Transformative justice is a series of practices and philosophies designed to create change in social systems. Mostly, they are alternatives to criminal justice in cases of interpersonal violence, or are used for dealing with socioeconomic issues in societies transitioning away from conflict or repression. Other fields of practice have adopted transformative justice, including to address groups' work on other social issues and climate justice.

Description

As per the works of American activist Mariame Kaba, transformative justice is a political framework that focuses on community-building and collective solidarity against the repressive mechanisms of the state. First popularized by LGBTQIA2S+, Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and otherwise marginalized communities due to their perception that they were unable to rely on the police and the courts to obtain justice after being victimized by interpersonal harm (such as hate crimes, sexual assaults, and domestic violence), it prioritizes the importance of relationships with oneself, one's community, and one's environment.[1][2] The lineage of contemporary strands of transformative justice practices remains rooted in other anti-carceral and abolitionist social movements that emanate from Black, Indigenous and other racialized communities.

Transformative justice divests from traditional methods of state-sanctioned punishment, such as police, prisons, courts and juvenile delinquency programs, as it is premised on the assumption that these institutions inflict more harm on individuals through surveillance and social control, which fosters even more violence and harm both within prisons and communities on the outside.[1]

Transformative justice also rests on the belief that interpersonal harm reflects systemic and institutional dimensions of oppression. For instance, sexual assault mirrors the patriarchal conception of women as devoid of personal agency. Therefore, transformative justice asserts that in order to eradicate interpersonal violence, the systemic structures of power (such as patriarchy, cisheteronormativity, racism, ableism, and colonialism) must also be dismantled.[1]

Transformative justice takes the principles and practices of restorative justice beyond the criminal justice system.[3] It applies to areas such as environmental law, corporate law, labor-management relations, consumer bankruptcy and debt, and family law. Transformative justice uses a systems approach, seeking to see problems, as not only the beginning of the crime but also the causes of crime, and tries to treat an offense as a transformative relational and educational opportunity for victims, offenders and all other members of the affected community. In theory, a transformative justice model can apply even between peoples with no prior contact.[4]

Adrienne Maree Brown contends that transformative justice cannot occur if the reaction to each committed transgression is one of a public takedown reminiscent of cancel culture, calling out the hypocrisy of thinkers in the movement who reproduce the same forms of violence in their disagreements that the transformative justice movement aims to obliterate.[5] Brown offers some practical considerations to reflect on, in situations of conflict, that would allow for a collective pivot to transformative justice:

Transformative justice can be seen as a general philosophical strategy for responding to conflicts akin to peacemaking.[6] Transformative justice is concerned with root causes and comprehensive outcomes. It is akin to healing justice more than other alternatives to imprisonment.

As in transformative learning, one works from desired future states back to the present steps required to reach them. The issue is not whether the perpetrator may make a choice to do something similar again, but whether the community is willing to support the victim and perpetrator in some form of contact.[7] It is possible for the community to choose to support the perpetrator and not the victim as defined by the law, but if they do so they may be obligated to support some re-definition of "equity" so that law comes back into line with the social concept of equity. For example, it is possible for the community to support imprisonment as a means of isolation but not punishment.

This model for decarceration may have roots in the work of Samuel Tuke and B. F. Skinner but departs by relying on individual volunteers' caring and supporting capacity, not any socially imposed etiquette derived from civilization. Transformative justice theory has been advanced by Ruth Morris[8] and Giselle Dias of the Canadian Quakers.

Anarchist criminology tends to favour holistic transformative justice approaches over restorative justice, which it tends to argue is too beholden to the existing criminal justice system.[9]

Transformative Justice and Restorative Justice Compared

Transformative justice is distinguishable from restorative justice in that transformative justice places emphasis on addressing and repairing harm outside of the State. Writer and transformative justice practitioner adrienne maree brown uses the example of a person who has stolen money in order to buy food to sustain themselves: “if the racialized system of capitalism has produced such inequality that someone who is hungry and steals a purse to resource a meal, returning the purse with an apology or community service to does nothing to address that hunger”.[10] Instead, transformative justice requires “the work of addressing harm at the root, outside the mechanisms of the state, so that we can grow into the right relationship with one another”.[10]

Transformative justice is further distinguishable from restorative justice in that, as many activists and movements stress, the latter is more easily vulnerable to state co-optation. While many of the goals of restorative justice intersect or are compatible with the goals of transformative justice, many restorative justice practices tend to operate within the confines of existing state structures, such as within jails or through community programs involving law enforcement. For example, many restorative justice initiatives take place directly within jails and involve a collaborative relationship with law enforcement or with state sponsored justice systems. As Mimi Kim writes:

“What most of these restorative justice programs share, however, is a collaborative tie to law enforcement, a fact often taken for granted or just as easily overlooked as the promise of restoration rather than retribution distracts attention from the carceral conditions that still bind many of these practices. While pitched as an alternative to the machinery of mass incarceration, restorative justice programs are often initiated from within or in close collaboration with the criminal legal system, leaving its assumptions, its personnel, and its program design within the logic and institutions of the carceral state. In practice, this means that these programs, in large part, leave the selection of cases and, likewise, their potential withdrawal from qualification to prosecutors; failure to meet law enforcement standards may result in sentencing and incarceration; and a number of such programs are carried out entirely within the walls of jails and prisons.”[11]

A stark divide between restorative justice and transformative justice rests on the question of whether or not to engage with the criminal justice system in navigating responses to instances of harms or violence. It is the reliance on or collaboration with formalized or state systems of justice that distinguishes restorative justice approaches from transformative justice ones. Thus, while restorative justice and transformative justice may share similar ideological underpinnings and goals, their set of approaches and tactics can be quite divergent.

In contrast to restorative justice, no quantification or assessment of loss or harms or any assignment of the role of victim is made, and no attempt to compare the past (historical) and future (normative or predicted) conditions is made either.[12] While restorative justice seeks to return the victim to their initial state before the harm occurred, transformative justice is more concerned with questioning whether the conditions in place before the harm are themselves equitable and just, and looks to redress them in order to prevent further harm within the community. [13] The victim is not normally part of the transformative process, but can choose to be. Participants agree only on what constitutes effective harms reduction, which may include separating or isolating perpetrator and victim.

In contrast to equity-restorative justice, there is no social definition of equity imposed on participants. Each is free to decide on some "new normal" state of being for themselves, and is not pressured to agree on it.[14] A victim may continue to seek revenge or desire punishment, e.g. as in retributive justice systems. A perpetrator may lack remorse and may say that they lack remorse.

Socioeconomic issues in transitional and post-conflict settings

Transformative justice also refers to policy and practice responses to socioeconomic issues in societies transitioning away from conflict or repression. It is closely associated with the scholarship and practice of transitional justice, and refers to "transformative change that emphasises local agency and resources, the prioritisation of process rather than preconceived outcomes, and the challenging of unequal and intersecting power relationships and structures of exclusion at both local and global levels".[15]

Climate justice

Main article: climate justice

Some climate justice approaches promote transformative justice where advocates focus on how vulnerability to climate change reflects various structural injustices in society, such as the exclusion of marginalized groups from decision-making and from climate resilient livelihoods, and that climate action must explicitly address these structural power imbalances. For these advocates, climate change provides an opportunity to reinforce democratic governance at all scales, and drive the achievement of gender equality and social inclusion. At a minimum, priority is placed on ensuring that responses to climate change do not repeat or reinforce existing injustices, which has both distributive justice and procedural justice dimensions. Other conceptions frame climate justice in terms of the need to curb climate change within certain limits, like the Paris Climate Agreement targets of 1.5C, otherwise the impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems will be so severe as to preclude the possibility of justice for many populations.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Kaba, Mariame (2021). We Do This 'Til We Free Us. Haymarket Books. OCLC 1364642078.
  2. ^ Chen, Ching-In; Dulani, Jai; Piepzna-Samarasinha, Leah Lakshmi, eds. (2016). The Revolution Starts at Home: Confronting Intimate Violence Within Activist Communities (2nd ed.). AK Press. ISBN 9781849352628.
  3. ^ "Toward Transformative Justice: A Liberatory Approach to Child Sexual Abuse and other forms of Intimate and Community Violence" (PDF). Generation Five. June 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  4. ^ Morris, Ruth (2000). Stories of Transformative Justice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press and Women's Press. p. 3.
  5. ^ a b Brown, Adrienne Maree (2020). Dixon, Ejeris; Piepzna-Samarasinha, Leah Lakshmi (eds.). Beyond Survival: Strategies and Stories From the Transformative Justice Movement. AK Press. pp. Chapter 23: pp.1-3. ISBN 9781849353625.
  6. ^ "Creative Interventions Toolkit: A Practical Guide to Stop Interpersonal Violence" (PDF). Creative Interventions. 2012. p. Section 2, Page 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-11. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  7. ^ Ritchie, Andrea (February 2019). "Expanding Our Frame: Deepening our Demands for Safety and Healing for Black Survivors of Sexual Violence, A Policy Brief" (PDF). Incite National. pp. 17–18. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  8. ^ "Ruth Rittenhouse Morris". www.quakersintheworld.org. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
  9. ^ Nocella, Anthony J. II; Seis, Mark; Shantz, Jeff (2018). "Introduction: The Rise of Anarchist Criminology". In Nocella, Anthony J. II; Seis, Mark; Shantz, Jeff (eds.). Contemporary Anarchist Criminology: Against Authoritarianism and Punishment. Peter Lang. p. 3.
  10. ^ a b brown, adrienne maree (2020). We will not cancel us : and other dreams of transformative justice. Malkia Cyril. Chico, CA. ISBN 978-1-84935-423-3. OCLC 1204133942.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Kim, Mimi E. (2019-12-11). "Anti-Carceral Feminism: The Contradictions of Progress and the Possibilities of Counter-Hegemonic Struggle". Affilia. 35 (3): 309–326. doi:10.1177/0886109919878276. ISSN 0886-1099. S2CID 214377405.
  12. ^ Morris, Ruth (2000). Stories of transformative justice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 9781551301747. OCLC 43279287.
  13. ^ Mingus, Mia (Jan 11, 2019). "Transformative Justice: A Brief Description". Transform Harm: A Resource to Ending Violence.
  14. ^ Smith, Candace (2013-03-05). "Restorative Justice and Transformative Justice: Definitions and Debates". Sociology Lens. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  15. ^ Gready, Paul; Robins, Simon, eds. (2019). From transitional justice to transformative justice. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316676028. ISBN 9781316676028. S2CID 241327856.
  16. ^ Cameron, Edward; Shine, Tara; Bevins, Wendi (September 2013). "Climate Justice: Equity and justice informing a new climate agreement" (PDF). Washington, DC: World Resources Institute & Mary Robinson Foundation.

Further reading

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