with HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) in the South China Sea,[400] and by US Special Forces soldiers (Green Berets) with Japan's Self-defense force (JGSDF) parachuting onto Guam.[401][196] On 15 September 2021 the ministers of defense, and foreign affairs, and the secretaries of defense, and state for Australia, and the US, respectively, namely Peter Dutton, Marise Payne, Lloyd Austin, and Antony Blinken signed statements of intent to jointly build nuclear submarines, and share National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) data, as well as a space framework.[402] See AUKUS. On 24 September 2021 the heads of state of Australia, India, Japan, and the US (the Quadrilateral Security Dialog) met face-to-face to discuss cybersecurity, and fix supply chain vulnerabilities, such as electronic chip, and 5G technology.[403] FY2021 marks the end of the Army's manpower expansion, in its effort to modernize.[404][405]

Arctic strategy

In January 2021 the Army announced its arctic strategy, for arctic, extreme cold, and mountainous environments, which affect the NORTHCOM, EUCOM, and INDOPACOM combatant commands.[406][407] Combined Arms Doctrine is being updated for the Arctic regions in 2024.[408] A two-star multi-domain-enabled operational headquarters was established for the Arctic.[409] Soldiers will be receiving extra support for adapting to the Alaskan Arctic,[410][411] beginning in 2022 and going forward.[412][413] The BCTs of US Army Alaska reflagged as of 6 June 2022, from 1st SBCT/25th ID, and 4th IBCT/25th ID, to 1st IBCT/11th ID (Airborne), and 2nd IBCT/11th ID (Airborne) respectively; US Army Alaska is now 11th Infantry Division (Airborne) as of 6 June 2022.[414] The Bundeswehr is thinking of training in Alaska.[415] An Arctic Multi-domain task force (MDTF) was planned,[366][ad] to balance the interests of the 8 partners of the Arctic Council, which include Russia, and China as an observer nation.[ah] See Cold Response

Defender Europe 2022

Defender Europe 2022 started 3 May 2022, under the command and control of V Corps, which has had a forward-deployed Headquarters in Europe since 2021. The exercises will involve 11 allied and partner nations, including Denmark, Estonia, Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and Great Britain. Defender Europe 2022 had been previously planned, on a longer timescale than the wartime events of 2022, such as the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[ai] For example, a float ribbon bridge was erected by troops from Fort Hood, Texas who are deploying to Europe.[423] The bridge came from pre-positioned stocks drawn from APS-2, located in Europe.[424][425]

PC22

Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Canada, and other allies and partners (such as universities)[33][426][427] expect they will bring experiments or prototype capabilities to Project Convergence 2022.[222] PC22 will require connection of the allies and partners; the connections were exercised during COMMEX 1B in June.[428] Global defender 2022 (GD22) will culminate with Project Convergence 2022 (PC22).[429][430] In the week of 6 Jun 2022 planning for PC22 at Fort Bliss was finalized. The UK and Australian planners were added to the PC22 experiment; their concepts join the 100 technologies incorporated by USAF, Navy, Marines, and Space Force planners. The commander of AFC's Futures and Concepts Lieutenant Gen. Scott McKean, and peers for the services and allies took this opportunity to mutually review their plans for the FY2022 event.[431][432][433][434][435][436][437]

The Synthetic Training Environment's One World Terrain (OWT) data sets are beginning to be used as operational planning tools, for example by V corps, and at PC20, and at PC21. As virtual maps, rather than paper maps, they can project scenarios which will also be used at PC22 in October and November 2022.[438]

In October 2022, the experiments from the previous Project Convergence were scaled up, from just Army in PC21 to joint and international exercises in PC22.[439] AI was utilized not just for autonomous flight, but also for predicting where logistics would be needed in contested environments.[439] PC22 experimented with some 300 technologies.[440][441] Scenarios during PC22 included Tomahawk, SM-6, and LRHW missiles.[439][r][180] 82nd Airborne participated in the PC22 experiments, using newly developed equipment.[442][443][444][445][446]

In November 2022, at PC22, the use of an uncrewed Black Hawk helicopter under autonomous control was demonstrated in a contested logistics exercise.[447]

Defender 2023

In April 2023 Defender 23, a logistics exercise of US Army Europe and Africa[448] was transported to Naval Station Rota, Spain. Spain was the host nation for 5-159th GSAB (5th Battalion, a general support aviation battalion of the 159th Aviation Regiment). 5th Battalion is an Army Reserve unit out of Fort Eustis, Virginia. The aviation materiel included CH-47s, Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawks, and supporting equipment.[448]

PC24

Project Convergence co-locates from WSMR and YPG (the hub), to allies and partners.[449][450][451] PC24 could occur by spring 2024.[452][453][36][454][455] Project Convergence Capstone 4, or PC-C4 occurs from 23 February 2024 to 20 March 2024 at Camp Pendleton and Fort Irwin.[456]

Steadfast Defender 2024

Steadfast Defender 2024 is planned from February through May 2024 in Europe, involving 90,000 NATO troops.[457][458]

Dynamic force employment

2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), 1st Armored Division (2/1AD) element in a snap deployment from Fort Bliss to Drawsko Pomorskie training area, Poland, 29 March 2019

This initiative, designed by then-DoD-Secretary James Mattis, exercises the ability of selected BCTs to rapidly surge combat-ready forces into a theater,[112] such as EUCOM, on short notice.[459][460] In several such cases, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense in March 2019, troops were rapidly alerted, recalled and deployed to a forward position, under (simulated) emergency conditions, to prove a capability (such as an ABCT, and a THAAD battery)[461][462][463] against near-peers.[464] The ABCT element next participated in a joint live-fire exercise with Polish troops of the 12th Mechanized Brigade, 12th Mechanised Division (Poland) in Drawsko Pomorskie Training Area, Poland.[465] (A Mission Command element of TRADOC served in the role of echelon-above-brigade for the maneuver and interoperability of the joint multi-national armored brigades.)[465] In September 2018, the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment had already assumed a forward deployment in Poland.[466][467] Poland and the US are planning for regular rotations going forward.[468][469][470][471][472] A Combat Aviation Brigade element, an Armored Combat Brigade element, and a Division Headquarters element will rotate in.[473]

Similar initiatives are planned for other alliances.[18] [474]

In August 2020 Poland agreed to pay almost all costs associated with US presence in the country;[475] [292] a forward command post for V Corps in Poland has been codified in an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Poland.[476][473] [477][478][479][480] Poland is buying 250 M1A2 Abrams tanks as of 14 July 2021.[481][482][483] Poland ordered an additional 116 used M1A1 Abrams tanks, with faster delivery dates on 15 July 2022.[484] The first 14 of an expected 42 M1A1 Abrams tanks arrived in Poland on 28 June 2023; the 42 will comprise one tank battalion; the 42 tanks are to be the 2023 tranche of 116 M1A1 tanks for Poland.[485][484][486]

In addition to tanks, Poland is buying attack helicopters,[487] Patriot missiles,[488] HIMARS, and F-35s.[486] Poland is buying 96 AH-64E Apaches (to equip six squadrons).[489] Naval Strike Missiles,[490] and LTAMDS missile defense radars.[491] Poland is seeking more HIMARS rockets and launchers, with an eye toward local rocket production in the future.[492] In July 2022, six IBCS Engagement Operations Centers attained basic operational capability in Poland,[493] and are a component for JADC2.

FORSCOM exercised its Emergency deployment readiness exercises (EDREs) in 2019 by sending 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division to the Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk, Louisiana, by sealift, simultaneously exercising the logistics planners at Fort Drum, the seaports in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Port Arthur, Texas, as well as 2nd BCT.[494] Through the EDRE program, 20 of the ports have been exercised to ready them for sealift deployments.[494] A division-sized move of 20,000 pieces of equipment from the US to Europe began a month-long process in January 2020.[324][329][292] In 2020 the pre-COVID-19 plan was "wide-spanning maneuvers will focus on the Baltic States, Poland, and Georgia" (at the time) which would have involved 36,000 troops from 11 countries ranging from the Baltic to the Black Seas,[327] a number still in flux.[309] A number of the Defender-2020 objectives were met in 2020, despite a 60-day travel ban by DoD.

By 2020 the 27th Secretary of Defense signaled that ABMS, its Internet of Military Things, and JADC2 were important parts for Dynamic force employment (DFE) in the Joint All-domain Operations Concept.[495] The Combatant commanders at Eucom, and at IndoPacom sought the AGM-183A (ARRW) hypersonic weapon on the bomber fleet for Dynamic force employment.[496]

In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, thousands more troops have posted or rotated to Europe.[497] As of February 2023 the US is planning a HIMARS training center in Poland.[498][499][500] In order to get 31 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, the Army is weighing options with the fastest delivery times, none of which are sooner than year-end 2023.[501][aj][502]

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e The Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".[151]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h See Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
    Multi-domain operations (MDO)[a] span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
    • In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a § specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
    1. Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
    2. Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
    3. Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
    4. Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
    5. Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.
  3. ^ a b c d The capabilities as prioritized by the 39th Chief of Staff, will use subject matter experts in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) for:
    1. Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
    2. Next-generation combat vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Ross Coffman ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
    3. Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
    4. Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
      1. Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
      2. Assured Position Navigation and Timing— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
    5. Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
    6. Soldier lethality
      1. Soldier Lethality—(Fort Moore, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... PEO Soldier
      2. Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
    • Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
  4. ^ (22 Mar 2022) See, for example the ongoing thread of Prof. Paul Poast[97]
  5. ^ a b On 5 June 2023 Army Capabilities Development Command Ground Vehicle Systems Center awarded contracts to close down the autonomous vehicle leader-follower program[98] in favor of a competitive commercial autonomy package.[228]
  6. ^ Michael Lundy (Sep 2018) The U.S. Army Concept for Multi-Domain Combined Arms Operations at Echelons Above Brigade 2025–2040 Echelons Above Brigade (EAB), as cited by Scott McKean[36]
  7. ^ In 2018 new cyber authorities were granted under National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) 13;[113] persistent cyber engagements at Cyber command are the new norm for cyber operations.[114]
  8. ^ "The Maneuver Captains Career Course (MCCC) at Fort Moore, Georgia" is preparing exercises in which the division is the Unit of Action, rather than the brigade.[141]
  9. ^ a b c d Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations (ADO)
    • "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
      • "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
    • "it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
      • All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
  10. ^ Blue force tracking—The Army now has technology to keep track of its warfighters, down to the squad level position, or even individual soldier position.
  11. ^ In 2023 a new cross-functional team (CFT) was stood up for Contested Logistics.[164] [166][167][168][152][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]
  12. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (25 August 2020) More Ambitious ABMS Demo Uses 5G: Roper
    • AFWERX (25 August 2020) Dr. Will Roper ABMS 'Ask Me Anything' 1:30:33 ABMS (Advanced battle management system) requires Internet of Military Things.
      • 5:00 Foundational IoT: Containerized software systems, forming the connective tissue between domains, devices, platforms, populations.
      • 16:15 There is not going to be one machine-to-machine system in the future force, but rather a set of machine-to-machine data-exchanges (in publishable, understandable, communicable, discoverable formats).
      • 22:50 A new kind of requirements process (horizontal (modernize seamlessly over time) rather than vertical, top-down processes for hardware). If a standard exists, such as 5G, or APIs, use it.
      • 27:50 A culture change, elevating data in importance, over bullets, will be required to win wars. Simplification of the ABMS user interface will be necessary, in order to present the relevant mission-dependent data to the Soldier, or Combatant commander.
      • 31:30 There will be so much happening, that phone calls will be seen as the obstacle they are, during ABMS Onramp, just like the COVID-19 data needs.
      • 35:00 deviceONE operates on SIPRNET tablets today. Portions of ABMS are operational today (25 August 2020).
      • 39:50 a devOps mentality will be required; X as a Service (XaaS) is needed for Developer's adaptability and agility in the face of uncertain threats --an OODA loop with 4-month cycles. Agility and adaptability are needed for the Onramps. A set of Use cases are the targets to be sought during the development process.
      • 49:20 70 industry team offerings are welcome, include 50%-solutions as well.
      • 52:00 There is no way the Acquisition process can have a lead Systems Integrator to serve as Prime Contractor for a program— Replace this with a tool, a common infrastructure (tech stack) with full authorities (IRAD, Design Reviews, -- DoD has to be good at IT).
      • 56:10 for the Army, ABMS means National-level situation awareness, that is tuned, relevant to the mission— from the Soldier on the ground, or to the Combatant Commander.
      • 1:00:00 Use robotic agents (drones as wingmen or battle-buddies) to absorb threats at the tip of the spear; 1:06:00 pull people back from the tip of the spear, in favor of robots. Have people make the calls/commands to direct the strikes; this will not replace the warfighter.
      • 1:14:00 ABMS scale-up — If we fail, this won't be tried again for years.
  13. ^ [227][231][232][233]
  14. ^ RDER will fund the Combatant Commander's experiments in Joint Warfighting Concepts: °advanced fires, °command and control, °information advantage, and °contested logistics; the Concepts' exercise coordination and execution cell will be funded from RDER.[235][236][237]
  15. ^ $76.79 million is requested for FY23.[235]
  16. ^ Global Information Dominance Experiments are the vehicle for this effort.[238][240][241][36][177][242]
  17. ^ Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN)[259] is a ground station for integrating the data feed between "sensors and shooters".[260]
  18. ^ a b In Force modernization,[261] Deputy Chiefs of Staff G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), to advise the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[262]: diagram on p.559 [263][264] The commander, AFC is responsible for Force design.[263]
    • The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[264]
    • The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[263][265]
    • The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership.
    • A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.
    • A JCIDS process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
    • A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
    • An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.[261]
      • AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
      • Staff uses a Synchronization meeting[266]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[262]: p2-27 
    • A budget request is submitted to Congress.
    • The resources are "dictated by Congress".[264]
    • Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.[267]
  19. ^ [259][268][269] [270]
  20. ^ [272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279]
  21. ^ [303][304]
  22. ^ [309][310][311][312]
  23. ^ [316][5][317]
  24. ^ a b c d When used in multi-domain operations, I2CEWS denotes Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare, and Space. See: ISR, or Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  25. ^ [317][292][321][322][323][324][325][326][327]
  26. ^ [320][332][119]
  27. ^ 82nd Airborne (with 18,000 troops) has an 18-hour readiness status (after the first phone call)[333][330]
  28. ^ [334][335][336]
  29. ^ DEFENDER Europe 21 was a large-scale U.S. Army-led, multinational, joint exercise designed to build readiness and interoperability between U.S., NATO and partner militaries. DEFENDER Europe 21 included a greater number of NATO ally and partner nations conducting activities over a wider area than what was planned for in 2020, which was severely restricted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 28,000 multinational forces from 26 nations conducted near-simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas in a dozen countries. DEFENDER Europe 21 also included significant involvement of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. The exercise utilized key ground and maritime routes bridging Europe, Asia and Africa. The exercise incorporated new or high-end capabilities including air and missile defense assets, as well as assets from the U.S. Army Security Force Assistance Brigades and the recently reactivated V Corps. Defender Europe 21 was one of the largest U.S.-Army, NATO-led military exercises in Europe in decades. The exercise began in mid-March and lasted until June 2021. It included "nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas" in Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Kosovo and other countries.[343][344] Gen. Christopher G. Cavoli, commanding general of the United States Army Europe and Africa, said that "While we are closely monitoring the COVID situation, we’ve proven we have the capability to train safely despite the pandemic."[343] Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu said that Russia has deployed troops to its western borders for "combat training exercises" in response to NATO "military activities that threaten Russia."[345] See Defender Europe 2022
  30. ^ a b The Army (21 Jun 2022) has released a "programmatic environmental assessment (PEA) and draft finding of no significant impact (FONSI) regarding the stationing of a multi-domain task force (MDTF)".[367] Two configurations were considered: 1) a full MDTF of 3,000 troops, and 2) a base MDTF of 400 with headquarters.
  31. ^ [388][133][391] [390][392]
  32. ^ [388][218][393] In 2021 an MDTF exercised its sensor-to-shooter capabilities in operational vignettes at Joint Systems Integration Lab (JSIL, Aberdeen MD).[356]
  33. ^ [396][397][398]
  34. ^ [416][417][418][419][420][421][422]
  35. ^ As part of the Warfighter exercises 22-1, which completed in October 2021, V Corps attained Full operational capability. The Army alternates its annual Defender exercises between the Pacific and Europe. Thus V Corps was preparing for the Eucom exercises of 2022 in 2021. The COVID pandemic disrupted the 2020 European exercises, however.[381]
  36. ^ Poland, Australia, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Taiwan are M1 Abrams customers.
  1. ^ a b c d TRADOC TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028, "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." Link moved here
  2. ^ a b c d e US Army (2020) AMERICA'S ARMY: READY NOW, INVESTING IN THE FUTURE FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan
  3. ^ Todd South, Military Times (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future
  4. ^ a b Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command (March 13, 2019) Futures Command highlights changes, new structure at SXSW: "Synchronizing or creating convergence allows the joint force to create overmatch" —Eric Wesley
  5. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles? INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019
  6. ^ William B King (AMC) (18 February 2020) Conference focuses on Army modernization, equipping Soldiers Equipping Enterprise (AMC) + Modernization Enterprise (AFC)
  7. ^ Jim Garamone, Defense.gov (August 9, 2019) Milley discusses Army changes as he passes authority
  8. ^ "Army announces activation of additional corps headquarters". US Army. Washington, DC. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  9. ^ 23rd Secretary Mark Esper and 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley (MARCH 26, 2019) ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY
  10. ^ Martin, Jeff (24 January 2020), "Video: Can the Army achieve 'transformational change'?", www.defensenews.com, Army Chief of Staff: "We need transformational change", rather than incremental change.
  11. ^ a b c Chief of Staff Paper #1 (16 Mar 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict army.mil
  12. ^ a b Chief of Staff Paper #2 (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition
  13. ^ a b U.S. Army Combined Arms Center/ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine (August 6, 2021). "Waypoint 2028-2029". Stand-To!. US Army. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  14. ^ The Army Strategy 2018 army.mil
  15. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Michael Sword (22 Sep 2023) Gen. Randy George sworn in as 41st Army Chief of Staff
  16. ^ Michael Marrow and Ashley Rocque (21 Sep 2023) Senate confirms Army, Marine Corps chiefs, though Tuberville hold continues
  17. ^ a b Sgt. 1st Class Zach Sheely (21 Aug 2023) George lays out his vision for the future of the Army, and how the Guard fits in
  18. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (June 4, 2019) Pacific Pathways 2.0 to bolster presence in the theater
  19. ^ TRADOC (21 Dec 2009) The Army Capstone Concept TRADOC Pam 525-3-0
  20. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (December 8, 2017) US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army
  21. ^ a b c d AFC AFC announcement, Friday (13 July 2018) Army Officials Announce New Army Command video 34 minutes, 27 seconds
  22. ^ a b c US Army Modernization turnaround worth the effort, says acting SecArmy McCarthy
  23. ^ a b Army Times Army's modernization command taking shape under freshly picked leaders[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ a b Col. Richard Hough (4 January 2018) Opinion: "Army's Basic Illusions Gone; Time For Futures Command" Breaking Defense.com
  25. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (April 8, 2019) Acquisition reform requires culture shift, officials say
  26. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy (October 2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy as cited by Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (October 16, 2019) Army Launches 16-Year Plan To Tackle Russia, China Summary
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Theresa Hitchens (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2 The ABMS demo had four phases, under computer control. The kill chains were formed in seconds rather than minutes.
    1. Early detection, identification, and warning
      • Scanning —Humans no longer need to dedicate their attention to a single, boring task. Replace the problem of stovepiped sensors / functions with more salient events. Let sensors perform direct machine-to-machine data exchanges in an Internet of Military Things and detect events which are salient to the mission.
      • This allows concentration of effort by the Intelligence Community. Let machines follow the leads under Human direction
    2. Red force tracking
      • Use AI feeds to form the kill chains (plan the series of steps needed to kill a Red threat)
      • Let machines follow Red trajectories to estimate the time needed to intercept a Red threat
    3. Engaging red force threats
      • Select an appropriate Blue interceptor (fast enough to engage Red threat, close enough to get past standoff distance)
      • In two cases, hypervelocity (moving at Mach 5) munitions were launched from cannons (one Army, one Navy) to kill cruise missile surrogates.
      • Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included AIM-9 missiles launched from F-16s and MQ-9s, as well as a ground-launched AIM-9 missile (which was designed to be an air-to-air munition).
    4. Blue force tracking
      • Develop dedicated Clouds- strategic cloud for the Commander, and tactical cloud for the individual Soldier
  28. ^ a b c Theresa Hitchens (23 September 2020) Picking 1st ABMS Capabilities A Top Issue At Air Force Corona in Nov 2020 at Air Force Academy
  29. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain? Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"
  30. ^ Gen Mike Murray (12 Oct 2021) AUSA 2021: CMF #3 – Project Convergence 2021: 7 capstone cases
  31. ^ Patrick Tucker (10 Nov 2021) What Worked, What Didn't at Army’s Second Connect-Everything Experiment PC21
  32. ^ Andrew Eversden (22 Nov 2021) Robotic vehicles, drones coordinate recon at Army’s Project Convergence 21 ISR relay
  33. ^ a b Sarantinos, Argie (17 September 2021) Project Convergence 2022 web portal links industry, academia to Army DEVCOM Public Affairs army.mil
  34. ^ Andrew Eversden (11 Oct 2021) Army Kicks Off Analysis Effort To Inform Future Investments
  35. ^ Andrew Eversden (11 Oct 2021) Murray: Army’s Modernization Push Requires Persistence To Be Successful
  36. ^ a b c d e Scott McKean (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Army Futures Command Concept for Command and Control – Pursuing decision dominance AFCC-C2 14 Jul 2021 see FUTURES AND CONCEPTS CENTER resources
  37. ^ a b Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0
  38. ^ David B. Larter (9 Oct 2018) The US Army is preparing to fight in Europe, but can it even get there?
  39. ^ Capt. Richard Foote, 593rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (April 21, 2017) Putting the expeditionary in ESC
  40. ^ Maj. Daniel J. N. Belzer (January 2, 2019) Command relationships between corps and ESCs ESC=(Expeditionary Support Command); TSC=(Theater Support Command)
  41. ^ a b See, for example Francis J.H. Park (November/December 2007) "The strategic plans and policy officer in the modular division"
  42. ^ HQDA McHugh & Odierno, A STATEMENT ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 2015 Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05
  43. ^ The 29th Division (National Guard) headquarters is deployed as Intermediate Command for ARCENT in Kuwait
  44. ^ Two National Guard division headquarters are deployed simultaneously for the first time since the Korean war
  45. ^ a b "We need two command posts. We need to be able to shut one down and move it while the other is still in the fight." —MG Pat White, CG 1st Armored Division [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/army-senior-leaders-meet-at-bliss-for-command-post-huddle/ Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle] accessdate=2017-01-26
  46. ^ Amy Walker, PEO C3T/PM Tactical Network Public Affairs (January 11, 2018) Army pushing to get Secure Wi-Fi on battlefield to gain strategic edge over enemies
  47. ^ Staff Sgt. Samuel Northrup (April 1, 2019) New Army vehicles being developed to counter modern threats to Command Post Directed Requirement Pilot Program of prototypes
  48. ^ Army improves mobility, readiness with new secure wireless systems accessdate=2017-06-09
  49. ^ Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division (May 15, 2019). ""Agile and lethal: 4-27 Field Artillery conducts Table XVIII gunnery training May 7"". Fort Bliss Bugle. US Army. Retrieved 2019-08-11.((cite web)): CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead link]
  50. ^ Maj. Jeremy Horton and Col. Ted Thomas, Mission Command Center of Excellence (27 May 2020) Adapt or Die: Command Posts – Surviving the Future Fight
  51. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 Oct 2022) Army 2030: Disperse or die, network and live
  52. ^ Todd South (June 4, 2019) How changes to mission command will mean soldiers taking risks and taking charge on complex battlefields
  53. ^ Command Sgt. Maj. Vincent Simonetti and Sgt. Maj. Aaron Forry (18 June 2018) HQ on the Move: Battalion Develops a More Nimble Command Post
  54. ^ John Cogbill and Eli Myers (5 August 2020) Decentralizing the Fight: Re-imagining the Brigade Combat Team's Headquarters Using 3rd BCT, 101st Airborne Division "Rakkasans" Headquarters March 2019 at JRTC, "maintained a dual-capable satellite/4G LTE GRRIP system at each location for redundancy, and a SMART-T at the rear and main command posts" for 99% uptime
  55. ^ Stew Magnuson (22 Oct 2020) WEB EXCLUSIVE: Army Looks to Disperse Command Posts to Boost Survivability
  56. ^ Immersive Ops (15 Nov 2021) Immersive Wisdom briefs Secretary of the Army at Project Convergence '21 on future of Army operations centers 3D Virtual Operations Center software platform
  57. ^ Lauren C. Williams (8 Nov 2022) The Army’s Distributed Command Posts of the Future Will Need More than Videochats "Structuring data is key to the service’s visions of Pacific-spanning operations and AI-enabled decision tools".
  58. ^ Amy Walker, PEO C3T Public Affairs (8 June 2017) Army improves mobility, readiness with new secure wireless systems instead of physical cables
  59. ^ Colin Demarest (19 Oct 2022) Palantir wins contract to help Army quickly process battlefield data
  60. ^ Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (2018-09-13). "Futures Command Won't Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  61. ^ AUSA (27 March 2018) Army not ready to announce Futures Command home
  62. ^ "In first year, Futures Command grows from 12 to 24,000 personnel". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  63. ^ US Army USArmy tweet: Futures Command will have the overarching objective to achieve clear overmatch in future conflicts, making Soldiers and units more lethal to win the nation's wars, then return home safely.
  64. ^ "Long range, short term". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  65. ^ PEO (AMMO)Picatinny Arsenal Archived 2018-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ US Army First unit with TRILOS
  67. ^ Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO)Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) announcemdent note PNT capability
  68. ^ a b Army Will Field 100 Km Cannon, 500 Km Missiles: LRPF CFT
  69. ^ Vergun, David. "US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  70. ^ AFC announcement (13 July 2018) University of Texas System to serve as home base for U.S. Army Futures Command
  71. ^ Stripes.com: Army's new Futures Command to set up headquarters at University of Texas
  72. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (August 15, 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond
  73. ^ a b DVIDS DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference
  74. ^ a b Breaking Defense (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux
  75. ^ US Army Ryan McCarthy (06 October 2017) Army Directive 2017–24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)
  76. ^ AUSA (14 June 2018), "Authority Transfers Begin to Army Futures Command"
  77. ^ US Army Reference for Department of the Army General Order No. 2018-10. (4 June 2018)
  78. ^ ARL Public Affairs (October 5, 2018) Officials announce new senior executive at Army Research Laboratory
  79. ^ a b US Army Army General order G.O.2018-10
  80. ^ Ms. Audra Calloway (Picatinny) (September 19, 2018) With new Army Futures Command, senior acquisition leader discusses role of Program Executive Offices
  81. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (October 10, 2018) Army Futures Command to become 'global command,' says its leader
  82. ^ Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (April 1, 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley: Readiness (both current and future)
  83. ^ a b c d Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (November-December 2017) Military Review III "Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War"
  84. ^ David Vergun (05.31.2017) Multi-domain battle has immediate applications, says Gen. Perkins
  85. ^ a b c Connie Lee (9 Sep 2020) Hyten: New Warfighting Concept to Erase Battlefield Lines
  86. ^ HQDA Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3-5-7 (23 April 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation Summary of lines of effort (LOE) for MDO
  87. ^ TRADOC (Sep 16, 2015) Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept
  88. ^ Maj. Richard W. Gibson (October 1, 2018) Applying Multi-Domain Concepts Against Counter-Space Threats Archived April 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit an MDO Battalion for Targeting, I Corps.
  90. ^ PACOM Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr., U.S. Pacific Command (May 25, 2016) LANPAC Symposium 2016: “Role of Land Forces In Ensuring Access To Shared Domains”
  91. ^ a b DVIDS DEFENDER-EUROPE 20 videos, images and stories
  92. ^ Matthew Dalton (29 February 2020) Unmanning a Twenty-Second Century Navy "America's principal national defense strategy: deterrence in peacetime"
  93. ^ Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command MDO
  94. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy
  95. ^ a b Kyle Mizokami (8 Mar 2020) The Air Force's New Weapon Is...Shipping Containers? "Drone maker Kratos Defense is proposing inserting its new XQ-58A Valkyrie drone in a modified shipping container" into selected Indo-Pacific locations as pre-positioned stock for quick armed response to threats. Hundreds of containers could be deployed but not all need be occupied with Valkyries.
  96. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (17 June 2021) AFC chief: ‘Preference is deterrence’ in regards to new capabilities for joint force
  97. ^ Paul Poast thread (22 Mar 2022) This picture offers a key lesson on how wars end, as was laid out in the 1945 Potsdam conference
  98. ^ a b US Army AvMC (16 Jun 2021) Video: Autonomous missile launcher destroys enemy threats AvMC ADO concept video —autonomous multi-domain launcher (AML): Jen Judson (16 Jun 2021) US Army fires autonomous launcher in Pacific-focused demo AML demo at Fort Sill utilized a HIMARS launcher and the AML, in a leader-follower configuration, to launch a PrSM and an extended- range PrSM from an island in the First island chain. One PrSM takes out a ship, while the extended-range PrSM takes out an air-defense system on an enemy occupied island. Fighter jets engage during the window of opportunity after the enemy standoff has been dis-integrated. In 1.25 hours, the HIMARS platoon, of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Liberty, fired 7 rockets and engaged 3 islands, in concert with Air Force transports, and DEVCOM's AvMC soldier touchpoint.
  99. ^ Andrew Smith (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations
  100. ^ a b c d Paul McCleary (4 September 2019) Major War Game To Jolt 4 Services, Force Decisions
  101. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (January 14, 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —40th Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville
  102. ^ Theresa Hitchens (10 Aug 2020) Spacepower Is ‘Catastrophically Decisive’ In War: New Space Force Doctrine —Gen. Jay Raymond,
    1. "Orbital Warfare,
    2. Space Electromagnetic Warfare,
    3. Space Battle Management,
    4. Space Access and Sustainment,
    5. Military Intelligence,
    6. Cyber Operations, and
    7. Engineering/Acquisitions".
  103. ^ a b Mission command Battle Lab (2 August 2021) MCBL experiments with ARL's Cross Reality COP to support distributed collaboration in virtual reality Soldier touchpoint for Echelons above brigade (EABs): common operational picture
  104. ^ a b Amy Walker and Justin Eimers, PEO C3T Public Affairs (April 8, 2019) Multinational exercises aim to improve coalition data sharing
  105. ^ Shawn Nesaw (March 20, 2019) Latest sensor upgrades boost recon vehicle capabilities NBCRV
  106. ^ a b Spc. Miguel Ruiz, Joint Modernization Command [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/08/back-to-the-future-us-partner-nations-assess-future-warfighting-capabilities-at-jmc-sponsored-jwa-19/ (MAY 8, 2019) Back to the future: US, partner nations assess future warfighting capabilities at JMC-sponsored JWA 19]
  107. ^ Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Douglas M. McBride Jr., and Maj. Graham Davidson (July 18, 2019) Focus:Sustaining the Future Fight LSCO compared to Patton's 3rd Army
  108. ^ Capt. Matthew Miller (July 18, 2019) Multi-Domain Intelligence Support for Sustainment Risks of non delivery
  109. ^ Gen. Gustave "Gus" Perna (July 18, 2019) AMC Commander: Battlefield Sustainment Requires Intuition
  110. ^ Lt. Gen. Michael Lundy, Col. Richard Creed, and Lt. Col. Scott Pence (July 18, 2019) Feeding the Forge: Sustaining Large-Scale Ground Combat Operations
  111. ^ Kyle Rempfer (September 20, 2019) Army's new chief looks to prep the force for large-scale combat 40th CSA mulls deployments for Large-Scale Combat Operations — LSCO
  112. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (April 03, 2019) How Army's Multi-Domain Overhaul May Impact The National Guard
  113. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 September 2018) Trump Eases Cyber Ops, But Safeguards Remain: Joint Staff
  114. ^ Mark Pomerleau (8 May 2019) New authorities mean lots of new missions at Cyber Command
  115. ^ PEO C3T May 30, 2018
  116. ^ a b Justin Eimers, PEO C3T (October 3, 2018) Network Cross-Functional Team, acquisition partners experimenting to modernize tactical network
  117. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (November 14, 2019) OSD & Joint Staff Grapple With Joint All-Domain Command Joint Chiefs of Staff#Joint Staff buy-in
  118. ^ Theresa Hitchens (December 02, 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
  119. ^ a b c Amy Walker, PM Tactical Network, PEO C3T public affairs (December 4, 2019) Global network design unifies Army modernization efforts GAIT will be used in Defender 2020
  120. ^ Nathan Strout (1 Jul 2021) The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here's what they'll do. Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET). Yam-3 for data fusion. Pitboss for Autonomous mission management.
  121. ^ Jared Serbu (August 24, 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan
  122. ^ U.S. Army (April 30, 2019) Profile: Program Executive Office for Command, Control and Communications-Tactical (PEO C3T)
  123. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (October 25, 2018) Interoperability a key focus in building the Army's future network
  124. ^ US DoD (May 16, 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request
  125. ^ Mark Pomerleau (April 1, 2019) How the Army will sustain its tactical network of the future ITN to take advantage of Tobyhanna depot
  126. ^ Mark Pomerleau (21 Jan 2020) What a deployment to the Middle East means for testing a new Army network An operational deployment begun 1 Jan 2020, which won't be instrumented, will provide some Soldier feedback, but instrumented testing is deferred until after redeployment.
  127. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 April 2019) Multi-Domain Networks: The Army, The Allies & AI: Incremental ITN Capability sets '21, '23, '25
  128. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (June 21, 2019) New tech, accessibility to improve Army tactical networks
  129. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (25 September 2020) Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise
  130. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. and Theresa Hitchens (9 October 2020) Army, Air Force Get Serious On JADC2: Joint Exercises In 2021
  131. ^ Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond (28 Feb 2020) America's future battle network is key to multidomain defense JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force"
  132. ^ Joseph Lacdan (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric. for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army – Air Force – Navy
  133. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (14 Oct 2020) Army Seeks Open Architecture For All Air & Ground Systems: Jette In the spirit of MOSA, JADC2, & Project convergence:
    • Army Common Operating Environment (COE)
    • C5ISR/EW Modular Open Suite of Standards (CMOSS)
    • Future Air-Borne Capability Environment (FACE)
    • Integrated Sensor Architecture (ISA)
    • Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA)
    • Vehicle Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY)
  134. ^ Jaspreet Gill (17 May 2023) Return of CJADC2: DoD officially moves ahead with 'combined' JADC2 in a rebrand focusing on partners
  135. ^ Dan Gouré (May 24, 2019) A New Joint Doctrine for an Era of Multi-Domain Operations MDO- MDC2- Distributed Maritime Operations- Marine Corps Operating Concept- "distributed lethality to connect ships, submarines, aircraft and satellites in networks for sensing, commanding and shooting"
  136. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (September 12, 2019) Army Multi-Domain Wargame Reveals C2 Shortfalls MDC2 software improvements needed
  137. ^ Lt. Gen. David Perkins (June 18, 2013) Understanding Mission command. Mission command is beyond C2.
  138. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.
  139. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 Sep 2019) Target, Kaliningrad: Air Force Puts Putin On Notice
  140. ^ a b c Joe Lacdan (September 25, 2019) More joint efforts likely as the Army prepares for multi-domain operations Combined Resolve XII; 10th Mountain Div for Atlantic Resolve; 2/1CD & Cab/3ID to Eucom; AR to : Immediate Response (hosted by Croatia and Slovenia), Saber Guardian (in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania), and Swift Response; Operation Cobra Gold (hosted by Thailand). A speedup in tempo by CFTs is needed.
  141. ^ John Dolan (7 Jul 2022) The Army is getting leaders ready for a war unlike any the US has ever seen
  142. ^ a b CRS Insight (IN11019) (January 17, 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations
  143. ^ Todd South (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"
  144. ^ a b c Caitlin Kenny (10 Oct 2022) Divisions, Corps to Replace Brigades As Army’s Wartime Formation Of Choice "Brigades that operated largely independently in Iraq and Afghanistan will fight as part of larger units in future conflicts, officials said".
  145. ^ a b c US Army Public Affairs (10 Oct 2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow’s Fight Gen. McConville, Gen.(Ret) Perkins, DepUnderSec Diaz, Gen. Rainey, LTG Beagle, Prof. Greer (SAMS)
  146. ^ Army University Press (Dec 2021) WayPoint in 2028 – Multidomain Operations 14:00 Lt Gen Theodore Martin, Commander of the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, KS
  147. ^ Christine Wormuth, 25th Secretary of the Army (10 Oct 2022) AUSA 2022 Opening Ceremony hour 0:37:50 to 1:05:41
  148. ^ a b Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, US Army (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner – TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities The Army is the largest user of Space
      1. Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
      2. Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
        1. Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
        2. Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
        3. Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
        4. Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
      3. NavWar
  149. ^ Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, U.S. Army; Chief Warrant Officer 5 Jon Bates, U.S. Army (May-Jun 2020) To Change an Army—Winning Tomorrow The MDO concept —TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1
  150. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (16 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs Joint Warfighting Concept; Joint Requirements Due Soon
  151. ^ Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer
  152. ^ a b c d Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 July 2020) Milley Assigns Service Roles In All-Domain Ops Concept
  153. ^ a b John R. Hoehn (updated 27 Sep 2021) Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS) Archived 25 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine CRS IF11866, updated from work by Katherine Leahy
  154. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 Jan 2020) ABMS Can't Be ‘Sole Solution’ For Joint C2, Army Tells Air Force — Exclusive Scaling sensors, shooters, land-based C2, and JADC2
  155. ^ Christopher M. Dougherty (20 May 2021) The Pentagon needs a plan to get punched in the mouth paraphrase of Mike Tyson: another approach to JADC2
  156. ^ David Larter and Carl Pinze (September 15, 2019) Armed with a new missile, the LCS comes of age
  157. ^ Paul McLeary (28 August 2020) If It Floats, It Fights:’ Navy's New Small Ship Strategy
  158. ^ Paul Birch, Ray Reeves and Brad DeWees (19 February 2020) How To Build JADC2 To Make It Truly Joint "Any sensor should be able to link to any shooter and any command and control node"
  159. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (October 21, 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
  160. ^ a b Loren Thompson (4 February 2020) Pentagon Aims To Build Vast Space Sensor Layer
  161. ^ Paul McLeary (18 Dec 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles HBTSS is 'Space sensor layer'
  162. ^ a b Jay Koester (23 April 2020) JADC2 ‘Experiment 2’ provides looking glass into future experimentation Army's Joint Modernization Command (JMC) JADC2 Experiments 1 and 2
  163. ^ Frank Wolfe (6 Oct 2020) Joint Warfighting Concept Assumes 'Contested Logistics'
  164. ^ a b Jen Judson (29 Mar 2023) US Army has a 'gigantic problem' with logistics in the Indo-Pacific AMC is lead, AFC sets requirements
  165. ^ Marcus Weisgerber (17 Oct 2022) Commercial Planes, Ships Would Play Large Role in Pacific War, TRANSCOM Head Says
  166. ^ Marcus Weisgerber (26 April 2022) It Will Be Years Before Raytheon Can Build New Stinger Missiles:"The U.S. has been sending its Stingers to Ukrainian forces battling Russia." Aid was being sent by February 2022, at the latest.
  167. ^ Dan Grazier (27 Apr 2022) Let a Stinger be a Stinger. A new design isn’t needed.
  168. ^ Ashley Roque ( Stinger replacement included in Army’s FY24 budget request, service official says refurbish 1200 Stingers
  169. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 Dec 2020) Bullets, Beans & Data: The New Army Materiel Command EXCLUSIVE ala RAPTOR: "Race to 5000" national stock numbers (3D models) in the 12 months in 2021.
  170. ^ ASA(ALT) Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) (Friday, October 4, 2019) Army Advanced Manufacturing Initiative
  171. ^ Headquarters, Department of the Army PB 700–20–03 (July-September 2020) Army Sustainment Army Sustainment Professional Bulletin (ASPB) Vol. 52, Issue 3
  172. ^ a b c "Finding and engaging high-value relocatable ground systems within rapid timelines" is the Air Force's operational objective in this JADC2 exercise —Eliahu Norwood, Greg Grant, and Tyler Lewis (December 2019) A new battle command architecture for multi-domain operations: countering peer adversary power projection Tie-in to MDC2, MDO
  173. ^ Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle, and Percy Alexander (4 November 2019) Building the Army Readiness-Common Operating Picture US Army
  174. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 October 2020) Army Ammo Plants At ‘The End Of The Rope’: Jette AMMO JPEO-- Program objective memorandum needed for a 15-year plan to modernize the production of ammunition. The current 10-year plan is inadequate.
  175. ^ Jen Judson (28 March 2023) Army eyes six-fold production boost of 155mm shells used in Ukraine Army is spending $1.45 billion on capacity in 2023 to increase production from 14,000 per month, to 24,000 per month in 2023, to 85,000 155mm howitzer shells per month by 2028.
  176. ^ a b c d Kelsey Atherton (8 October 2020) New Pentagon Strategy To Share Data Like Ammunition
    • David Norquist (30 September 2020) DoD Data Strategy DDDS This strategy describes the problem and establishes the vision, guiding principles, essential capabilities, goals, and objectives for DoD, relative to data. Executive Summary: 3 clusters
      • 8 Guiding Principles
      • 4 Essential Capabilities
      • 7 Goals (aka, VAULTIS)
  177. ^ a b David Roza (14 June 2022) The Pentagon’s new data chief waited days just for an ID card
  178. ^ Eric Berger (4 Jun 2021) Yes, the military is serious about rocketing supplies around the planet
  179. ^ Brad Williams (7 September 2021)DoD Forms New Task Force To Shore Up Supply Chain
  180. ^ a b Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (24 Oct 2022) Army of 2030: Collaboration key to Army modernization
  181. ^ ELIZABETH HOWE (17 November 2022) Army Preps for 'Contested Logistics', Works to Boost Arms Production "Logistics win wars—but not if new enemy capabilities can disrupt supply lines".
  182. ^ Matthew Wheaton, Joint Munitions Command, Public and Congressional Affairs (2 May 2023) JMC, USTRANSCOM partnership provides ammo in record time to Ukraine Joint Munitions Command, United States Transportation Command
  183. ^ The corresponding Army terminology (2021) to OODA is: Sense & understand, Decide, and Act; (Assess underlies the other verbs), from Scott McKean (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Pursuing decision dominance AFCC-C2, as cited by Sydney J Freedberg Jr Army's New Aim Is ‘Decision Dominance’
  184. ^ David L. Goldfein All-Domain Operations Doctrine--CSAF signed.pdf (5 Mar 2020) USAF role in All-Domain Operations[permanent dead link] (JADO) David L. Goldfein: "JADC2 is the C2 of JADO". "Initial stovepiping of a joint operation can delay integration". Therefore, when a Joint force commander can communicate the commander's intent to all forces, and can allow forces from all domains to continuously re-integrate their actions, then a Joint force can flexibly respond to the changing situation in a mission.
  185. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (4 Nov 2020) Military AI Is Bigger Than Just The Kill Chain: JAIC Chief
  186. ^ Theresa Hitchens (16 September 2020) JROC Struggles To Build ‘Information Advantage’ Requirement
  187. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (29 July 2021) Beyond ABMS: Air Force Pushes Experimental Tech For AI, IT, Data
  188. ^ RUSI.org Royal United Services Institute (19 June 2019) – RUSI.org Session Six: Securing Information Advantage 39:07 minutes, 3 speakers 1. Disinformation and trust 2:00, 2. Information warfare 15:40, and 3. Kremlin messaging (as viewed by an observer based in Vilnius, Lithuania) 26:35. Summary 37:30
  189. ^ Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (February 2018), Joint Concept Note 2/18 Information Advantage (PDF), Ministry of Defence
  190. ^ a b Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Stephanie Pezard, Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe (27 July 2019) Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone: Response Options for Coercive Aggression Below the Threshold of Major War
    • The authors provide "Overarching strategic concept for responding to gray zone threats" 36 suggestions for responses to micro-aggressions by Russia and China.
  191. ^ a b Mandy Mayfield (7 October 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Streamline Software Development AAF (Adaptive acquisition framework) now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by Ellen Lord's lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary David Norquist
  192. ^ The Economist (7 October 2021) The promise of open-source intelligence
  193. ^ Brandi Vincent (14 Sep 2021) The Marines Are Copying the Air Force's Efforts to Counter Online Disinformation: Meanwhile, the Army is trying to get inside perpetrators' OODA loops.
  194. ^ Mark Pomerleau (14 Oct 2021) The next tool the Army needs for information advantage Find the influencers; use a new G39, and public affairs units to reach the influencers
  195. ^ [187][188][189][176][190][191][192][193][194]
  196. ^ a b c d Theresa Hitchens (11 Aug 2021) JROC's Next Target: ‘Integrated Air & Missile Defense’ IAMD
  197. ^ Office of the Secretary of defense (2019) 2019 Missile Defense Review
  198. ^ Jen Judson (11 Aug 2021) Pentagon readies to identify integrated air and missile defense capability gaps
  199. ^ Justin Lee (November 21, 2019) MILCOM 2019 Highlights Urgent Need for Joint All-Domain Command and Control
  200. ^ a b Lauren C. Williams (NOV 13, 2019) Air Force gears up for first 'connect-a-thon' Archived December 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  201. ^ Theresa Hitchens (6 Dec 2019, updated 5:21pm) First Multi Domain C2 Exercise Planned: ABMS Onramp
  202. ^ Theresa Hitchens (21 Jan 2020) ABMS Demos Speed New Capabilities To Warfighters connections: C130 to LEO Starlink; F22 to F35;
  203. ^ Theresa Hitchens (December 23, 2019) OSD, Services Get First Look At Air Force Multi-Domain Chops
  204. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (5 May 2020) The Key To All-Domain Warfare Is ‘Predictive Analysis:’ Gen. O’Shaughnessy
  205. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (3 March 2020) Attack On US Satellites Focus Of Next ABMS Test: Goldfein Joint Chiefs will attend the next ABMS test, which will span bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range. All the joint chiefs plan to be there
  206. ^ Theresa Hitchens (14 May 2020) MDA: All-Domain C2 Key To Countering Hypersonic Missiles
  207. ^ Theresa Hitchens (10 June 2020) CQ Brown Brings Pacific Focus; Keen Interest In Joint Ops Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Brown
  208. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (4 Aug 2020) Army IBCS Critical To JADC2: STRATCOM's Adm. Richard
  209. ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 May 2020) Army Invites Air Force ABMS To Big Network Test: Project Convergence
  210. ^ Loren Thompson (28 Aug 2020) Air Force's ‘Skyborg’ Robotic Wingman Will Revolutionize How Air Warfare Is Waged—And How Weapons Are Bought
  211. ^ Colin Clark (4 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs JADC2 Strategy: Now OSD Has ‘Teeth’ Approved 13 May 2021
  212. ^ Jaspreet Gill (28 Apr 2022) Learning from Ukraine conflict, info security agency pushes ahead on JADC2 DISA planning JADC2 for "denied and disconnected low bandwidth situations"
  213. ^ Colin Clark (28 Oct 2021) 'Hundreds' Of China Hypersonic Tests Vs. 9 US; Hyten Says US Moves Too Slowly
  214. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (6 August 2020) AF Tests F-35, Stealth Fleet For Integrated Electronic Warfare
  215. ^ Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (11 September 2020) Project Convergence aims to accelerate change in modernization efforts At Yuma Proving Ground, success means to complete the demo in less than 20 seconds.
  216. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 September 2020) Target Gone In 20 Seconds: Army Sensor-Shooter Test
  217. ^ a b Valerie Insinna (4 Sep 2020) Behind the scenes of the US Air Force's second test of its game-changing battle management system A hypervelocity projectile descended from a Paladin munition knocked down a cruise missile surrogate on 3 September 2020 at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR)
    • An ABMS Onramp Two vendor provided sensor towers and AI to track the cruise missile surrogates.
    • ABMS provided common picture to combatant commanders
  218. ^ a b c Patrick Tucker (11 September 2020) The Air Force's ‘Connect Everything’ Project Just Had a Big Success The ABMS Onramp 2 demo occurred on 2 September 2020. Commanders were shown they had the same access to a Common Operational Picture, displayed on their tablets at the flight line, as they had on their screens earlier in the command center.
  219. ^ Colin Clark (19 Nov 2020) Preston Dunlap: ‘A Thousand Kill Chains In Your Pocket’ links to video
  220. ^ Valerie Insinna (15 Sep 2020) The US Air Force has built and flown a mysterious full-scale prototype of its future fighter jet via "digital engineering, agile software development and open architecture". —Will Roper
  221. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 Feb 2021) Army AI Gets Live Fire Test Next Week
  222. ^ a b Andrew Feickert, Congressional research service (CRS) IF11654 (updated 27 Sep 2021) The Army’s Project Convergence Archived 28 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine PC20, PC21, PC22
  223. ^ Nathan Strout (27 Apr 2022) Intelligence agency takes over Project Maven, the Pentagon’s signature AI scheme NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency)
  224. ^ Colin Clark (9 Jun 2021) SecDef Austin Takes Personal Charge of DoD China Policy With Classified Directive
  225. ^ More precisely, 12 Oct-10 Nov 2021, according to Jen Judson (11 Aug 2021) US Army's critical missile defense system will play role at Project Convergence IBCS battalion will be part of 6000-7000 personnel, including 900 for data collection
  226. ^ Mark Schauer (3 November 2021) Yuma Proving Ground supports cutting-edge technology testing during PC 21
  227. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 Apr 2021) Joint Force Vs. China: Project Convergence 21
  228. ^ Ashley Rocque (5 June 2023) Army closing down 'leader-follower' robotic truck development, eyeing commercial solutions
  229. ^ Andrew Eversden (13 May 2022) Lawmakers worry Army doesn’t have basing agreements for long-range fires
  230. ^ Dustin Walker (1 May 2023) Is America postured for a fight in the Indo-Pacific?
  231. ^ Colin Clark (11 Oct 2021) Army Puts Leidos Special Mission Plane Through Paces At Project Convergence ARTEMIS 2.0 special mission aircraft, akin to EC-37B (but not electronic warfare)
  232. ^ Stavros Atlamazoglou (16 Aug 2021) How The U.S. Navy SEALs Are Getting Ready For War Against Russia Or China
  233. ^ Holmes Liao (8 Oct 2021) China’s Development of Hypersonic Missiles and Thought on Hypersonic Defense Publication: China Brief Volume: 21 Issue: 19 Critique of JF-12 hypersonic wind tunnel, as well as the newer JF-22 detonation-driven ultra-high-speed and high-enthalpy shock tunnel (used for XingKong). "PLA strategists fear that the U.S. may deploy hypersonic weapons on the first island chain and/or the second island chain, directly threatening China."
  234. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 Jun 2021) Hicks Seeks To Unify Service Experiments With New ‘Raider’ Fund
  235. ^ a b Jaspreet Gill (3 May 2022) Pentagon ramps up FY23 funding request in push to address capability gaps, AI RDER funding request $70 million for FY23 going forward. The AI and Data Accelerator (AIDA) requests $76.79 million for FY23, with an estimated minimum of $377 million for the first 5 years for the RDER and AIDA experiments.
  236. ^ a b Brandi Vincent (9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield
  237. ^ Jaspreet Gill (29 Aug 2023) After 2 years of experimenting, Pentagon to evaluate RDER tech ' "So the decision at the DMAG will be, should that be a single service, or [does] every service just buy what they want, right?" Heidi Shyu told reporters about the Rapid Defense Experimentation Reserve.'
  238. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (22 Jun 2021) Hicks Will Send AI/Data Experts To Combatant Commanders
  239. ^ Courtney Albon (8 Dec 2022) US Central Command’s new hub seeks to quickly push battlefield tech Schuyler Moore CENTCOM CTO watch
  240. ^ Gen. Glen D VanHerck (6 Jul 2021) NEW TOOLS TO CREATE TIME AND INFORMATION: "BUILDING THE BIKE WHILE WE RIDE IT" "global information dominance", 3rd in a series of exercises for all 11 combatant commands. See United States Joint Forces Command#Organization disestablished 2011
  241. ^ Patrick Tucker (29 Jul 2021) AI Gives ‘Days of Advanced’ Warning in Recent NORTHCOM Networked Warfare Experiment
  242. ^ Jaspreet Gill (16 Mar 2023) DoD kickstarts tight-lipped RDER experiments this year: Official
  243. ^ Courtney Albon (13 Apr 2023) Pentagon's Shyu gives 'sneak peek' of tech strategy focused on teaming National Defense Science and Technology Strategy
  244. ^ Lauren C Williams (1 Sep 2023) The Pentagon’s innovation arm has a new chief and a new strategy Doug Beck 'DIU 3.0', now under SecDef review, aims to embed teams in the combatant commands.
  245. ^ Jaspreet Gill (20 Sep 2023) CHIPS are down: DoD awards $240M to build 8 tech hubs, official warns shutdown would be 'crushing'
  246. ^ Colin Clark (10 Aug 2021) Army's IBCS Starts Operational Testing Next Month: SMDC's Karbler
  247. ^ Todd South (20 Aug 2020) Army missile defenders defeat cruise and ballistic missiles nearly simultaneously
  248. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 August 2020) IBCS Defeats 2 Missiles in Flight – But 100s In Simulation
  249. ^ Andrew Eversden (20 August 2020) US Army buys new supercomputers to meet data analytics demand
  250. ^ a b c d e f Mark Pomerleau (8 Dec 2021) Five things the Army learned about its network at Project Convergence 21 PC21
  251. ^ Andrew Eversden (17 Nov 2021) At Project Convergence, Army ‘struggling’ to see joint battlefield as it heeds ‘hard’ lessons
  252. ^ Amy Walker, Project Manager Tactical Network, PEO C3T Public Affairs (14 Jun 2022) Space provides key to Joint All Domain Command and Control JADC2
  253. ^ Justin Katz (24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures
  254. ^ Aaron Mehta (14 Aug 2020) ‘No lines on the battlefield’: Pentagon's new war-fighting concept takes shape
  255. ^ Morgan Dwyer (10 July 2020) Making the most of the Air Force's investment in Joint All Domain Command and Control
  256. ^ a b c Theresa Hitchens (24 August 2020) ‘Bold Quest’ To Demo Allied Connectivity For All-Domain Ops " '.. incorporate and demonstrate' elements of Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) — the capability to link sensors to shooters across air, land, sea, space and cyberspace — into Bold Quest" — need a joint experimental C2 environment for allies to connect to.
  257. ^ a b Theresa Hitchens (19 Aug 2020) Air & Space Forces Add Cyber To All-Domain Ops Data Library
  258. ^ Scott Lee (19 Aug 2021) A Vision for Better, Faster C2 Decision-Making Across All Domains
  259. ^ a b c d Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires For use in I2CEWS battalion of a Multi-domain task force
  260. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (7 February 2020) 37th Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace'
  261. ^ a b C. Todd Lopez, DOD News (8 Dec 2022) U.S. Military Readiness Goes Beyond Just China, Russia 
  262. ^ a b United States Army War College and Army Force Management School (2019-2020) How the Army Runs HTAR: A senior leader reference handbook which synthesizes "existing and developing National, Defense, Joint, and Army systems, processes, and procedures currently practiced"
  263. ^ a b c Headquarters, Department of the Army (29 Jun 2021) Army Regulation 71–9 Force Management. Warfighting Capabilities Determination °1-6c, p.1) tasks for CG,AFC; °2-24 p.13) CG,AFC is a principal member of AROC, with 43 duties a through qq; °3-1 ch.3 pp20-21) AROC is a forum for requirements decisions (RDF); °4-1 p.24) CG,AFC is responsible for force design; °6-4 p39) figure 6-1 Deliberate staffing and review process; figures for more staffing and review processes follow.
  264. ^ a b c James Kennedy (2019) Force Management Model - Complete
  265. ^ Research, Development, and Acquisition AR 71–9 (2009) Warfighting Capabilities Determination Aug 15, 2019 update
  266. ^ James Kennedy, CGSC (Jun 2022) AY22 Force Integration CGSC Weekly meetings on Change, Crisis, Competition, or Conflict. 50:31
  267. ^ Caitlin Lee (23 Mar 2022) The US Military's Force Management Tug-of-War an allocation process
  268. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 September 2020) Pushing Data ‘From Space To Mud’: Project Convergence
  269. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Apr 2021) Army Artillery’s AI Gets Live-Fire Exercises In Europe, Pacific APNT: Timing for TITAN terminal prototype in 2022
  270. ^ Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
  271. ^ PEO news (27 Sep 2021) TITAN Brings Together Systems For Next Generation Intelligence Capabilities "[I]n Multi Domain Operations (MDO) and Joint All Domain Operations (JADO), TITAN will be the first Intelligence ground station enabled by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) " --Palantir project
  272. ^ Courtney Albon (31 Mar 2022) US Army on track to award TITAN competitive prototyping contracts in the coming months "selection of a single provider for TITAN will occur at the end of the program’s second phase, which will last about 14 months"
  273. ^ Andrew Eversden (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN
  274. ^ Courtney Albon (28 Jun 2022) US Army awards $72 million for new phase in next-gen ground system effort DIU and Northrop will field a prototype TITAN in the interim
  275. ^ Carlos Munoz, Janes (24 May 2021) US Army preps for TITAN ground station experimentation
  276. ^ Nathan Strout (29 Apr 2022) Army Futures Command learning from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine Satellite "sensors also need to be better integrated with Army systems, to the point that satellite data can be downlinked directly to the battlefield".—Willie Nelson, Deputy Asst Sec Army
  277. ^ Courtney Albon (10 Nov 2022) Army showcases space-enabled targeting system at Project Convergence TITAN mobile, semi-autonomous pre-prototype at PC22
  278. ^ Jaspreet Gill (26 Apr 2023) Army to test TITAN prototypes this summer as it moves toward downselect
  279. ^ David Appel, Raytheon (22 Mar 2022) Activity-based intel speeds decisions "The extraction process matches all point locations – this could be a few hundred or millions – from a stack of 2D images, bringing them into alignment to compute 3D locations for each point. When predicted accuracies meet targeting requirements, the data can be referred to as a 'targetable surface'" to reconstruct 3D Point Cloud: Other Transaction number W15QKN-17-9-5555
  280. ^ Sydney J Freedberg Jr (13 Mar 2020) ‘No Timeout’ In Future Wars: Army Gen. Murray EXCLUSIVE
  281. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online "The competition phase is about deterring war"—Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.
  282. ^ Devon Suits, Army News Service (September 14, 2020) Chief of staff asks force to fight against harmful behaviors
  283. ^ Stephen Losey (9 Mar 2023) Air Force chief wants to take 'wrecking ball' to service's bureaucracy "Accelerate Change or Lose"
  284. ^ a b Headquarters DCS, G3-5-7 (July 23, 2018) U.S. Army Allies and Partners: 9 lines of effort
  285. ^ Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command (8 Nov 2022) AFC engages with international partners to prepare for the future Eight Allies & Partners At PC22
  286. ^ An example exercise —Spc. Joseph Knoch, 5th Public Affairs Detachment (July 11, 2019) Guard units join US Army and Hungarian forces in exercise: 3rd 197th Artillery Battalion from the Ohio and New Hampshire National Guards working alongside Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF)
  287. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (July 12, 2019) Relationship with allies key to maintaining competitive edge, says SF commander From the perspective of Special Forces
  288. ^ "Interoperability is huge for our Army; we fight as a coalition..."—Lt. Gen. Jim Richardson Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (April 4, 2019) Allies to join Army Futures Command
  289. ^ Lt. Col. Edward A. Fraser and Command Sgt. Maj. Robert V. Abernethy (April 1, 2019) Strong Europe: A continental-scale combat sustainment laboratory includes Euler diagram of European alliances, partners, competitors
  290. ^ Sgt. LaShic Patterson (August 6, 2019) 2/2CR unloads vehicles at the Poti port for AS19 Agile Spirit 19: Vaziani Military Base, Tbilisi, Georgia
  291. ^ Maj. Kevin Sandell, U.S. Army Central Public Affairs (June 26, 2019) U.S. physician teaches Steppe Eagle 19 medical participants to 'race the Reaper'
  292. ^ a b c d Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (June 13, 2019) Poland Deal Lays Groundwork For Division-Strength Deployment: A division-scale exercise next year in Europe, Defender 2020, will be the largest in a quarter-century. Establishes 7 major elements going forward beyond 2020.
  293. ^ Wendover Productions (27 August 2019) The US' Overseas Military Base Strategy Estimates 800 current DoD bases, but some of them are transitory. Video clip.
  294. ^ Eric Schmitt The New York Times (14 July 2019) "Rehearsing for a Shadow War Against a Foe Embraced by Trump" pp. A1, A10.
  295. ^ "Minister says Britain must reduce military dependence on U.S.: report". Reuters. 11 Jan 2020.
  296. ^ National Guard Bureau (January 2019) State Partnership Program.
  297. ^ Bradley Bowman and Thomas Pledger (10 August 2020) Modernize The National Guard's State Partnership Program
  298. ^ James P. Micciche (21 September 2020) U.S. Below War Threshold Options Against China The opinion of a strategist and Civil affairs officer
  299. ^ Col. Christopher Holshek, USA Ret. (19 August 2020) Expanding Multi-Domain Operations to Win Moral Competition A recommendation —"integrate military-civilian physical and informational power"
  300. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (24 February 2020) DoD Adopts AI Ethics Principles — But How Will They Be Enforced?
  301. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (16 Sep 2020) Military AI Coalition Of 13 Countries Meets On Ethics
  302. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (23 Apr 2021) Artificial Intelligence, Lawyers And Laws Of War
  303. ^ Colin Clark (13 Jul 2021) SecDef Austin Commits US To ‘Responsible AI’ 28th SecDef
  304. ^ Valerie Insinna and Aaron Mehta (26 May 2022) Updated autonomous weapons rules coming for the Pentagon: Exclusive details DoD directive 3000.09
  305. ^ Aaron Mehta 'The Indo-Pacific Theater is "our priority theater"—Mark Esper.' (27 August 2019) Esper calls for new basing investments in the Pacific Sites to be determined
  306. ^ Todd South (10 Jan 2020) The Pacific must mean more than Korea rotations for the Army to counter China —Secretary McCarthy
  307. ^ Todd South (May 8, 2019) The Pacific push: New rotation, thousands more soldiers heading to the region as the Army readies for a new kind of fight
  308. ^ Jen Judson (4 February 2020) US Army wants to expand pre-positioned stock in Pacific APS Preparation for 2021: Test of the 24-hour/7-days a week operations center, and Army sealift capability in Pacific, just as Defender 2020 is a "test of the rails and roads in Europe"
  309. ^ a b c Headquarters, United States European Command (11 March 2020) Exercise Defender Europe 20 update Troop reduction
  310. ^ Theresa Hitchens (13 March 2020) COVID-19: WH Relocates Space Council Meet; Space Symposium Postponed
  311. ^ U.S. Army (16 March 2020) DEFENDER Europe 20 modified in size and scope
  312. ^ Kevin Baron (17 March 2020) Attacks on DOD Networks Soar As Telework Inflicts ‘Unprecedented’ Loads
  313. ^ Connie Lee (14 Sep 2020) Emphasizing Large Warfighting Exercises (UPDATED)
  314. ^ Colin Clark (13 Oct 2020) Army Lost 3 NTC Training Rotations To COVID; FORSCOM Curbs Pace Next Year Too
  315. ^ MARK CANCIAN, ADAM SAXTON, AND NIDAL MORRISON (10 Nov 2020) COVID-19 AND THE U.S. MILITARY
  316. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe
  317. ^ a b Paul McLeary (16 December 2019) From The Baltic To Black Seas, Defender Exercise Goes Big, With Hefty Price Tag
  318. ^ a b Jen Judson (8 September 2019) US Army's multidomain force emerges in Europe
  319. ^ Training Support Activity Europe (16 September 2021) 2nd Multi-Domain Task Force Activation Ceremony live stream. I2CEWS is a detachment.
  320. ^ a b Jacob Kriss, CECOM Public Affairs (October 16, 2019) CECOM Empowering Strategic Support Area Readiness: Strategic Power Projection Pre-positioned stocks "with enough equipment for an entire brigade or division, up to 15,000"
  321. ^ U.S. Army Public Affairs (October 7, 2019) Army exercise largest in 25 years Test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to Europe
  322. ^ Lt. Gen. Stephen Twitty (October 1, 2019) Logistics Important to Shaping the European Theater
  323. ^ Major Bradley Cooper, U.S. Army (September 2019) Precision Logistics: Sustainment for Multi-Domain Operations LSCO
  324. ^ a b U.S. Army Public Affairs (21 January 2020) Army begins movement for Defender-Europe 20 exercise
  325. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Kelvin Ringold (16 January 2020) 'Wolfpack' prepares for DEFENDER mission 13th Expeditionary Sustainment Command (ESC)
  326. ^ Christopher Woody (Oct 16, 2019) The US Army is worried about a potential showdown with Russia, and it's practicing a new way to get to a fight in Europe
  327. ^ a b Roger N. McDermott (03 February 2020) Moscow Reacts Warily to NATO's Largest Military Exercise in 25 Years "The wide-spanning maneuvers are to focus on the Baltic States, Poland and Georgia, involving more than 36,000 personnel from 11 countries (Lenta.ru, January 26, 2020)"
  328. ^ US Army (October 15, 2019) Army Guard improves readiness, supports National Defense Strategy "is in the process of realigning eight full National Guard divisions for the Army"
  329. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (October 15, 2019) Defender exercise to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to project power in Europe
  330. ^ a b JOHN VANDIVER (January 6, 2020) Middle East crisis could mean adjustments to Europe's largest military exercise in decades "The Army will adapt as needed, USAREUR officials said."
  331. ^ Aaron Mehta (15 Mar 2020) Estonia's top military officer on putting aside national interests for regional defense
  332. ^ Spc. Elliott Page (3 February 2020) Coleman Barracks Army Prepositioned Stock Site DEFENDER-Europe 20 Movement
  333. ^ Steve DeVane and Rachael Riley (Jan. 4, 2020) Fort Bragg community in North Carolina on edge as soldiers head to Middle East 82nd Airborne (with 18,000 troops) has an 18-hour readiness status (after the first phone call).—27th Secretary of Defense Mark Esper
  334. ^ BREAKING DEFENSE STAFF (17 October 2019) Mind the Gap: The Army Looks to a New Assault Bridge for Heavy Armor Maneuvers in Europe
  335. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (06 February 2020) OMFV: The Army's Polish Bridge Problem Optionally manned fighting vehicle (OMFV) is a modernization project. The 11-meter Joint Assault Bridge is short for a major European river. Abrams tanks are heavier than typical Eastern European bridges' weight limits.
  336. ^ Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner – The Art, Science, and Challenges of River Crossing (USACE)
  337. ^ Train.Army.mil ART 1.2.8.1 Conduct Forward Passage of Lines
  338. ^ EUCOM (2020) DEFENDER Europe Trifold
  339. ^ Defense News (5/22/2021) Video: American forces in Europe, and multidomain operations | Defense News Weekly Full Episode, 5.22.21 26:19
  340. ^ Defense News Todd South (15 Mar 2021) Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off Defender Europe 2021
  341. ^ Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer (4 May 2021) Equipment, vehicles issued to units in Estonia for DEFENDER Europe 21 drawn from APS-2
  342. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (10 February 2021) V Corps to be put through its paces before reaching full operational capability this fall
  343. ^ a b Army Times "Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off". Army Times. 15 March 2021.
  344. ^ "NATO, US to stage large-scale military exercises around Serbia until summer". Euractiv. 22 March 2021.
  345. ^ "Germany Says Russia Seeking To 'Provoke' With Troop Buildup At Ukraine's Border". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2021.
  346. ^ Christopher Stewart Sgt. (April 8, 2019) Germany's 1st Armored Division Spearheads Allied Spirit X[permanent dead link]
  347. ^ Spc. Yon Henderson (April 17, 2019) Exercise brings American firepower to European partners
  348. ^ Sgt. Thomas Mort (April 23, 2019) 2-34 Intel team proves invaluable during Allied Spirit X
  349. ^ Capt. Jay Beeman, 5th Battalion, 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (April 30, 2019) Combat advisor teams sharpen skills in multinational exercise
  350. ^ A RIC-U might be used by a coalition partner to encrypt their individual networks, when interoperating with a US Army voice network.
  351. ^ Sgt. Sean Harding (25 February 2020) 3rd SFAB and Kurdish Peshmerga work side by side to defeat threats; Peshmerga refers to the Iraqi Kurdish Army.
  352. ^ Davis Winkie (6 Aug 2021) Army won't give up German, Belgian bases scheduled for closure, it says after review
  353. ^ a b Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (July 19, 2019) Building relationships, interoperability through exchange program
  354. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (25 Nov 2020) Budget Up, French Army Preps For Major Wargames With US Wargames are all-out stress tests for command posts, but simulate troop levels. Planned for Warfighter 21-04.
  355. ^ Paul McLeary and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 July 2020) US & UK Ink Pact On Next-Gen Aircraft, Long-Range Missiles
  356. ^ a b c Thomas Brading, Army News Service (12 February 2021) Army scales up joint capabilities as Project Convergence grows
  357. ^ a b c Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (27 April 2020) Army Rebuilds Artillery Arm For Large-Scale War
  358. ^ C Todd Lopez (21 Apr 2022) Austin to Host Meeting in Germany to Discuss Ukraine's Long-Term Defense Needs integrate with allies and partners
  359. ^ Jim Garamone (5 Aug 2022) Austin Launches New Round of Discussions With Hemispheric Partners
  360. ^ —Sec. Def. Lloyd Austin— Gen Charles Flynn (12 Oct 2021) AUSA 2021 Warriors Corner – New Approaches, New Dilemmas and New Opportunities: U.S. Army Multi-Domain Land Power in the Indo-Pacific video clip,minute 3:06. See, sense, understand Indo-Pacom
  361. ^ Davis Winkie (28 Jun 2023) Exclusive: Army secretary talks force structure cuts, SOF 'reform' in favor of MDTFs, IFPC (indirect fires protection capability), DE-MSHORAD (directed energy mobile short-range air defense using high-energy lasers); and maintaining the Immediate response force
  362. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (23 Mar 2021) ‘Land Forces Are Hard To Kill’: Army Chief Unveils Pacific Strategy
  363. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (10 May 2021) Army Plans To Grow Artillery EXCLUSIVE Five MDTFs are planned.
  364. ^ Andrew Eversden (23 Sep 2022) Army formally activating its second Multi-Domain Task Force focused on the Pacific
  365. ^ a b 1st Lt. Kaitlyn Kilgore (21 November 2023) 3rd Multi-Domain Task Force delivers Fires and Effects during JPMRC 24-01 Multi-Domain Effects Battalion (MDEB)
  366. ^ a b Jen Judson (15 Mar 2023) US Army chief wants three multidomain task force units in the Pacific MDTFs are agile, relocatable. 4th MDTF loc is TBD.
  367. ^ Cathy Kropp (USAEC) (21 Jun 2022) Army seeks public feedback on proposed stationing of multi-domain task force
  368. ^ Sec. Army Christine E. Wormuth OCPA (10.11.20) AUSA 2021: Opening Ceremony
  369. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 May 2021) Army Discloses Hypersonic LRHW Range Of 1,725 Miles; Watch Out China Ranges for: ERCA, GMLR-ER, PRSM, MRC, LRHW
  370. ^ Andrew Feickert, Specialist in Military Ground Forces, Congressional Research Service (CRS) (31 May 2022) The Army’s Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF) report IF11797
  371. ^ Todd South (17 Sep 2021) Army’s first multi-domain task force in Europe gets to work[permanent dead link] in Norway, including an I2CEWS battalion-sized element
  372. ^ Andrew Eversden (4 Nov 2021) Army reactivates theater artillery command amid Russian build-up near Ukraine European Theater Fires Command
  373. ^ John Gordon IV, John Matsumura, RAND corporation (2021) Army Theater Fires Command: Integration and Control of Very Long-Range Army Fires RR-A809-1
  374. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (13 Apr 2021) BREAKING New Army Long-Range Units Head To Germany
  375. ^ a b Sgt. Evan Ruchotzke (21 April 2021) Warfighter 21-4 concludes, strengthens collaboration with British and French forces
  376. ^ Jason Douglas (15 Nov 2017) Fort Hood building new mission training complex
  377. ^ Muriel Delaporte (3 Jun 2021) US, France, UK Hammer Out Multinational Corps Warfighting
  378. ^ a b Spc. Zachary Stahlberg (20 May 2021) Dynamic Front 21 shows the future of modern artillery 1800 troops from 15 nations held an Artillery Systems Cooperation Activities University, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland
  379. ^ a b Gabriella Sullivan (13 October 2021) V Corps completes Warfighter 22-1 en route to becoming America's forward deployed Corps in Europe
  380. ^ Devin Klecan (3 Nov 2021) Victory in Europe: V Corps reaches major milestone
  381. ^ a b Jen Judson (11 Oct 2021) US Army insists next year’s Defender Europe is not canceled
  382. ^ a b Thomas Brading, Army News Service (13 January 2020) More deployments, stronger presence set for Pacific, says SecArmy
  383. ^ Paul McLeary (2 April 2020) EXCLUSIVE Indo-Pacom Chief's Bold $20 Billion Plan For Pacific; What Will Hill Do?
  384. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (21 May 2020) Talent management key to filling future specialized MDO units I2CEWS battalion needs to be filled using the Assignment Interactive Module 2.0 (AIM 2.0)
  385. ^ Andrew Eversden (1 Apr 2022) Army’s next Multi-Domain Task Force will be ‘tied’ to Indo-Pacific
  386. ^ Kyle Rempfer (30 May 2020) Final SFAB activates with upcoming missions in Asia, as Army plans a Pacific Pathways restart "5th SFAB has hired 90 percent of its required troops"
  387. ^ Kyle Rempfer (1 Mar 2021) Security force assistance brigade wants a third of its members in Indo-Pacific at all times
  388. ^ a b c d Theresa Hitchens (7 May 2020) New Air Force deviceONE To Allow Remote Top-Secret Access For Services, IC
  389. ^ Theresa Hitchens (7 Oct 2020) First Joint Exercise To Test All-Domain Capabilities: Valiant Shield 2020 ABMS Onramp 3 was scaled down
  390. ^ a b c Theresa Hitchens (29 June 2020) Air Force Eyes European ABMS Demo In Spring
  391. ^ BRETT TINGLEY AND TYLER ROGOWAY (5 Aug 2021) Kratos Says Secret "Off-Board Sensing Station" Unmanned Aircraft Will Be Transformative: The U.S. Air Force has a classified program to field low-cost, attritable drones that can be used as "off-board sensing stations." OBSS
  392. ^ Colin Clark (12 Nov 2020) Dunlap Unveils First ‘Global’ ABMS Exercise Linked together by XQ-58 drones in May 2021
  393. ^ KELSEY ATHERTON (10 September 2020) NSA Prepares Unclassified Threat Reports — From Home
  394. ^ Richard Cody (10 Sep 2021) Project Convergence: Exercise Shows Value In Data Weapons Check For The Digital Age at JSIL
  395. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (19 Jan 2021) Facing Cuts, Army Chief Touts Pacific Role
  396. ^ Colin Clark (20 Jan 3031) Austin To Scrub US Pacific Posture; More Bases, Troops Likely
  397. ^ Clare Foran (22 Jan 2021) Senate confirms Lloyd Austin to be first Black defense secretary
  398. ^ Stacie Pettyjohn, Becca Wasser, and Jennie Matuschak (20 Jul 2021) Risky Business: Future Strategy and Force Options for the Defense Department integrated deterrence
  399. ^ Dzirhan Mahadzir (29 Jul 2021) Admiral: Talisman Sabre Proves U.S., Allies Can Create Pacific Naval Force in Days Expeditionary Strike Group 7, 31st MEU, Amphibious Squadron 11
  400. ^ ww3 high tension – UK / China / South China Sea High Tension update Friday, July 30, 2021 UK Carrier Strike Group 21 enters South China Sea
  401. ^ Defender Anthony Bryant (5 August 2021) Pacific 21: Special Forces Soldiers, JGSDF conduct bilateral operations in Guam
  402. ^ Colin Clark (16 Sep 2021) Nuke Sub Accord ‘First Step’ For Deeper US-Aussie Cooperation; Aussies Get NRO Ties "AUKUS" accord
  403. ^ Colin Clark (24 September 2021) Quad Pushes Chip Supply Security, 5G ‘Diversification,’ Cybersecurity
  404. ^ Mark Cancian and Adam Saxton (14 February 2020) 2021 Budget Spells The End of US Force Expansion Reduced topline $740.5 billion; Army remains at 31 BCTs, 5 SFABs, and 11 CABs.
  405. ^ Jen Judson (11 Oct 2021) 'No way around it' Facing budget cuts, Army braces to fight for modernization
  406. ^ Headquarters, Dept of the Army (HQDA) (19 Jan 2021) Regaining Arctic Dominance
  407. ^ Mikayla Easley (2 Aug 2022) Army Tackles Arctic Challenges Alongside European Allies NTCs come to Alaska
  408. ^ Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate staff (23 Jan 2023) Army developing first Arctic doctrine in more than 50 years
  409. ^ HQDA DCS G-3/5/7 (2 Apr 2021) The Army Arctic Strategy
  410. ^ U.S. Army Alaska (21 Jul 2021) Alaska's Senior Army Commander
  411. ^ AP (12 May 2022) Army poised to revamp Alaska forces to prep for Arctic fight In process
  412. ^ Army Public Affairs (31 May 2022) Army announces initiatives to improve quality of life for Soldiers in Alaska AK initiatives in 2022: visits by VCSA, SMA, SecArmy, CSA, hiring 17 behavioral health providers, with a temporary surge in the interim
  413. ^ Voice of America (July 2022) The Inside Story: Alaska: America’s Strategic Frontier
  414. ^ Andrew Eversden (6 June 2022) Seeking morale boost in Alaska, Army formally re-activates 11th Airborne Division
  415. ^ Eve Baker (6 Dec 2022) German Army delegation visit enhances partnership with US Army in Alaska
  416. ^ Melissa Rossi (10 Jun 2022) Russian military moves in the Arctic worry the U.S. and NATO
  417. ^ Headquarters, Dept of the Army (19 Jan 2021) Regaining Arctic Dominance
  418. ^ Andrew Eversden (26 Jan 2022) BAE, Oshkosh cold weather vehicle prototypes survive Army’s Alaskan tests
  419. ^ Jen Judson (22 Aug 2022) BAE Systems wins US Army deal for Cold Weather All-Terrain Vehicle
  420. ^ Mark Schauer (13 Oct 2022) New Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle shows its stuff at the Army's Cold Regions Test Center
  421. ^ Voice of America (3 Sep 2022) Biden To Name Arctic Ambassador As China Eyes Region Senate confirmation required
  422. ^ Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche, Reuters (16 Nov 2022) NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic
  423. ^ Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer (16 May 2022) US Army float bridge system employed in Poland during DEFENDER-Europe 22
  424. ^ Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer (5 May 2022) 405th AFSB supports DEFENDER-Europe 22 with APS-2 bridge system, boats
  425. ^ Capt. Angelo Mejia (9 Jun 2022) V Corps wraps up DEFENDER-Europe 22 Two wet gap crossings, Poland to Lithuania
  426. ^ Colin Demarest (23 Mar 2022) Lockheed eyes Project Convergence after successful 5G expedition on Humvees
  427. ^ Andrew Eversden (11 Apr 2022) Electronic warfare and drone swarms: Here’s the Army’s plan for EDGE 22 Electronic warfare and drone swarms: (Experimental Demonstration Gateway Exercise) risk reduction exercise 25 April-12 May for PC22, includes 20 other DoD organizations, and joint partners "Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, France, Canada and the United Kingdom"
  428. ^ Colin Demarest (6 Jun 2022) Army verifies info-sharing abilities with forces joining Project Convergence 22 "The testing included more than 50 technologies, according to the Army, and stretched from the Combined Joint Systems Integration Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland and Fort Bliss in Texas to the U.K. and Australia".
  429. ^ Headquarters, Department of the Army, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7 (DAMO-SSW) (29 Oct 2021) Global Defender 22
  430. ^ Todd South (11 Apr 2022) The Army’s transformation begins with these new units 17 capability gaps identified
  431. ^ Jona3than Koester (15 Jun 2022) Modernization leaders gather for Project Convergence 22 final planning conference
  432. ^ Army Futures Command (19 Sep 2022) Project Convergence 2022 to demonstrate futuristic joint, multinational warfighting technologies inaugural PC22 Technology Gateway
  433. ^ Jen Judson (10 Oct 2022) Project Convergence exercise has new gateway to test emerging tech +PC22 experiments
  434. ^ Lauren C. Williams (11 Oct 2022) Small Radios On Armored Vehicles Will Be a Big Step Toward the Army's Networked Future "The challenges include trying to install them and making sure they don’t run out of range"
  435. ^ Colin Demarest (12 Oct 2022) US Army carefully folding Ukraine info into Project Convergence tests
  436. ^ Jaspreet Gill (19 Oct 2022) As Project Convergence tries new 'tech gateways', 2 AI algorithms to transition to programs of record Todd Army 2040
  437. ^ Andrew Eversden (19 Oct 2022) At Project Convergence, Army doubles down on 'fully autonomous' Black Hawk experiments
  438. ^ Jen Judson (15 May 2022) US Army’s virtual world becoming high-demand war planning tool One World Terrain (OWT) data sets to be used at PC22 Oct and Nov 2022
  439. ^ a b c Patrick Tucker (21 Oct 2022) The Military’s Network Warfare Experiment Scaled Up This Year
  440. ^ Colin Demarest (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed".
  441. ^ Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command (16 Nov 2022) PC22 experimentation furthers US, partner military efforts to dominate future battlefield
  442. ^ Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command; Sgt. Daniel Ramos, 22nd Mobile Public Affairs Detachment contributed (20 Oct 2022) 82nd Airborne Soldiers engage in future warfighting experimentation
  443. ^ Jaspreet Gill (15 Nov 2022) At Project Convergence, data management is Army’s biggest challenge
  444. ^ Chris Gordon (8 Dec 2022) DOD’s New Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability Will Underpin JADC2 But Require Cultural Shift, Officials Say
  445. ^ Chris Gordon (2 Dec 2022) Project Convergence
  446. ^ Lauren C. Williams (9 Dec 2022) For DOD, 2023 Is All About Proving It Can Build A Tactical Cloud DISA's Stratus
  447. ^ Sean Carberry (2 Nov 2022) JUST IN: Autonomous Army Helicopter Proves Ready for Action nationaldefensemagazine.org
  448. ^ a b Sgt. 1st Class Terysa King (April 12, 2023) Spain port operation kicks off DEFENDER 23 US Army Europe and Africa army.mil
  449. ^ OCPA (10 December 2021) AUSA 2021: CMF #3 – Project Convergence PC23 hub & spoke
  450. ^ Andrew Eversden (14 Oct 2021) Four Questions With Army Futures Commander Gen. John Murray
  451. ^ Jen Judson (11 Oct 2021) US Army weighs taking future Project Convergence exercises abroad Archived 24 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  452. ^ Jen Judson (7 Feb 2023) Army sets sights on 2024 for next Project Convergence
  453. ^ Ashley Roque (8 Feb 2023) No Convergence in 2023: Army deliberating the path ahead for signature JADC2 exercise
  454. ^ Ashley Rocque (15 Dec 2023) Fires, AI and human-machine prototype unites: Army gears up for Project Convergence
  455. ^ Sam Skove (13 Dec 2023) Army looks to field loitering munitions next year Fort Moore and Fort Irwin
  456. ^ AFC Communication Directorate (24 Jan 2024) Army announces Project Convergence Capstone 4 PC-C4 is 23 February 2024 – 20 March 2024; media day is 5 March 2024 at Camp Pendleton
  457. ^ Reuters (18 Jan 2024) NATO to hold biggest drills since Cold War with 90,000 troops
  458. ^ Lara Jakes and Christina Anderson (29 Jan 2024) For Europe and NATO, a Russian Invasion Is No Longer Unthinkable
  459. ^ John Vandiver, Defense Media Activity [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/soldiers-head-to-europe-pentagon-sends-fort-bliss-troops-on-snap-deployment/ (27 March 2019) Soldiers head to Europe: Pentagon sends Fort Bliss troops on snap deployment]
  460. ^ V Corps (9 Sep 2022) 1ABCT/3ID rapid deployment to EUCOM, using prepositioned stock at APS in Poland
  461. ^ David Burge [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/20/b-2-thaad-deploys-to-israel-11th-ada-bde-unit-participates-in-joint-rapid-deployment-exercise/ (20 March 2019) B-2 THAAD deploys to Israel: 11th ADA Bde. unit participates in joint rapid deployment exercise]
  462. ^ Capt. Robert N Durr 10th AAMDC (March 14, 2019) U.S. Deploys THAAD to Israel
  463. ^ Capt. Aaron Smith, 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/17/useucom-concludes-11th-ada-thaad-task-force-deployment-to-israel/ (17 April 2019) USEUCOM concludes 11th ADA, THAAD task force deployment to Israel]
  464. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Jason Epperson (May 22, 2019) US deploys THAAD anti-missile system in first deployment to Romania
  465. ^ a b Spc. Christina Westover, 24th TPASE [http:[dead link]//fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/10/eurovision-2nd-abct-soldiers-polish-12th-mech-display-might/ (April 10, 2019) Eurovision 2nd ABCT Soldiers, Polish 12th Mech. display might]
  466. ^ Sgt Sarah Kirby 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tennessee Army National Guard (September 2018) Tenn. Army National Guard Assumes Responsibility of NATO's eFP Battle Group Poland!
  467. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (May 6, 2019) New capabilities, rotations to bolster Army presence in Eastern Europe
  468. ^ WSJ (12 June 2019) US plans new military deployment in Poland
  469. ^ Lolita C. Baldor, The Associated Press (11 June 2019) Officials: US to send about 1,000 more troops to Poland
  470. ^ U.S. Army Sgt. Kyle Larsen, 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (June 27, 2019) 174th ADA and NATO demonstrate lethality over 16-day span Tobruq Legacy 2019 (TOLY19) Ustka, Poland
  471. ^ Paul McLeary (December 13, 2019) Defense Chief: With Giant Exercise Looming, Poland Looks To Lead Central Europe
  472. ^ Paul McLeary (24 June 2020) Poland Talks New Bases As Duda Meets At White House
  473. ^ a b Aaron Mehta (29 Jun 2022) US increasing troop presence in Europe, while new NATO strategy eyes China
  474. ^ Ashish Dangwal (25 Sep 2023) Patriot Missile: Another Country In Chinas Backyard Could Get US Defense System As Tensions Mount With Beijing
  475. ^ Paul McLeary (3 August 2020) Poland Agrees To Pay Almost All Costs of US Troop Presence
  476. ^ Kyle Rempfer (4 Aug 2020) Army's resurrected V Corps will go to Poland 5500 US troops now authorized for Poland. Rotational forces of 200 troops from V Corps will staff the forward command post, out of a 630-member HHBN based at Fort Knox Kentucky.
  477. ^ Meghann Myers, Aaron Mehta, and Sebastian Sprenger (29 Jul 2020) Thousands of troops are coming home from Germany, but some of them could be going right back
  478. ^ Paul McLeary (31 July 2020) Poland Wraps Deal For Permanent US Troops, Drones, Special Ops In addition,
    • "4,500 members of the Second Cavalry Regiment in Germany will return to the US, and then begin rotations in the Black Sea region"
    • 2000 troops to relocate from Stuttgart to Mons
    • On hold: 2000 Airmen were due to deploy from UK to Germany
    • An F-16 squadron will move from UK to Italy
  479. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Aaron Duncan (9 July 2021) 1st ABCT, 1 ID arrives for Atlantic Resolve 4 ports were used in offloading for Atlantic Resolve
  480. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (4 Feb 2022) US to deploy 3,000 troops to Romania, Poland, Germany in addition to the prepare-to-deploy orders to 8,500
  481. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed 14 July 2021
  482. ^ Todd South (14 Jul 2021) Tanks are here to stay: What the Army's future armored fleet will look like
  483. ^ Caleb Larson (19 Jul 2021) 250 U.S. Made M1 Abrams Tanks Are Headed To Russia's Doorstep
  484. ^ a b Alan Charlish and Pawel Florkiewicz (15 Jul 2022) Poland to buy 116 used Abrams tanks from U.S., says minister
  485. ^ Daniel Tilles, Notes from Poland (28 Jun 2023) Poland receives first Abrams tanks from US
  486. ^ a b Jen Judson (7 Dec 2022) US State Dept. clears sale of Abrams tanks to Poland +"12 M88A2 Hercules combat recovery vehicles, eight M1110 Joint Assault Bridges, six M577A3 command vehicles, 26 M1152A1 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles, 26 M1279A1 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles, and ammunition and supporting equipment" for additional $3.75 billion on top of the M1A2 Abrams agreement.(+mention of the Patriot missiles, HIMARS, and F-35s)
  487. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (9 September 2022) Poland asks US for Apache helicopters to pair with its Abrams tanks
  488. ^ Sam Skove How a tiny Polish airport became a key node for Western aid to Ukraine one is at Rzeszów-Jasionka
  489. ^ Bartosz Glowacki (8 September 2022) Poland buying 96 AH-64E Apaches, as modernization spending spree continues
  490. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (5 Sep 2023) Poland buys hundreds of Naval Strike Missiles in $2 billion deal
  491. ^ Jen Judson (5 Sep 2023) Poland is first foreigner to buy US Army's new missile defense radar LTAMDS
  492. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (11 Sep 2023) Poland to buy 486 HIMARS launchers from Lockheed Martin
  493. ^ Justin Katz (12 Sep 2023) Expanding in Poland, Northrop pushes battle management system further into Europe
  494. ^ a b Arpi Dilantsian and Matthew Howard (April 1, 2019) Plan, prepare, practice: An interview with Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson
  495. ^ Theresa Hitchens (16 Sep 2020) Esper Signals Importance Of All Domain & ABMS At AFA
  496. ^ Theresa Hitchens (16 Sep 2020) Ray Wants ARRW ‘Soonest’ For B-52, B-1
  497. ^ Winkie, Davis (29 June 2022). "Thousands more soldiers will be posted to Europe and rotating through". Army Times.
  498. ^ Carla Babb (8 February 2023) Exclusive: US Planning HIMARS Training Center in Europe, General Tells VOA 18 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems were sold to Poland, along with GMLRS's, ATACMS for $10 billion.
  499. ^ Marcus Weisgerber (13 Feb 2023) Will Roper's startup; NATO talks Ukrainian fighter jets; Poland cleared to buy $10B in HIMARS; and more. 18 launchers
  500. ^ Vivienne Machi (17 Feb 2023) US State Department approves sale of HIMARS to Netherlands 20 M142 HIMARS launchers, along with 17 Humvees, with support and communications equipment, and 29 GMLRS M30A2 Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System pods
  501. ^ Jen Judson (23 February 2023) Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says
  502. ^ Jen Judson (8 March 2023) Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible' —7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush
More