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((Short description|Main repository of the regalia of the Kingdom of France))
((more citations needed|date=December 2020))

The '''Treasury of Saint-Denis''', kept at the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]] in [[Paris]] until the [[French Revolution]], was the main repository of the ''[[regalia]]'' of the [[Kingdom of France]], including the ''[[ancien régime]]'' portion of what are now known as the [[French Crown Jewels]]. Its surviving items are presently scattered between the [[Louvre]], the ''[[Cabinet des Médailles]]'' of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|French National Library]], and other museums.

A complementary set of coronation-related ''regalia'' was kept at [[Reims Cathedral]], where some remain exhibited at the [[Palace of Tau]].

==History==
[[File:Dom Félibien 1706 trésor de St-Denis.jpg|thumb|300px|One of the engravings from the description of the treasury by [[Michel Félibien]], 1706. Among other objects, it depicts ''[[Joyeuse]]'' (far left), the Cross of Saint Eligius (left), the bust reliquary of Saint Benedict (center), the Screen of Charlemagne (right); and on the front row, from left to right, [[Suger's Eagle]], the ''Navette de Saint Denis'', the Sardonyx Ewer, and the [[Crown of Charlemagne]].]]

The [[abbey]] of [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]] became a royal [[necropolis]] with the burial there of [[Dagobert I]] in the 7th century, confirmed as such by the burials of [[Charles Martel]] and [[Pepin the Short]], and became an anchor shrine of the French monarchy under the early [[Capetian dynasty]]. Major donors also included [[Charles the Bald]] in the 9th century, [[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]] and [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] at the time when [[Suger]] was both the Saint-Denis [[abbot]] and a key royal adviser, [[Philip II of France|Philip II]], [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], and other French monarchs. As centuries went by, many objects acquired a semi-mythical aura and were given [[Anachronism|anachronistic]] labels as having belonged to [[Solomon]], [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]], [[Dagobert I|Dagobert]], [[Charlemagne]], [[Roland]], [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], and other iconic figures of the past.

A number of the treasury's precious objects, including the main royal crown, were destroyed during the [[French Wars of Religion]]. In 1706, the treasury was described in detail by the [[Congregation of Saint Maur|Maurist]] scholar [[Michel Félibien]] in his ''Histoire de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denys en France'', including engravings of the precious objects, at a time when they were kept in seven large wooden closets.<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture |url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/treasuremain.html|title=The Treasure of Saint Denis))</ref>

Many others objects were looted or destroyed during the turmoil of the [[French Revolution]]. A number of objects, including the [[throne of Dagobert]], were transferred to the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library]] in September 1791. In 1792, following legislation in May that abolished [[Religious congregation|congregations]], religious activity stopped at the abbey. Turmoil followed a year later, as the royal necropolis was desecrated in October 1793. On 5 December 1793, some of the treasury's objects were deposited in the [[Louvre|Louvre museum]]. Other were sold in July 1798, such as the 7th-century "brooch of [[Dagobert I|Dagobert]]”.<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl2/PlateII-r.html|title=Brooch of Dagobert))</ref> Even among the objects that had been taken under public custody, some were stolen, in 1795 from the [[Louvre]] and in 1804 from the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque nationale]]. Others were stolen in 1830.<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl3/PlateIII-x.html|title=Brooch for a Cope))</ref> Meanwhile, the reconstituted canons of Saint-Denis acquired several ancient objects to replenish their treasury, and others were donated by the monarchs during the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], but a number of these were stolen again in 1882. A few additional items disappeared during the 20th century.<ref>((citation|author1=Michèle Bimbenet-Privat Michèle|author2=Brigitte Lainé|title=Reconstituer le trésor de Saint-Denis ? Les acquisitions d'orfèvrerie ancienne (XVIe et XVIIe siècles) sous la Monarchie de Juillet|journal=Bulletin Monumental |volume=165 |issue=2|date=2007|pages=195–207|url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/bulmo_0007-473x_2007_num_165_2_1441.pdf))</ref>

In 1991, the treasury of Saint-Denis was the theme of an exhibition at the [[Louvre]].<ref>((cite book|author=Daniel Alcouffe|publisher=Réunion des musées nationaux|location=Paris|title=Le trésor de Saint-Denis: exposition Musée du Louvre, Paris, 12 mars – 17 juin, 1991|date=1991))</ref>

==Selected lost items==
* Two near-identical crowns both known successively as the [[Crown of Charlemagne]] (or alternatively, of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]]), actually the coronation crowns of [[Philip II of France]] and his wife [[Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France|Ingeborg of Denmark]]. These were donated to the abbey by Philip in 1223, then taken back by [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] and donated again by [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] in 1261. The king's crown was melted in 1590 by [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|Charles de Guise]] during the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]]'s rule in Paris. The queen's crown was subsequently used as a substitute and correspondingly also known as the Crown of Charlemagne; a still-extant [[emerald]] known as the ''émeraude de Saint Louis'' is believed by some scholars to be from that crown.<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl3/PlateIII-p.html|title=Crown of St. Louis))</ref> Another crown, known as the Crown of [[Joan of Évreux]],<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/FelePl4/PlateIV-t.html|title=Crown of Queen Jeanne d'Evreux))</ref> was used for the queens' coronation. Both disappeared in 1793 during the [[French Revolution]]. 
* The early Bourbon kings had two crowns each made for their coronation, one of gold and the other [[silver-gilt]]: the Treasury kept the corresponding six crowns of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] and [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. It also had funeral crowns created for [[Anne of Austria]], [[Maria Theresa of Spain]], [[Henrietta Maria]], [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe of Orléans]], and [[Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria]].<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/Comparative/Regalia.html|title=Treasure: Regalia))</ref>
* ((ill|Scepter of Saint Louis|fr|Sceptre de saint Louis)), main scepter of the kings of France, probably created around 1300, decorated with a large [[Fleur-de-lis]], disappeared in 1589 or 1590
* ''((ill|Sceptre à la rose|fr))'', main scepter of the queens of France, melted in 1589 or 1590 by destitute monks of the abbey
* [[Scepter of Dagobert]], believed to have been created by [[Saint Eligius]] in the 7th century, stolen in 1795 from the [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl2/PlateII-q.html|title=Scepter of Dagobert))</ref>
* Several versions of the "Hand of Justice" (''((ill|main de justice|fr))''), often held together with the scepter of Saint Louis, all destroyed during the Revolution; a 1804 recreation for the [[coronation of Napoleon I]], which includes older elements including the 13th-century "ring of Saint Denis",<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl3/PlateIII-y.html|title=Ring of St. Denis))</ref> is held in the [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=4745|title=Main de Justice|website=Louvre))</ref>
* ''((ill|Fermail de la chappe|fr))'', a large brooch that was used on the royal coronational mantle, sold in 1798
* "Screen of Charlemagne" (''escrain de Charlemagne''), a 9th-century piece of monumental jewelry<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/FelePl4/PlateIV-c.html|title=Screen of Charlemagne))</ref> of which the crowning gem remains, known as the ''intaille de [[Julia Flavia|Julie]]'', kept at the [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbcvqn|title=intaille, "Julie, fille de l'empereur Titus" (inv.58.2089)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* Reliquary of a piece of the [[True Cross]] donated by [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor|Baldwin I of Constantinople]] to [[Philip II of France|Philip II]], 13th century<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl1/PlateI-a.html|title=Cross of Philippe-Auguste))</ref>
* Bust reliquary of [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saint Denis]], late 13th century, disappeared in 1793<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl3/PlateIII-a.html|title=Bust Reliquary of St. Denis))</ref>
* Bust reliquary of [[Benedict of Nursia|Saint Benedict]], donated in 1401 by [[John, Duke of Berry]], melted during the French Revolution; some of its [[Cameo (carving)|cameos]] were reused in the 1804 [[Crown of Napoleon]], now in the [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/FelePl4/PlateIV-b.html|title=Bust Reliquary of Saint Benedict))</ref>
* Shrine of the relics of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]], 16th century, melted down in 1794<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl4/PlateIV-a.html|title=Shrine of Saint Louis))</ref>
* Cross of [[Saint Eligius]] (''croix de Saint Eloi''), a 7th-century [[processional cross]];<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=https://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/France/St-denis/felebien/FelePl4/PlateIV-b.html|title=Cross of Charles the Bald (also called Cross of Charlemagne)))</ref> a fragment remains in the [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web| url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbd3p8|title=croix, "Fragment de la croix de Saint Eloi" (Inv.56.324)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* Cross Reliquary of [[Saint Lawrence]], a gift from [[Charles the Bald]], melted down in 1793<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl2/PlateII-b.html|title=Cross Reliquary of Saint Lawrence))</ref>
* A piece of [[alabaster]] known as "jug from the [[Marriage at Cana]]", thought to have been lost during [[World War I]]<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl1/PlateI-r.html|title=Jug from Marriage at Cana))</ref>
* ''[[Oriflamme]]'' or battle standard of France, documented mainly between the 12th and 15th centuries

==Selected surviving items==
* [[Throne of Dagobert]], 7th/8th/9th centuries, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]
* ''[[Joyeuse]]'' or the "Sword of [[Charlemagne]]", 10th to 13th centuries, [[Louvre]]
* ((ill|Coronation spurs|fr|Éperons du sacre)), parts from the 12th, 16th and 19th centuries, [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.louvre.fr/mediaimages/eperons-du-sacre-regalia|website=Louvre|title=Éperons du sacre, Regalia))</ref>
* [[Scepter of Charles V]] also known as "scepter of Charlemagne", 14th century, [[Louvre]]
* [[Crown of Louis XV of France]], created for his coronation in 1722, [[Louvre]]
* "[[Emerald]] of Saint Louis", possibly from the (second) "crown of Charlemagne", [[National Museum of Natural History, France|National Museum of Natural History]]<ref>((cite web|website=Centre de Recherches Géographiques et Géochimiques|url=http://www.crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr/Science/Emeraudes/Gallery_st_louis_sertie.html|title=Emeraude de Saint Louis - St Louis Emerald))</ref>
* "Ring of Saint Louis", 14th century, [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|website=Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=4888|title=Anneau sigillaire dit "de saint Louis"))</ref>
* "Brooch of Saint Louis" (''fermail de Saint Louis''), 14th century, [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|website=Réunion des Musées Nationaux|url=https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/82-000684-2C6NU0H1SEXB.html|title=Fermail dit fermail de saint Louis))</ref>
* [[Cup of the Ptolemies]], sculpted in [[onyx]], 3rd century BC, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]
* "Cup of [[Solomon]]", more recently known as cup of [[Khosrow I|Khosrow]], a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] creation of the 6th or 7th century, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbb62|title=coupe, "Coupe dite de Chosroès" (Camée.379)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* [[Cameo (carving)|Cameo]] of [[Augustus]] (sometimes referred to as of [[Germanicus]]), 1st century CE, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbcvn3|title=camée, "Auguste" (Camée.234)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* [[Chalcedony]] bust of [[Augustus]], 1st century, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbcvrx|title=camée, "Buste d’Auguste" (Camée.233)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* [[Saint-Denis Crystal]], 9th century [[engraved gem]], [[British Museum]], [[London]]
* ((ill|Paten of serpentine|fr|Patène de serpentine)), 9th century, [[Louvre]]
* [[Charlemagne chessmen]], several [[chess pieces]] in [[ivory]] created in the 11th century, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]
* "[[Olifant (instrument)|Olifant]] of [[Roland]]", ivory, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbd06p|title=olifant (Inv.55.344)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* [[Reliquary]] of the bones of [[Pancras of Rome|Saint Pancras]], 13th century, [[Rouen Cathedral]]<ref>((cite web|website=Images of Medieval Art and Architecture|url=http://www.medart.pitt.edu/image/france/st-denis/felebien/FelePl1/PlateI-q.html|title=Reliquary of the Bones of Saint Pancrace))</ref>
* Ivory statue of the Virgin and Child, 14th century, [[Taft Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati]]<ref>((cite web|website=Gothic Ivories|url=http://gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk/images/ivory/518E1B5A_5390c01f.html|title=	Statuette (part of a group); Virgin and Child from the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis (Vierge de Saint-Denis) (Back)))</ref>
* [[Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux]], 14th century [[silver-gilt]] sculpture, [[Louvre]]
* "Navette de Saint Denis", a vessel from the 9th or 10th century with 11th-century decoration, [[Cabinet des Médailles]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gbcvff|title=
coupe, "Navette de Saint-Denis" (Camée.373)|website=Bibliothèque nationale de France))</ref>
* a series known as the ''vases de Suger'' as they were created under [[Suger]]'s rule from earlier stone vessels: 
** [[Chalice]] of [[Suger]], with on [[onyx]] cup of the 2nd or 1st century BC, [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington DC]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/highlights/chalice-of-the-abbot-suger-of-saint-denis.html|website=National Gallery of Art|title=Chalice of the Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis))</ref>
** [[Suger's Eagle]], with a 2nd-century [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] vase, [[Louvre]]
** ((ill|Vase of Eleanor|fr|Vase de cristal d'Aliénor)), with a 6th- or 7th-century Persian [[rock-crystal]] vessel, [[Louvre]]
** ''((ill|Aiguière aux oiseaux|fr))'' ("Ewer with birds"), with a 10th- or 11th-century Egyptian [[rock-crystal]] vessel, [[Louvre]]
** Sardonyx ewer (''Aiguière en Sardoine''), with a vase possibly from 7th-century [[Byzantium]], also in the [[Louvre]]<ref>((cite web|website=Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=5265|title=Aiguière de sardoine))</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Couronne de saint Louis BNF.jpg|"Crown of Charlemagne"
Couronne Henri IV et fermail Dom Félibien.jpg|One of the two coronation crowns of Henry IV and the ''fermail de la chappe''
Crowns, Musée du Louvre, April 2011blackened.jpg|[[Crown of Louis XV of France|Crown of Louis XV]]
Sceptre, anneau royal et main de justice d'Henri IV.jpg|"Scepter of Louis IX" and the "hand of justice"
Sceptre de Dagobert.jpg|"[[Scepter of Dagobert]]"
Sceptre de Charles V.jpg|Detail of the [[scepter of Charles V]], or "scepter of Charlemagne"
Epee sacre fourreau louvre.JPG|''[[Joyeuse]]''
Éperon du sacre louvre.JPG|"Coronation spurs"
Fermail de sacre - Louvre.jpg|"Brooch of Saint Louis"
Paris Musée Cluny Trône de Dagobert 135.jpg|"throne of Dagobert"
Julie, Intaille CM.JPG|Engraved gem of [[Julia Flavia]], only remaining part of the "Screen of Charlemagne"
Coupe de Chosroès.JPG|"Cup of Solomon" (or of Khosrow)
Echiquier de Charlemagne roi CdM.jpg|The King piece of "Charlemagne's chess"
Aigle de Suger.jpg|[[Suger's Eagle]]
Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|Ewer with birds
Aiguière de sardoine.jpg|Sardonyx ewer
French 12th Century (mounting); Alexandrian 2nd-1st Century B.C.(cup) , Chalice of the Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis, NGA 1437.jpg|"Chalice of Suger"
Vase d'Aliénor (Louvre, MR 340).jpg|"Vase of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eleanor]]"
Patène de serpentine.jpg|Paten of serpentine
CdM, busto di augusto in calcedonio, fine I secolo ac., con iscrizione greca aggiunta in epoca bizantina.JPG|[[Chalcedony]] bust of [[Augustus]]
Intaglio Nero CdM.jpg|Gem of [[Nero]]
St Denis Crystal (2).JPG|[[Saint-Denis Crystal]]
Coupe des Ptolémées 01.JPG|[[Cup of the Ptolemies]]
Virgin and Child of Jeanne d'Evreux.jpg|[[Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[French Crown Jewels]]
* [[Imperial Regalia]]
* [[Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Great Cameo of France]]

==Notes==
((Reflist))

[[Category:French Crown Jewels]]
[[Category:Church treasuries]]
[[Category:True Cross]]

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