Tugela Thukela
The Tugela River with the Amphitheatre in the background
The course of the Tugela river, from the west to the east border of KwaZulu-Natal.
Location
Country	South Africa
Province	KwaZulu-Natal
Towns	Bergville, Colenso
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Drakensberg
• coordinates	28°45′00″S 28°53′45″E / 28.75000°S 28.89583°E / -28.75000; 28.89583
Mouth	Indian Ocean
• coordinates	29°13′26″S 31°30′0″E / 29.22389°S 31.50000°E / -29.22389; 31.50000
Length	531 km (330 mi)
Basin size	29,100 km2 (11,200 sq mi)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Buffalo River
• right	Mooi River

The Tugela River (Zulu: Thukela; Afrikaans: Tugelarivier) is the largest river in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. With a total length of 531 km (330 mi), it is one of the most important rivers of the country.^[1]

The river originates in Mont-aux-Sources of the Drakensberg Mountains at an elevation of almost 11,000 feet^[2] and plunges 947 metres down the Tugela Falls. The Mont-aux-Sources is also the origin of tributaries of two other major South African rivers, the Orange and the Caledon River. From the Drakensberg range, the Tugela follows a 531 km (330 mi) route through the KwaZulu-Natal midlands before flowing into the Indian Ocean.^[3] The total catchment area is approximately 29,100 km² (11,200 sq mi).^[3] Land uses in the catchment are mainly rural subsistence farming and commercial forestry.

Tributaries

The Tugela has a number of tributaries coming off the Drakensberg, the largest being the Mzinyathi ("Buffalo") River (rising near Majuba Hill), but also the Little Tugela River, Klip River (rising near Van Reenen Pass), Mooi River, Blood River, Sundays River (rising in the Biggarsberg) Ingagani River and Bushman River.^[3][4] The Buffalo River joins the Tugela some 19 km (12 mi) east of Tugela Ferry at 28°43′04″S 30°38′41″E / 28.71778°S 30.64472°E / -28.71778; 30.64472.

The Blood River was named by the Boers, led by Andries Pretorius, after they defeated the Zulu king Dingane on 16 December 1838, when the river is said to have run red with the blood of Zulu warriors. Below the Blood River is Rorke's Drift, a crossing point and a battle site, in the Anglo-Zulu War.^[2]

Ecology

The scaly yellowfish (Labeobarbus natalensis) is found in the Tugela River System. It is a common endemic fish in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it is found in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands, including rivers such as the Umkomazi.^[5]

Spelling

The spelling Tugela was used for most of the twentieth century; it is an Anglicised version of the Zulu name Thukela. Nineteenth-century writers adopted a variety of spellings including:

• Isaacs (1836) used a number of different spellings in his book, Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa,^[6] including Ootergale and Ootoogale.
• C.R. Maclean (John Ross), writing in the Nautical Magazine in 1853, used the spelling Zootagoola^[7]
• George French Angas, a nineteenth-century artist, used the name Tugala on the captions to his sketches.^[8]

Some of the variations can be accounted for by the early European writers being unaware that Zulu grammar uses prefixes, often a "i-" or a "u-", to denote the noun class of a noun.