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((Short description|Japanese educator))
((More citations needed|date=October 2022))
((family name hatnote|[[Tsuda (surname)|Tsuda]]|lang=Japanese))
((Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix   = <!-- see [[MOS:HONOURIFIC]] -->
| name               = Tsuda Umeko
| honorific_suffix   =
| image              = Tsuda Umeko Portrait c1900.png
| image_size         =
| alt                =
| caption            = Tsuda Umeko
| native_name        = 津田 梅子
| native_name_lang   = ja
| birth_name         = ((nihongo|Tsuda Ume|つだ・うめ))
| birth_date         = ((Birth date|1864|12|31))
| birth_place        = [[Edo]], Japan
| death_date         = ((Death date and age|1929|08|16|1864|12|31))
| death_place        = [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], Japan
| death_cause        =
| region             =
| nationality        = [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| citizenship        =
| other_names        = Ume Tsuda
| occupation         = Educator
| period             =
| known_for          = A pioneer in [[Female education|education for women]] in [[Meiji period]] Japan
| title              =
| boards             = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation-->
| spouse             =
| children           = none
| parents            = [[Tsuda Sen]] (father) <br> Tsuda Hatsuko (mother)
| relatives          =
| awards             = <!--notable national level awards only-->
| website            =
| education          =
| alma_mater         = [[Yale University|Collegiate School]] <br> Archer Institute <br> [[Bryn Mawr College]] <br> [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]]
| thesis_title       =
| thesis_url         =
| thesis_year        =
| school_tradition   =
| doctoral_advisor   =
| academic_advisors  =
| influences         = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| era                = [[Meiji period]]
| discipline         = <!--major academic discipline – e.g. Physicist, Sociologist, New Testament scholar, Ancient Near Eastern Linguist-->
| sub_discipline     = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th Century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| workplaces         = [[Peeresses' School]] <br> [[Tokyo Women's Normal School]] <br> [[Joshi Eigaku Juku]] (founder)
| doctoral_students  = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| notable_students   = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| main_interests     =
| notable_works      =
| notable_ideas      =
| influenced         = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| signature          =
| signature_alt      =
| signature_size     =
| footnotes          =
))

((Nihongo|'''Tsuda Umeko'''|津田 梅子|extra=born ((nihongo|'''Tsuda Ume'''|津田 梅)); December 31, 1864 – August 16, 1929)) was a Japanese educator who founded [[Tsuda University]]. She was the daughter of [[Tsuda Sen]], an agricultural scientist, and at the age of 7, she became Japan's first female exchange student, traveling to the U.S. on the same ship as the [[Iwakura Mission]].

Originally named Tsuda Ume, with ''ume'' referring to the [[Ume|Japanese plum]], she went by the name Ume Tsuda while studying in the United States before changing her name to Umeko in 1902.

== Early life ==
[[File:Umeko Tsuda as a little girl 1871.jpg|thumb|left|Tsuda Ume as a little girl in 1871]]
Tsuda Ume was born in the [[Ushigome]] neighborhood of [[Edo]] (present Minami, [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]) as the second daughter of [[Tsuda Sen]] and his wife Hatsuko, a progressive agriculturist and strong proponent of the westernization and Christianization of Japan. In 1871, Tsuda Sen was involved in the [[Hokkaido]] colonization project under [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]], and raised the topic of western education for women as well as for men.

((CSS image crop
|Image = Shige Tei Ryo Ume Sutematsu in Chicago.jpg
|bSize = 220
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 245
|oTop = 73
|Location = left
|Description = First female study-abroad students from Japan (left to right), [[Nagai Shige]] (age 10), Ueda Tei (14), Yoshimasu Ryo (14), Tsuda Ume (6) and [[Yamakawa Sutematsu]] (11).
))

Under Kuroda's sponsorship, Tsuda Ume was volunteered by her father as one of five women members of the [[Iwakura mission]].

At the age of six, she was also the youngest member of the expedition. She arrived in [[San Francisco]] in November 1871 and remained in the United States as a student until she was 18 years old.

Tsuda lived in [[Washington, D.C.]] from December 1871 with [[Charles Lanman]] (the secretary of Japanese legation), and his wife Adeline. As they had no children, they welcomed her like their own child. Under the name of Ume Tsuda, she attended the middle-class [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] Collegiate School, where she learned [[English language|English]]. Upon graduating, she received awards in composition, writing, arithmetic, and deportment.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1871-japan-sent-a-7-year-old-schoolgirl-to-washington-to-learn-about-america/2020/03/28/877b234a-6f93-11ea-a3ec-70d7479d83f0_story.html|title=In 1871, Japan sent a 7-year-old schoolgirl to Washington to learn about America|last=Kelly|first=John|date=March 28, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330061214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-1871-japan-sent-a-7-year-old-schoolgirl-to-washington-to-learn-about-america/2020/03/28/877b234a-6f93-11ea-a3ec-70d7479d83f0_story.html|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2020))</ref> After graduating, she entered the [[Archer Institute]], which catered to the daughters of politicians and bureaucrats. She excelled in language, math, science, and music, especially the piano. In addition to English, she also studied [[Latin]] and [[French language|French]]. About one year after arriving in the United States, Tsuda asked to be baptized as a [[Christians|Christian]]. Although the Lanmans were [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalians]], they decided she should attend the [[nonsectarian]] Old Swedes Church.

== Coming back to Japan ==
By the time Tsuda returned to Japan in 1882, she had almost forgotten [[Japanese language|Japanese]], her native language, which caused temporary difficulties. She also experienced [[culture shock|cultural problems]] adjusting to the inferior position of women in Japanese society. Even her father, Tsuda Sen, who was radically westernized in many ways, was still traditionally [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] and [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] with regards to women.

Tsuda was hired by [[Itō Hirobumi]] to be a tutor for his children. In 1885, she then began to work in a girls' school for the daughters of the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage, known as [[Peeresses' School]], but she was not satisfied by the restriction of educational opportunities to within the peerage and nobility, and she was not satisfied with the school policy that education was intended to polish girls as ladies and train them to be obedient wives and good mothers. She was assisted from 1888 by a friend from her days in America, [[Alice Mabel Bacon|Alice Bacon]], from 1888. She decided to return to the United States.

== Second stay in the United States ==
[[File:Umeko Tsuda at graduation 1890.jpg|thumb|Tsuda Ume (1864–1929) at [[Bryn Mawr College]] graduation]]
Tsuda returned to the United States and attended [[Bryn Mawr College]] in [[Philadelphia]] from 1889 to 1892, where she majored in biology and education. She also studied at [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]]. During her second stay in the United States, Tsuda decided that other Japanese women should have the opportunity to study overseas as well. She made numerous public speeches about Japanese women's education and raised $8,000 in funds to establish a scholarship for Japanese women.

== Establishment of Tsuda College ==
[[File:Sutematsu, Alice, Ukeko, Shigeko.jpg|left|thumb|Friends meet again: Tsuda Umeko, [[Alice Mabel Bacon]], [[Uryū Shigeko]], [[Ōyama Sutematsu]] (from left to right)]]
After returning to Japan, Tsuda Ume once again taught at Peeresses' School, as well as at [[Tokyo Women's Normal School]], her salary was 800 yen and her post was the highest available to women of her era. She published several dissertations and made speeches about improving the status of women. The 1899 Girl's Higher Education Law, required each prefecture to establish at least one public middle school for girls. However, these schools were not able to provide girls with the same quality of education as that of the boys' schools. In 1900, with the help of her friends Princess [[Ōyama Sutematsu]] and Alice Bacon, she founded the ((nihongo|[[Joshi Eigaku Juku]]|女子英学塾|Women's Institute for English Studies)) located in [[Kōjimachi]], [[Tokyo]] to provide equal opportunity for a [[liberal arts]] education for all women regardless of parentage. She later changed her name to Tsuda Umeko in 1902. The school faced a chronic funding shortfall, and Tsuda spent much time fundraising in order to support the school. Due to her enthusiastic efforts, the school gained official recognition in 1903.

[[File:Tsuda Umeko.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Tsuda Umeko]]
In 1905, Tsuda became the first president of the Japanese branch of the Tokyo [[YWCA]].

== Death ==
Tsuda's busy life eventually undermined her health, and she suffered a stroke. In January 1919, she retired to her summer cottage in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], where she died after a long illness in 1929 at age 64. Her grave is on the grounds of [[Tsuda College]] in [[Kodaira, Tokyo]].

== Legacy ==
''Joshi Eigaku Juku'' changed its name to ''Tsuda Eigaku Juku'' in 1933 and became ''Tsuda Daigaku'' in Japanese and [[Tsuda College]] in English after [[World War II]]. In 2017, the English name was changed to Tsuda University. It remains one of the most prestigious women's institutes of higher education in Japan.
Although Tsuda strongly desired social reform for women, she did not advocate a [[feminism|feminist]] social movement, and she opposed the women's [[suffrage movement]]. Her activities were based on her philosophy that education should focus on developing individual intelligence and personality.

Tsuda Umeko will be featured on new [[Japanese banknotes]] to be issued in 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Tsuda University]]
* [[Ōyama Sutematsu]]
* ''[[Daughters of the Samurai: A Journey from East to West and Back]]''

== References ==
((reflist))

== Sources ==
* [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] ''The Making of Modern Japan.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000. ((ISBN|9780674003347)); [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600  OCLC 44090600]
* ((Cite book |last=Nimura |first=Janice P. |author-link=Janice P. Nimura |title=Daughters of the Samurai: A Journey from East to West and Back |title-link=Daughters of the Samurai |isbn=978-0-393-07799-5 |location=New York |oclc=891611002 |year=2015))
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. ((ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5)); [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC 58053128]
* Rose, Barbara. ''Tsuda Umeko and Women's Education in Japan''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992. ((ISBN|0-300-05177-8))

== External links ==
((Commonscat-inline))
* [http://www.tsuda.ac.jp/en/ Tsuda University]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Tsuda, Umeko))
[[Category:19th-century Japanese educators]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shinjuku]]
[[Category:Academics from Tokyo]]
[[Category:Japanese Protestants]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ochanomizu University]]
[[Category:People of Meiji-period Japan]]
[[Category:Members of the Iwakura Mission]]
[[Category:Tsuda University]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Women founders]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese women]]

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