You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.195.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 09:46, 11 January 2025.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 January 2025
Your current IP address is 44.195.68.6. The blocked range is 44.195.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Ferns that grow with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level))
((More citations needed|date=October 2017))
[[File:Rainforest near Belle - Dominica.jpg|thumb|A tree fern near [[Belles]], [[Dominica]]]]
[[File:Alsophila sp. tree ferns - Misamis Oriental, Philippines 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Alsophila (plant)|Alsophila]]'' sp. tree ferns overlooking a valley in [[Misamis Oriental]], [[Philippines]]]]
The '''tree ferns''' are arborescent (tree-like) [[fern]]s that grow with a [[trunk (botany)|trunk]] elevating the [[frond]]s above ground level, making them [[tree]]s. Many extant tree ferns are members of the order [[Cyatheales]], to which belong the families [[Cyatheaceae]] (scaly tree ferns), [[Dicksoniaceae]], [[Metaxyaceae]], and [[Cibotiaceae]]. It is estimated that Cyatheales originated in the early Jurassic,<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5119233/ Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica - NCBI]</ref><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5119233/figure/fig-1/ Chronogram of the Cyatheaceae and other tree fern lineages]</ref> and is the third group of ferns known to have given rise to tree-like forms. The others are the extinct ''[[Tempskya]]'' of uncertain position,<ref>((Cite journal|last=Martínez|first=Leandro C.A.|last2=Olivo|first2=Mariana S.|date=August 2015|title=Tempskya in the Valanginian of South America (Mulichinco Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina) — Systematics, palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003466671500069X|journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology|language=en|volume=219|pages=116–131|doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.04.002|hdl=11336/49538|hdl-access=free))</ref> and [[Osmundales]] where the extinct [[Guaireaceae]] and some members of [[Osmundaceae]] also grew into trees. In addition there were the [[Psaronius|Psaroniaceae]] and [[Tietea singularis|Tietea]] in the [[Marattiaceae|Marattiales]], which is the sister group to most living ferns including Cyatheales.

Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are ''[[Leptopteris]]'' and ''[[Todea]]'' in the family Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under a metre tall. Fern species with short trunks in the genera ''[[Blechnum]]'', ''[[Cystodium (plant)|Cystodium]]'' and ''[[Sadleria]]'' from the order [[Polypodiales]], and smaller members of Cyatheales like ''[[Calochlaena]]'', ''[[Cnemedaria]]'', ''[[Culcita (plant)|Culcita]]'' (mountains only tree fern), ''[[Lophosoria]]'' and ''[[Thyrsopteris]]'' are also considered tree ferns.

==Range==
Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, as well as cool to temperate [[rainforest]]s in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and neighbouring regions (e.g. [[Lord Howe Island]], etc.). Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of [[spore]]s formed on the undersides of the fronds.

==Description==
[[File:Tempskya sp. - MUSE.jpg|left|thumb|Reconstruction of ''[[Tempskya]]'', an extinct fern from the [[Cretaceous]]]]
The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-[[pinnate]]. Their trunk is actually a vertical and modified [[rhizome]],<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3936591/ Trends and concepts in fern classification - NCBI]</ref> and [[wood]]y tissue is absent. To add strength, there are deposits of [[lignin]] in the cell walls and the lower part of the stem is reinforced with thick, interlocking mats of tiny roots.<ref>[http://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/stem.html Stem - The University of Auckland]</ref> If the [[Crown (botany)|crown]] of ''Dicksonia antarctica'' (the most common species in gardens) is damaged, it will inevitably die because that is where all the new growth occurs. But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as ''D. squarrosa'' and ''D. youngiae'', can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate position and begin new vertical growth.

==Uses==
((Update-EB|section=yes|date=May 2021))
Tree-ferns have been cultivated for their beauty alone; a few, however, were of some economic application, chiefly as sources of starch. These include the ''[[Sphaeropteris excelsa]]'' of [[Norfolk Island]] that was threatened with extinction for the sake of its [[sago]]-like [[pith]], which was eaten by pigs. It is now widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, although there is only one small wild population on Norfolk Island.<ref name="Norfolk Island National Park 2023">((cite web |title=Norfolk Island Plants |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/norfolk/discover/plants/ |website=Norfolk Island National Park |publisher=Australian Government Parks Australia |access-date=6 April 2023))</ref> ''[[Sphaeropteris medullaris]]'' (mamaku, black tree fern) also furnished a kind of sago to people living in New Zealand, Queensland and the Pacific islands. A [[Java]]nese species of ''Dicksonia'' (''D. chrysotricha'') furnishes silky hairs, which were once imported as a [[Antihemorrhagic#Styptics|styptic]], and the long silky or wooly hairs, abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of ''Cibotium'' have not only been put to a similar use, but in the [[Hawaiian Islands]] furnished wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which was formerly an article of export.<ref name="EB1911">((EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tree-Fern|volume=27|page=235))</ref>

==Species==
[[image:nzfern.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Transplanted ''Dicksonia antarctica'' tree ferns at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England]]
It is not certain the exact number of species of tree ferns there are, but it may be close to 600-700 species.<ref>((Cite book |title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071792738|edition=11th |volume=18|location=New York|pages=642|oclc=785808931))</ref> Many species have become [[extinct]] in the last century as forest habitats have come under pressure from human intervention.((citation needed|date=October 2020))
* ''[[Lophosoria]]'' (tropical America, 1 species)
* ''[[Metaxya]]'' (tropical America, 1 species)
* ''[[Sphaeropteris]]'' (tropical America, [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] to [[New Zealand]], the [[Marquesas]], and [[Pitcairn Island]], about 120 species)
* ''[[Cyathea sect. Alsophila|Alsophila]]'' (pantropic area, about 230 species)
* ''[[Nephelea]]'' (tropical America, about 30 species)
* ''[[Trichipteris]]'' (tropical America, about 90 species)
* ''[[Cyathea]]'' (tropical America, Australasia, about 110 species)
* ''[[Cnemidaria]]'' (tropical America, about 40 species)
* ''[[Dicksonia]]'' (tropics and southern subtropics in [[Island Southeast Asia]], [[Australasia]], America, [[Hawaii]], [[St. Helena]], about 25 species)
* ''[[Cystodium (plant)|Cystodium]]'' (Island Southeast Asia, 1 species)
* ''[[Thyrsopteris]]'' ([[Juan Fernández Islands]], 1 species)
* ''[[Culcita (plant)|Culcita]]'' (tropical America, [[Macaronesia]], [[Iberian Peninsula]], 2 species)
* ''[[Cibotium]]'' (Southeast Asia, Hawaii, [[Central America]], about 12 species)

==References==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* [http://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/110221/Flora_Tech_Note_05_Treefern_identification_and_management.pdf Flora Technical Note No. 5: Identification and management of tree ferns] from Tasmania Forest Practices Authority
* [http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/plants/tree-fern Tree Fern] from the San Diego Zoo website

[[Category:Ferns]]
[[Category:Plant common names]]
[[Category:Plants by habit]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Tree fern (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite EB1911 (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite encyclopedia (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite wikisource/make link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:EB1911 (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Update-EB (edit)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Tree fern.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_fern"