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((short description|1860 treaty between Morocco and Spain))
((refimprove|date=March 2020))

((Infobox treaty
| name                    = Treaty of Wad Ras<br>((Lang|ar|معاهدة واد راس))<br>((Lang|es|Tratado de Wad-Ras))
| long_name               =
| image                   = La Paz de Wad-Ras.jpg
| image_size              = <!-- 200px -->
| alt                     = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption                 = The Treaty of Wad Ras as portrayed by [[Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer]]
| type                    =
| context                 =
| date_drafted            =
| date_signed             = ((Start date|1860|04|26))
| location_signed         =[[Wadi Ras]], [[Morocco]]
| date_sealed             =
| date_effective          =
| condition_effective     =
| amendment               =
| date_expiration         = <!-- ((End date|YYYY|MM|DD)) OR: -->
| date_expiry             = <!-- ((End date|YYYY|MM|DD)) -->
| provisional_application = 
| mediators               = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators             = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories    = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories             = ((flagicon|Morocco|1666)) [[Abbas bin Abd al-Rahman|Mawlay Abbas]]<br>((flagicon|Spain|1785)) [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]]
| parties                 = ((flagicon|Morocco|1666)) [[Morocco]]<br>((flagicon|Spain|1785)) [[History of Spain (1810–1873)|Spain]]
| ratifiers               = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor               = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations               = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY -->
| language                = <!-- OR: -->
| languages               = [[Arabic]]<br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| wikisource              = <!-- OR: -->
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| wikisource2             = 
| wikisource3             = 
| wikisource4             = 
| wikisource5             = 
| footnotes               =
))((History of Morocco))
The '''Treaty of Wad Ras''' (((Lang-ar|معاهدة واد راس)), ((Lang-es|Tratado de Wad-Ras))) was a treaty signed between Morocco and Spain at the conclusion of the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|War of Tetuan]] on April 26, 1860 at Wad Ras, located between [[Tétouan|Tetuan]] and [[Tangier]]. The conditions of the treaty exacerbated Morocco's defeat in the war, with major concessions being granted to Spain. Morocco was forced to pay a 20 million ''[[Spanish peseta|duro]]'' (equivalent to $4 million 1861 [[United States dollar|US dollars]])<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=25|oclc=855022840))</ref> [[War reparations|indemnity]]—far greater the balance of the [[Makhzen]]'s treasury; the territories of the Spanish [[Enclave and exclave|exclaves]] of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] were extended further into Moroccan territory; and [[Sidi Ifni]] became a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish possession]].<ref name=":0" />

Following the treaty, the Moroccan government took a massive [[1861 British loan to Morocco|British loan]] larger than its national reserves to pay off its [[War reparations|war debt]] to Spain.<ref name=":32">((Cite book |last=Miller, Susan Gilson. |title=A history of modern Morocco |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-62469-5 |location=New York |oclc=855022840))</ref>

== Historical context ==
((Main|Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|))
From 1859 to 1860, Morocco became engaged with the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|War of Tetuan]] against Spain. Morocco had recently suffered a major defeat in the [[Franco-Moroccan War]] at the hands of the [[July Monarchy|French]] in 1844. In 1856, the Moroccan government signed the [[Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856|Anglo-Moroccan Treaty]], opening up the country to foreign trade while granting several rights to British subjects in Morocco and reducing the control of the [[Makhzen|Makhzen's]] over the [[Economy of Morocco|Moroccan economy]].<ref name=":02">((Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|pages=23|oclc=855022840))</ref> 

The Spanish campaign of 1859 came in response to the skirmishes led by local tribes that took place around the Spanish enclaves.<ref name="ت2">[http://tawiza.olikeopen.com/Tawiza154/ghadiri.htm ضربة المدفع التي مددت حدود المدينة المحتلة مليلة في القرن التاسع عشر، بقام د. مصطفى الغديري، عن موقع تاويزة]</ref> 

After the Spain's victory over Morocco at the Battle of Tetuan and its conquest of the city in 1860, the Spanish general [[Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuán|Leopoldo O'Donnell]] decided to attack Tangier. The Moroccan army, led by [[al-Abass Bin Abderrahman]], brother of Sultan [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Muhammad IV]], attempted to challenge the attack at Wad Ras, where he suffered a massive defeat. This defeat forced Muhammad IV to sign a peace treaty with major concessions.

== Main provisions ==
[[File:Madrid_-_Congreso_de_Diputados_1.JPG|right|thumb|Image of the Spanish parliament building with two lions sculpted from Moroccan canons seized in the Battle of Wad Ras in 1860]]
* Paying Spain a [[War reparations|war indemnity]] of 20 million ''[[Spanish peseta|duro]]''. (Article 9)
* Continued occupation of Tetuan and the surrounding area until the payment of the indemnity in full. (Article 9)
* Expansion of the territory of [[Ceuta]] to the Bullones Mountains and the Anghera Rivine.<ref name="إكس">[http://cala.unex.es/cala/epistemowikia/index.php?title=Tratado_de_Wad-Ras بالإسبانية: نص المعاهدة من موقع مشروع إبيستيموويكيا المعرفي التابع لجامعة إيكستريمادورا الإسبانية] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111830/http://cala.unex.es/cala/epistemowikia/index.php?title=Tratado_de_Wad-Ras|date=6 October 2017))</ref> (Article 3)
* Appointment of a Spanish-Moroccan committee of engineers to draw a precise map of the border. (Article 4)
* Signing the treaty of August 24, 1859, which provided for the expansion of the borders around [[Melilla]], [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], and [[Alhucemas Islands]] the distance of a cannon shot. (Article 5)
* Forcing the Sultan of Morocco to provide security forces led by a general or officer of the Makhzen to protect the Spanish areas from hostile tribes. (Article 6)
* Relinquishing expansive territory surrounding the fort known as [[Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña]] (now [[Sidi Ifni]]) originally built in the period of [[Isabella I of Castile]], located in the south of Morocco. (Article 8)
* Creation of an [[Evangelism|Evangelist]] mission in Fes, and forcing Morocco to protect it in its proselytizing activities throughout Morocco. (Article 10)
* Building a Spanish Catholic church in Tetuan after the departure of Spanish forces (Article 11).
* Spain and its [[Plazas de soberanía|North African colonies]] receiving [[Most favoured nation|most favored nation]] status in trade with Morocco. (Article 13)
* Allowing Spanish colonies in North Africa to freely buy and export lumber harvested from surrounding forests. (Article 15)
* Freeing prisoners of war of both sides. (Article 16)

== Aftermath ==
((Further|1861 British loan to Morocco))
To help pay the indemnity, Morocco took a loan from private investors in Britain. The loan, issued by Sirs Robinson, Fleming and Philippe P. Blyth, amounted to £501,200, of which the Sultan actually received £426,000.<ref name=":03">((Cite book |last=Barbe |first=Adam |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Barbe2016.pdf |title=Public debt and European expansionism in Morocco From 1860 to 1956 |date=August 2016 |publisher=Paris School of Economics))</ref> The British loan was to be repaid from half of the tariff revenue collected at Moroccan ports, to be overseen by European agents.<ref name=":12">((Cite book |last=Miller |first=Susan Gilson |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840 |title=A history of modern Morocco |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-62469-5 |location=New York |oclc=855022840))</ref>((Rp|page=25|pages=)) The other half of the tariff revenue at Moroccan ports went toward the amount owed directly to Spain.<ref name=":04">((Cite book |last=Barbe |first=Adam |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Barbe2016.pdf |title=Public debt and European expansionism in Morocco From 1860 to 1956 |date=August 2016 |publisher=Paris School of Economics))</ref>

The annual repayment of the loan represented 12% of Morocco's customs revenues, and it was repaid regularly up until 1882, when the loan was repaid in full and British civil servants left the country.<ref name=":05">((Cite book |last=Barbe |first=Adam |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Barbe2016.pdf |title=Public debt and European expansionism in Morocco From 1860 to 1956 |date=August 2016 |publisher=Paris School of Economics))</ref>

== References ==
((Reflist))
((Portal bar|Spain|Morocco))
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:History of Morocco]]
[[Category:History of Spain]]
[[Category:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)]]

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