Treaty of Kyakhta

Signing of the Treaty
Signed	29 May 1915
Location	Kyakhta, Russian Empire
Parties	Russian Empire Republic of China Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Ratifiers	Emperor Nicholas II President Yuan Shikai Bogd Khan

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Prehistoric period Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC Chandman culture 700–300 BC
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Modern period National Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919 Chinese occupation 1919–1921 People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921 1921–1924 People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 Modern Mongolia 1990–present
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The Treaty of Kyakhta (Mongolian: Хиагтын гэрээ; Russian: Кяхтинский договор; Chinese: 中俄蒙協約) was a tri-party treaty signed on 25 May 1915 among Russia, Mongolia, and China.

Russia and China recognized Outer Mongolia's autonomy (as part of Chinese territory); Mongolia recognized China's suzerainty; Mongolia could not conclude international treaties with foreign countries regarding political and territorial questions.^[1]

The Mongolian representative, Prime Minister Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, was determined to stretch autonomy into de facto independence, and to deny the Chinese anything more than vague, ineffectual suzerain powers. The Chinese sought to minimize, if not to end, Mongolian autonomy.^[2]

Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent, all-Mongolian state. Nevertheless, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control^[3] and, according to explanation by baron B.E. Nolde, the Director of Law Section of the Russian Foreign Ministry, had all necessary attributes of the state in the international law of that time.^[4]

The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of Mongolia declared in 1911, but eventually became moot after the October Revolution of 1917, and the Mongolian Revolution of 1921.