Tribrachidium heraldicum is a tri-radially symmetric fossil animal that lived in the late Ediacaran (Vendian) seas. In life, it was hemispherical in form. T. heraldicum is the best known member of the extinct group Trilobozoa.[citation needed]
Etymology
The generic name Tribrachidium is derived from combination of the Ancient Greek: τρία (tria, "three") + Latin: brachium ("arm") + diminutive suffix -idium. The specific name T. heraldicum references the similarity of the pattern of this fossil with the well-known heraldic triskelion design, such as the coat of arms of the Isle of Man.[3]
T. heraldicum is preserved as negative impressions on the base of sandstone beds. These fossils have a circular, three-lobe form, with straight or trefoil-like edges; they are usually covered by numerous radial branched furrows. The central part of the fossil has three hooked ridges ("arms"). The lobes are twisted into weak spirals.[9]
The diameter of specimens ranges from 3 to 40 millimetres (0.3 to 4.0 cm).[10] Its meter-scale distribution was found to be variable occurring both as solitary individuals and in groups.[11]
Feeding Method
In a 2015 study, Rahman et al. proposed that Tribrachidium heraldicum used a rare 'gravity settling' mode of suspension feeding based on computational fluid dynamics simulations, which showed that water flow was directed passively by the arms, funneling it towards three depressions (‘apical pits’) where water flow slowed down so that food particles would fall out of suspension.[12]
Reconstruction and affinity
Reconstruction of Tribrachidium and other organisms: Tribrachidium heraldicum (top); Wigwamiella enigmatica,a taphomorph of aspidella (left); and Rugoconites enigmatica (right).
Tribrachidium was originally described by Martin Glaessner as a problematic organism, one that is excluded from all known major groups of animals by its tri-radial symmetry. However, Tribrachidium's superficial resemblance to edrioasteroidechinoderms was well known to researchers and discussed.[3][4] Later, Glaessner rejected any putative affinities of this animal with any known phyla, leaving the status of its taxonomy uncertain.[13] Originally, the various structures on the poorly preserved Australian specimens were interpreted as tentacles, peculiar arms and mouth,[4] but later this interpretation was rejected. Its mode of locomotion in life also remains unknown.[citation needed]
Pomoria Corolliformis was once thought to be a Cnidarian polyp, although it has been disproven as instead being a poorly preserved Tribrachidium.
With the discovery of the closely related Albumares and Anfesta, along with the discoveries of much better-preserved Russian specimens, Mikhail Fedonkin proposed for these animals the new taxon, Trilobozoa – an extinct group of tri-radially symmetrical coelenterate-grade animals.[14][15] Originally, Trilobozoa was erected as a separate class in the phylum Coelenterata, but after Coelenterata was divided into separate phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora, the Trilobozoa was transferred to the rank of phylum.[16]
M. Fedonkin has shown that the fossil of Tribrachidium is an imprint of the upper side of the animal's body, with some elements of its external and internal anatomy. The radial furrows on the fossil are radial grooves on the surface of the living animal, while the three hooked ridges in central part of the fossil are imprints of cavities within the body.[14]Tribrachidium was a soft-bodied benthic organism that temporarily attached (but did not accrete) to the substrate of its habitat (microbial mats).[9]
^Fedonkin, M. A. (1983). "Non-skeletal fauna of Podoloia, Dniester River valley". In Velikanov, V. A.; Asse]eva, E. A.; Fedonkin, M. A. (eds.). The Vendian of the Ukraine (in Russian). Kiev: Naukova Dumka. pp. 128–139.
^Fedonkin M.A. (1978). "New locality of non-skeletal Metazoa in the Vendian of Whinter Coast". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 239 (6): 1423–1426.
^Glaessner, M. F. (1979). "Precambrian". In Robison, R. A.; Teichen, C. (eds.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part A. Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America: University of Kansas Press. pp. 79–118.
^ abFedonkin, M. A. (1985). "Systematic Description of Vendian Metazoa". In Sokolov, B. S.; Iwanowski, A. B. (eds.). Vendian System: Historical–Geological and Paleontological Foundation, Vol. 1: Paleontology (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 70–106.
^Fedonkin, M. A. (1990). "Precambrian Metazoans". In Briggs D.; Crowther P. (eds.). Palaeobiology: A Synthesis(PDF). Blackwell. pp. 17–24. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
^Runnegar, B. N.; Fedonkin, M. A (1992). "Proterozoic Metazoan Body Fossils". In Schopf, J. W.; Klein, C. (eds.). The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 373. ISBN9780521366151.
